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Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the cross-sectional associations between dietary factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 12,755 subjects (males 5,146, females 7,609) aged 19 years or above using data from the 4th (2007-2009) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The prevalence of MetS in Korean adults was 23.6% (males 26.1%, females 20.9%) with the criteria for modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. While males had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high blood pressure than females, the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol level was higher in females than in males. Among dietary guidelines, the response of 'yes' for asking practice of 'avoiding salty foods', and 'eating moderately and increasing physical activity for healthy weight' were significantly associated with the decreased risk of MetS in both males and in females. Especially, the risk of MetS was significantly lower in the subjects that responded the practice of all items of Korean Dietary Guidelines. Significantly negative associations with MetS were also found in the responding for practice of 'limiting consumption of alcoholic beverages' in males, and taking dietary supplements in females. Skipping breakfast was positively associated with the risk of MetS. In conclusion, dietary behaviors such as having breakfast, practice of dietary guidelines, and food consumption in moderation could modify the prevalence of MetS, and our findings could be useful for establishing guidelines for preventing MetS.
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Socio-demographic and lifestyle-related characteristics of Korean adults
1) N (%)
2) Household income level: household equivalent income, monthly household income divided by square root of the number of household member, was categorized to quartile groups within sex and 5-year age group
3) Current smoker: proportion of people who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and are still smoking
4) Drinking: subjects divided by alcohol use disorders identification test score; normal drinking (≤ 7), abnormal drinking (8 - 15), abuse alcohol (16 - 19), depending on alcohol (≥ 20)
5) More than moderate physical activity: proportion of people who engaged in 'vigorous intensity' activity for at least 20 minutes a day on at least 3 days in the past 7 days or 'moderate intensity' activity for at least 30 minutes a day on at least 5 days in the past 7 days
Table 2
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean adults
1) Metabolic syndrome was defined by meeting ≥ 3 of the listed criteria
1. Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men, ≥ 85 cm in women
2. Hyperglycemia: fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl or drug treatment(the use of oral antihyperglycemic agents or insulin
3. Hypertriglyceridemia: Blood triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dl
4. Low HDL-cholesterol: Blood HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dl in men, < 50 mg/dl in women
5. High blood pressure: Blood pressure systolic ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg or drug treatment(the use of antihypertensive agents
2) % (SE)
**: p < 0.001, ***: p < 0.0001 show the sex difference in the logistic regression model adjusting for age groups
Table 3-1
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by dietary behaviors in Korean males
1) Subjects having skipped breakfast (having breakfast 'No'): subjects who had skipped breakfast before 1 day or 2 days
2) Values are ORs (95% CI), adjusted for age, income level, smoking and drinking status, and physical activity
3) Subjects having taken dietary supplement: subjects who responded had taken dietary supplement continuously more than 2 weeks within the recent one year
*: p < 0.05 shows significant ORs
Table 3-2
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by dietary behaviors in Korean females (continued)
1) Subjects having skipped breakfast (having breakfast 'No'): subjects who had skipped breakfast before 1 day or 2 days
2) Values are ORs (95% CI), adjusted for age, income level, smoking and drinking status, and physical activity
3) Subjects having taken dietary supplement: subjects who responded had taken dietary supplement continuously more than 2 weeks within the recent one year
*: p < 0.05 shows significant ORs
Table 4-1
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the metabolic syndrome and its components by the practice of Korean Dietary Guidelines in Korean males
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