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Abstract
This study was conducted to provide basic data for development of a dietary education textbook and guidebook by investigating and analyzing eating behavior, nutrition knowledge and educational needs in elementary school students. Most of the subjects were eating three meals a day (71.5%) and breakfast (75.3%). The percentage of students who consumed proper amount of meals (49.2%) was low. The percentage of students consuming salty food and fatty foods was 28.6% and 42.1%, respectively. The consumption of meat, fish, egg, bean and tofu was high, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits and seaweed was low. The percentage of students consuming processed food was high, but the percentage reading nutrition labels (34.9%) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) mark (26.9%) when buying processed foods was very low. Total scores of eating behavior and nutrition knowledge were significantly higher in female students than in male students (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (60.5%). The most preferred educational method was ‘experiment and cooking practice’ (40.1%). The students wanted dietary information as ‘cooking’ (39.0%). As a result of this study, many problems were found in the eating behavior of students and nutritional knowledge was observed to be low as well. On the other hand, the demand for dietary education was very high. The findings of this study suggested the need for developing dietary education programs in order to encourage proper eating habits of students.
참 고 문 헌
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Table 1.
The general characteristics of the subjects
Table 2.
Eating Behaviors associated regularity and the amount of the meal of the subjects
| Variables | Frequency1) | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I eat three meals a day | 0 − 2 | 33 (11.1)2) | 17 (6.6) | 50 (9.0) | 3.569 |
| 3 − 5 | 57 (19.3) | 51 (19.7) | 108 (19.5) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 206 (69.6) | 191 (73.7) | 397 (71.5) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.3) | 259 (46.7) | 555 (100.0) | ||
| I eat breakfast | 0 − 2 | 16 (5.4) | 15 (5.8) | 31 (5.6) | 0.127 |
| 3 − 5 | 58 (19.6) | 48 (18.5) | 106 (19.1) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 222 (75.0) | 196 (75.7) | 418 (75.3) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.3) | 259 (46.7) | 555 (100.0) | ||
| I eat well-chewed | 0 − 2 | 79 (26.7) | 45 (17.4) | 124 (22.3) | 7.919* |
| 3 − 5 | 122 (41.2) | 110 (42.5) | 232 (41.8) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 95 (32.1) | 104 (40.1) | 199 (35.9) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.3) | 259 (46.7) | 555 (100.0) | ||
| I eat grains (≥ 2 meals a day) | 0 − 2 | 6 (2.1) | 4 (1.5) | 10 (1.8) | 2.428 |
| 3 − 5 | 70 (23.8) | 48 (18.7) | 118 (21.4) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 218 (74.1) | 205 (79.8) | 423 (76.8) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.4) | 257 (46.6) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I eat adequate amount of meals | 0 − 2 | 50 (17.1) | 29 (11.2) | 79 (14.3) | 10.150** |
| 3 − 5 | 117 (39.9) | 84 (32.6) | 201 (36.5) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 126 (43.0) | 145 (56.2) | 271 (49.2) | ||
| Total | 293 (53.2) | 258 (46.8) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I eat a variety of foods | 0 − 2 | 36 (12.3) | 17 (6.6) | 53 (9.7) | 5.454 |
| 3 − 5 | 140 (47.6) | 123 (47.9) | 263 (47.7) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 118 (40.1) | 117 (45.5) | 235 (42.6) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.4) | 257 (46.6) | 551 (100.0) |
Table 3.
Meal contents related eating behaviors of the subjects
| Variables | Frequency1) | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I eat salty | 0 − 2 | 180 (61.3)2) | 179 (69.4) | 359 (65.1) | 7.997* |
| 3 − 5 | 88 (29.9) | 70 (27.1) | 158 (28.6) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 26 (8.8) | 9 (3.5) | 35 (6.3) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.3) | 258 (46.7) | 552 (100.0) | ||
| I eat fatty food | 0 − 2 | 152 (51.4) | 140 (54.3) | 292 (52.7) | 0.644 |
| 3 − 5 | 127 (42.9) | 106 (41.0) | 233 (42.1) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 17 (5.7) | 12 (4.7) | 29 (5.2) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.4) | 258 (46.6) | 554 (100.0) | ||
| I eat meat | 0 − 2 | 117 (39.7) | 130 (50.4) | 247 (44.7) | 12.148** |
| 3 − 5 | 149 (50.5) | 119 (46.1) | 268 (48.4) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 29 (9.8) | 9 (3.5) | 38 (6.9) | ||
| Total | 295 (53.3) | 258 (46.7) | 553 (100.0) | ||
| I eat fish | 0 − 2 | 93 (31.5) | 82 (31.8) | 175 (31.6) | 0.055 |
| 3 − 5 | 174 (59.0) | 153 (59.3) | 327 (59.2) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 28 (9.5) | 23 (8.9) | 51 (9.2) | ||
| Total | 295 (53.3) | 258 (46.7) | 553 (100.0) | ||
| I eat eggs | 0 − 2 | 100 (33.8) | 92 (35.8) | 192 (34.7) | 2.842 |
| 3 − 5 | 156 (52.7) | 142 (55.3) | 298 (53.9) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 40 (13.5) | 23 (8.9) | 63 (11.4) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.5) | 257 (46.5) | 553 (100.0) | ||
| I eat beans or tofu | 0 − 2 | 91 (30.8) | 67 (26.2) | 158 (28.7) | 1.548 |
| 3 − 5 | 165 (55.9) | 155 (60.5) | 320 (58.1) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 39 (13.3) | 34 (13.3) | 73 (13.2) | ||
| Total | 295 (53.5) | 256 (46.5) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I eat vegetables every meal | 0 − 2 | 45 (15.3) | 24 (9.3) | 69 (12.5) | 5.654 |
| 3 − 5 | 133 (45.0) | 136 (52.7) | 269 (48.6) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 117 (39.7) | 98 (38.0) | 215 (38.9) | ||
| Total | 295 (53.3) | 258 (46.7) | 553 (100.0) | ||
| I eat fruits | 0 − 2 | 37 (12.5) | 23 (8.9) | 60 (10.8) | 1.877 |
| 3 − 5 | 125 (42.2) | 114 (44.0) | 239 (43.1) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 134 (45.3) | 122 (47.1) | 256 (46.1) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.3) | 259 (46.7) | 555 (100.0) | ||
| I eat seaweeds | 0 − 2 | 85 (29.0) | 71 (45.5) | 156 (28.4) | 1.111 |
| 3 − 5 | 158 (53.9) | 149 (58.1) | 307 (55.8) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 50 (17.1) | 37 (14.4) | 87 (15.8) | ||
| Total | 293 (53.3) | 257 (46.7) | 550 (100.0) |
Table 4.
Snack and beverage drinking related eating behaviors of the subjects
| Variables | Frequency1) | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I eat mainly fruit and milk | 0 − 2 | 41 (13.9)2) | 26 (10.2) | 67 (12.1) | 5.236 |
| 3 − 5 | 124 (42.0) | 93 (36.3) | 217 (39.4) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 130 (44.1) | 137 (53.5) | 267 (48.5) | ||
| Total | 295 (53.5) | 256 (46.5) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I eat frequently candy, chocolate and ice cream | 0 − 2 | 153 (52.0) | 131 (50.8) | 284 (51.4) | 7.405* |
| 3 − 5 | 117 (39.8) | 119 (46.1) | 236 (42.8) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 24 (8.2) | 8 (3.1) | 32 (5.8) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.3) | 258 (46.7) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I drink a glass of milk daily at least | 0 − 2 | 54 (18.5) | 29 (11.2) | 83 (15.1) | 7.016* |
| 3 − 5 | 74 (25.3) | 83 (32.2) | 157 (28.5) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 164 (56.2) | 146 (56.6) | 310 (56.4) | ||
| Total | 292 (53.1) | 258 (46.9) | 550 (100.0) | ||
| I drink 6 − 7 glasses of water daily | 0 − 2 | 43 (14.5) | 35 (13.6) | 78 (14.0) | 1.846 |
| 3 − 5 | 84 (28.4) | 87 (33.7) | 171 (30.9) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 169 (57.1) | 136 (52.7) | 305 (55.1) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.4) | 258 (46.6) | 554 (100.0) |
Table 5.
Hygiene and environment related eating behaviors of the subjects
| Variables | Frequency1) | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I do not leave food | 0 − 2 | 26 (8.8)2) | 22 (8.6) | 48 (8.7) | 0.856 |
| 3 − 5 | 131 (44.6) | 124 (48.4) | 255 (46.4) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 137 (46.6) | 110 (43.0) | 247 (44.9) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.5) | 256 (46.5) | 550 (100.0) | ||
| I Always wash hands before meals | 0 − 2 | 28 (9.5) | 14 (5.5) | 42 (7.7) | 3.316 |
| 3 − 5 | 79 (26.9) | 76 (30.1) | 155 (28.3) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 187 (63.6) | 163 (64.4) | 350 (64.0) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.7) | 253 (46.3) | 547 (100.0) | ||
| I eat processed foods | 0 − 2 | 110 (37.4) | 115 (44.7) | 225 (40.8) | 3.881 |
| 3 − 5 | 154 (52.4) | 124 (48.2) | 278 (50.5) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 30 (10.2) | 18 (7.1) | 48 (8.7) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.4) | 257 (46.6) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I read nutrition labels when buying processed foods. | 0 − 2 | 104 (35.7) | 81 (31.5) | 185 (33.8) | 1.202 |
| 3 − 5 | 87 (29.9) | 85 (33.1) | 172 (31.5) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 100 (34.4) | 91 (35.4) | 191 (34.9) | ||
| Total | 291 (53.1) | 257 (46.9) | 548 (100.0) | ||
| I check HACCP mark when buying processed foods. | 0 − 2 | 131 (44.6) | 99 (38.6) | 230 (41.7) | 2.800 |
| 3 − 5 | 84 (28.6) | 89 (34.6) | 173 (31.4) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 79 (26.8) | 69 (26.8) | 148 (26.9) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.4) | 257 (46.6) | 551 (100.0) | ||
| I check shelf life when buying processed foods. | 0 − 2 | 28 (9.5) | 22 (8.5) | 50 (9.1) | 2.228 |
| 3 − 5 | 70 (23.6) | 49 (18.9) | 119 (21.4) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 198 (66.9) | 188 (72.6) | 386 (69.5) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.3) | 259 (46.7) | 555 (100.0) | ||
| I participate in meal preparation. | 0 − 2 | 42 (14.3) | 18 (6.9) | 60 (10.8) | 9.470** |
| 3 − 5 | 125 (42.5) | 105 (40.6) | 230 (41.6) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 127 (43.2) | 136 (52.5) | 263 (47.6) | ||
| Total | 294 (53.2) | 259 (46.8) | 553 (100.0) | ||
| I wash the dishes. | 0 − 2 | 130 (43.9) | 61 (23.6) | 191 (34.4) | 25.558*** |
| 3 − 5 | 119 (40.2) | 138 (53.3) | 257 (46.3) | ||
| 6 − 7 | 47 (15.9) | 60 (23.1) | 107 (19.3) | ||
| Total | 296 (53.3) | 259 (46.7) | 555 (100.0) |
Table 6.
Nutrition knowledge of the subjects
| Domains | Items | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 or t value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrition | Important meal for brain activity | 77.11) | 85.2 | 80.9 | 5.883* |
| Problems with excessive intake of fat | 73.9 | 73.8 | 73.9 | 0.000 | |
| Problem of eating sweet | 62.7 | 72.0 | 67.0 | 5.365* | |
| Benefits of eating well-chewed | 55.6 | 67.7 | 61.2 | 8.448** | |
| Snack time | 47.3 | 65.8 | 55.9 | 18.976*** | |
| Problem of eating salty | 18.2 | 29.7 | 23.5 | 10.087** | |
| Average score | 3.33 ± 1.432) | 3.94 ± 1.40 | 3.62 ± 1.44 | −5.003*** | |
| Hygiene and environment | Check points when buying cookies | 75.3 | 79.7 | 77.3 | 1.524 |
| Food hygiene | 47.9 | 53.9 | 50.7 | 1.942 | |
| Food waste | 46.2 | 48.6 | 47.3 | 0.331 | |
| Right washing-up | 37.1 | 47.8 | 42.1 | 6.418** | |
| Average score | 2.07 ± 1.18 | 2.33 ± 1.13 | 2.20 ± 1.16 | −2.597* | |
| Food | Kind of seaweeds | 76.6 | 85.3 | 80.7 | 6.616** |
| Fish with good ingredients in the brain | 67.7 | 81.9 | 74.3 | 14.310*** | |
| Milk products | 64.8 | 65.8 | 65.3 | 0.052 | |
| Heathy drinks | 53.7 | 75.5 | 63.9 | 28.103*** | |
| Kind of grains | 34.1 | 36.8 | 35.4 | 0.435 | |
| Average score | 2.98 ± 1.29 | 3.46 ± 1.14 | 3.21 ± 1.24 | −4.525*** | |
| Cooking | How to slice potatoes for roasting | 37.2 | 55.3 | 45.6 | 17.999*** |
| How to cook spinach | 30.4 | 39.2 | 34.5 | 4.716* | |
| Proper washing fruit | 28.4 | 35.8 | 31.9 | 3.422* | |
| Average score | 0.96 ± 0.87 | 1.30 ± 0.91 | 1.12 ± 0.91 | −4.433*** | |
| Traditional dietary culture | Eating cake on New Year's Day | 70.1 | 76.3 | 73.0 | 2.622 |
| A material of rice cake | 54.1 | 69.2 | 61.1 | 12.851*** | |
| Fermented soy foods | 52.8 | 58.5 | 55.4 | 1.802 | |
| Seasonal eating dongchimi | 25.2 | 23.0 | 24.2 | 0.344 | |
| Average score | 2.04 ± 1.14 | 2.28 ± 1.07 | 2.14 ± 1.11 | −2.532* | |
| Total score | 11.36 ± 4.06 | 13.45 ± 3.74 | 12.37 ± 4.03 | −5.734*** |
Table 7.
Needs of dietary education of the subjects
| Variables | Items | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Necessity of deitary education | Yes | 248 (84.9)1) | 234 (91.4) | 482 (88.0) | 5.398* |
| No | 44 (15.1) | 22 (8.6) | 66 (12.0) | ||
| Total | 292 (53.3) | 256 (46.7) | 548 (100.0) | ||
| Desirable dietary education frequency | Once/week | 152 (55.1) | 166 (66.4) | 318 (60.5) | 12.456* |
| Twice/month | 35 (12.7) | 34 (13.6) | 69 (13.1) | ||
| Once/month | 44 (15.9) | 31 (12.4) | 75 (14.3) | ||
| Once/session | 25 (9.1) | 12 (4.8) | 37 (7.0) | ||
| Once/year | 20 (7.2) | 7 (2.8) | 27 (5.1) | ||
| Total | 276 (52.5) | 250 (47.5) | 526 (100.0) | ||
| Desirable dietary education activity | Experiment·practice | 100 (34.6) | 103 (40.2) | 203 (37.2) | 26.777*** |
| Making | 68 (23.5) | 86 (33.6) | 154 (28.3) | ||
| Games | 44 (15.2) | 14 (5.5) | 58 (10.6) | ||
| Figure drawing | 21 (7.3) | 26 (10.2) | 47 (8.6) | ||
| Discussion | 16 (5.5) | 9 (3.5) | 25 (4.6) | ||
| Role-play | 17 (5.9) | 7 (2.7) | 24 (4.4) | ||
| Counseling | 12 (4.2) | 5 (2.0) | 17 (3.1) | ||
| Others | 11 (3.8) | 6 (2.3) | 17 (3.2) | ||
| Total | 289 (53.0) | 256 (47.0) | 545 (100.0) | ||
| Desirable education materials | Realia | 66 (23.1) | 86 (33.9) | 152 (28.1) | 51.005*** |
| Computer material | 73 (25.5) | 25 (9.8) | 98 (18.1) | ||
| Videotape·CD | 59 (20.6) | 26 (10.2) | 85 (15.7) | ||
| Picture·drawing | 30 (10.5) | 45 (17.7) | 75 (13.9) | ||
| Fairy tale·cartoon | 33 (11.5) | 28 (11.0) | 61 (11.3) | ||
| Sticker | 8 (2.8) | 24 (9.4) | 32 (5.9) | ||
| Flannel graph | 8 (2.8) | 5 (2.1) | 13 (2.4) | ||
| Recording tape | 4 (1.5) | 8 (3.1) | 12 (2.3) | ||
| Puppet | 5 (1.7) | 7 (2.8) | 12 (2.3) | ||
| Total | 286 (53.0) | 254 (47.0) | 540 (100.0) | ||
| Route to obtain dietary information | Parents | 72 (25.3) | 89 (35.2) | 161 (29.9) | 10.297 |
| Internet | 67 (23.5) | 52 (20.6) | 119 (22.1) | ||
| Television | 64 (22.5) | 48 (19.0) | 112 (20.8) | ||
| Book | 37 (13.0) | 38 (15.0) | 75 (13.9) | ||
| Teacher | 15 (5.3) | 12 (4.7) | 27 (5.1) | ||
| Newspaper | 18 (6.3) | 8 (3.2) | 26 (4.8) | ||
| Others | 12 (4.1) | 6 (2.3) | 18 (3.4) | ||
| Total | 285 (53.0) | 253 (47.0) | 538 (100.0) |
Table 8.
The most interesting dietary education contents of the subjects
| Variables | Items | Boys | Girls | Total | χ2 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary education information | Cooking | 83 (28.8)1) | 129 (50.6) | 212 (39.0) | 34.885*** |
| Traditional dietary culture | 59 (20.5) | 45 (17.6) | 104 (19.2) | ||
| Growth and nutrition | 58 (20.1) | 44 (17.3) | 102 (18.8) | ||
| Table manners | 29 (10.1) | 17 (6.7) | 46 (8.4) | ||
| Food information | 23 (8.0) | 10 (3.9) | 33 (6.1) | ||
| Hygiene and environment | 24 (8.3) | 7 (2.7) | 31 (5.7) | ||
| Others | 12 (4.2) | 3 (1.2) | 15 (2.8) | ||
| Total | 288 (53.0) | 255 (47.0) | 543 (100.0) | ||
| Foods | Fruit | 40 (14.0) | 72 (28.9) | 112 (21.0) | 43.833*** |
| Processed food | 57 (20.1) | 34 (13.7) | 91 (17.1) | ||
| Vegetable | 23 (8.1) | 43 (17.3) | 66 (12.4) | ||
| Seaweed | 32 (11.3) | 24 (9.6) | 56 (10.5) | ||
| Meat | 32 (11.3) | 11 (4.4) | 43 (8.1) | ||
| Cereal | 19 (6.7) | 19 (7.6) | 38 (7.1) | ||
| Water | 22 (7.7) | 16 (6.4) | 38 (7.1) | ||
| Fish | 24 (8.5) | 13 (5.3) | 37 (6.9) | ||
| Milk | 13 (4.6) | 11 (4.4) | 24 (4.5) | ||
| Others | 22 (7.7) | 6 (2.4) | 28 (5.3) | ||
| Total | 284 (53.3) | 249 (46.7) | 533 (100.0) | ||
| Dietary habits | Heathy eating | 75 (26.2) | 86 (34.3) | 161 (29.9) | 25.904* |
| Eating the variable foods | 75 (26.2) | 53 (21.1) | 128 (23.8) | ||
| Proper snack | 31 (10.8) | 35 (13.9) | 66 (12.3) | ||
| Balanced eating | 23 (8.0) | 26 (10.4) | 49 (9.1) | ||
| Eat less fat | 19 (6.6) | 26 (10.4) | 45 (8.4) | ||
| Avoidance of eating sweet | 21 (7.3) | 9 (3.6) | 30 (5.6) | ||
| Eating the breakfast | 13 (4.5) | 7 (2.8) | 20 (3.7) | ||
| Do not eat salty | 13 (4.5) | 5 (2.0) | 18 (3.3) | ||
| Others | 17 (5.9) | 4 (1.5) | 21 (3.9) | ||
| Total | 287 (53.3) | 251 (46.7) | 538 (100.0) | ||
| Traditional dietary culture | Traditional cookie | 94 (32.3) | 80 (31.5) | 174 (31.9) | 15.013 |
| Traditional fermented food | 70 (24.1) | 52 (20.5) | 122 (22.3) | ||
| Table manners | 48 (16.5) | 51 (20.1) | 99 (18.2) | ||
| Traditional festival food | 40 (13.7) | 48 (18.9) | 88 (16.2) | ||
| Rites of passage food | 22 (7.6) | 20 (7.9) | 42 (7.7) | ||
| Others | 17 (5.8) | 3 (1.1) | 20 (3.7) | ||
| Total | 291 (53.4) | 254 (46.6) | 545 (100.0) | ||
| Hygiene and environment | Washing hands | 95 (32.5) | 64 (24.9) | 159 (29.0) | 12.816 |
| Eco-friendly agricultural products | 43 (14.7) | 49 (19.2) | 92 (16.8) | ||
| Our local food | 35 (12.0) | 37 (14.5) | 72 (13.2) | ||
| Selection of hygienic processed food | 40 (13.7) | 30 (11.7) | 70 (12.8) | ||
| Proper separation of food waste | 34 (11.6) | 31 (12.1) | 65 (11.8) | ||
| Nutrition labeling | 19 (6.5) | 22 (8.6) | 41 (7.5) | ||
| Washing-up | 13 (4.5) | 19 (7.4) | 32 (5.8) | ||
| Others | 13 (4.5) | 4 (1.6) | 17 (3.1) | ||
| Total | 292 (53.3) | 256 (46.7) | 548 (100.0) | ||
| Cooking activity | Bread·cookie | 76 (26.5) | 103 (40.2) | 179 (32.9) | 34.517*** |
| Noodle | 94 (32.4) | 45 (17.6) | 139 (25.5) | ||
| Rice | 34 (11.7) | 40 (15.6) | 74 (13.6) | ||
| Vegetable | 25 (8.7) | 35 (13.7) | 60 (11.0) | ||
| Fish | 23 (7.9) | 15 (5.9) | 38 (7.0) | ||
| Beverage | 20 (6.9) | 11 (4.3) | 31 (5.7) | ||
| Others | 17 (5.9) | 7 (2.7) | 24 (4.3) | ||
| Total | 289 (53.0) | 256 (47.0) | 545 (100.0) |
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