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Yoon and Lee: Calcium Status and Bone Mineral Density by the Level of Sodium Intake in Young Women
Original Article
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2013; 18(2): 125-133.

Published online: 30 April 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.125

Calcium Status and Bone Mineral Density by the Level of Sodium Intake in Young Women

Jin-Sook Yoon, Mi Jung Lee

Department of Food and Nutriton, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jin-Sook Yoon, Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1000 Sindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: (053) 580-5873, Fax: (053) 580-5885, jsook@kmu.ac.kr

Received 4 February 2013       Revised 22 April 2013       Accepted 22 April 2013

Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that sodium excretion is positively related to calcium excretion in the urine. As excessive sodium intake is a common nutritional problem in Korea, we intended to investigate associations among sodium intake levels and calcium status, evaluated by 24 hour recall method and urinary excretion, and bone status. We collected dietary information for non-consecutive three days from 139 young adult women 19~29 years. After classifying the subjects into 4 groups based on the dietary sodium levels by daily total sodium intake (mg) and sodium density (sodium intake per 1000 kcal energy intake), we compared the bone status, nutrient intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretions. The results showed a positive association between total daily sodium intake and intake of other nutrients. However, no significant differences in nutrients intakes were observed among subject groups classified by sodium density levels. There were no significant differences of bone density among groups by total daily sodium intake as well as by sodium density. While total daily sodium intake showed significantly positive relationship with urinary sodium (p < 0.05) and calcium (p < 0.05), sodium density was not related to urinary excretion of calcium and sodium. Our results suggested that promoting balanced meals providing appropriate amounts of energy intake is the essential component of nutrition education for improving calcium status of young Korean women with excessive sodium intake.

Keywords: calcium status, bone density, sodium intake, young women

Figures and Tables

Table 1
General characteristics of subjects
kjcn-18-125-i001

BMI: Body mass index

BMD: Bone mineral density

Table 2
Daily energy and nutrients intake of subjects
kjcn-18-125-i002

1) % KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; % AI (Adequate intake) for Na, K, vit E; % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

2) Values are Mean ± SD.

Table 3
Daily nutrients intake of subjects by total daily sodium intake level
kjcn-18-125-i003

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Values are Mean ± SD.

3) Means with different superscripts in a row are significantly different from others at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 4
Daily energy and nutrients intake of subjects by sodium density (Na/1000 kcal)
kjcn-18-125-i004

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Values are Mean ± SD.

Table 5
24-hour Urinary Ca, Na excretion, BMI and Bone density by total daily sodium intake level
kjcn-18-125-i005

1) p-value: by ANOVA test

2) Values are Mean ± SD.

BMI: Body mass index

BMD: Bone mineral density

Table 6
24-hour Urinary Ca, Na excretion, BMI and Bone density by sodium density (Na/1000 kcal)
kjcn-18-125-i006

1) p-value: Independent sample t-test

2) Values are Mean ± SD.

BMI: Body mass index

BMD: Bone mineral density

Table 7
Relationships among dietary intake and urinary excretion of Ca and Na, Bone mineral density and BMI
kjcn-18-125-i007

*: p < 0.05, *: p < 0.01

Notes

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) 2010-0241

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