1. Leung AK, Wong AH, Hon KL. Community-acquired pneumonia in children. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2018; 12(2):136–144. PMID:
29932038.
2. GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018; 18(11):1191–1210. PMID:
30243584.
3. Haq IJ, Battersby AC, Eastham K, McKean M. Community acquired pneumonia in children. BMJ. 2017; 356:j686. PMID:
28255071.
4. Dalziel SR, Haskell L, O’Brien S, Borland ML, Plint AC, Babl FE, et al. Bronchiolitis. Lancet. 2022; 400(10349):392–406. PMID:
35785792.
5. Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison C, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 53(7):e25–e76. PMID:
21880587.
6. Cohen R, Angoulvant F, Biscardi S, Madhi F, Dubos F, Gillet Y. Antibiotic treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Arch Pediatr. 2017; 24(12S):S17–S21. PMID:
29290229.
7. Romandini A, Pani A, Schenardi PA, Pattarino GA, De Giacomo C, Scaglione F. Antibiotic resistance in pediatric infections: global emerging threats, predicting the near future. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021; 10(4):393. PMID:
33917430.
8. Esposito S, Blasi F, Allegra L, Principi N. Mowgli Study Group. Use of antimicrobial agents for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalised children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001; 20(9):647–650. PMID:
11714047.
9. Popova G, Boskovska K, Arnaudova-Danevska I, Smilevska-Spasova O, Jakovska T. Sputum quality assessment regarding sputum culture for diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections in children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019; 7(12):1926–1930. PMID:
31406530.
10. Hoshina T, Nanishi E, Kanno S, Nishio H, Kusuhara K, Hara T. The utility of biomarkers in differentiating bacterial from non-bacterial lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children: difference of the diagnostic performance between acute pneumonia and bronchitis. J Infect Chemother. 2014; 20(10):616–620. PMID:
25027057.
11. Bhuiyan MU, Blyth CC, West R, Lang J, Rahman T, Granland C, et al. Combination of clinical symptoms and blood biomarkers can improve discrimination between bacterial or viral community-acquired pneumonia in children. BMC Pulm Med. 2019; 19(1):71. PMID:
30940126.
12. Cherian T, Mulholland EK, Carlin JB, Ostensen H, Amin R, de Campo M, et al. Standardized interpretation of paediatric chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ. 2005; 83(5):353–359. PMID:
15976876.
13. Bradley JS. Considerations unique to pediatrics for clinical trial design in hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51(Suppl 1):S136–S143. PMID:
20597664.
14. van de Maat JS, Peeters D, Nieboer D, van Wermeskerken AM, Smit FJ, Noordzij JG, et al. Evaluation of a clinical decision rule to guide antibiotic prescription in children with suspected lower respiratory tract infection in The Netherlands: a stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2020; 17(1):e1003034. PMID:
32004317.
15. Pavia AT. Viral infections of the lower respiratory tract: old viruses, new viruses, and the role of diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52(Suppl 4):S284–S289. PMID:
21460286.
16. Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, Ampofo K, Bramley AM, Reed C, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(9):835–845. PMID:
25714161.
17. Michelow IC, Olsen K, Lozano J, Rollins NK, Duffy LB, Ziegler T, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Pediatrics. 2004; 113(4):701–707. PMID:
15060215.
18. Juvén T, Mertsola J, Waris M, Leinonen M, Meurman O, Roivainen M, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000; 19(4):293–298. PMID:
10783017.
19. Boloursaz MR, Lotfian F, Aghahosseini F, Cheraghvandi A, Khalilzadeh S, Farjah A, et al. Epidemiology of lower respiratory tract infections in children. J Compr Pediatr. 2013; 4(2):93–98.
20. Kampmann B, Madhi SA, Munjal I, Simões EA, Pahud BA, Llapur C, et al. Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants. N Engl J Med. 2023; 388(16):1451–1464. PMID:
37018474.
21. Griffin MP, Yuan Y, Takas T, Domachowske JB, Madhi SA, Manzoni P, et al. Single-dose nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(5):415–425. PMID:
32726528.
22. Hammitt LL, Dagan R, Yuan Y, Baca Cots M, Bosheva M, Madhi SA, et al. Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in healthy late-preterm and term infants. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386(9):837–846. PMID:
35235726.
23. van Houten CB, Naaktgeboren C, Buiteman BJ, van der Lee M, Klein A, Srugo I, et al. Antibiotic overuse in children with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018; 37(11):1077–1081. PMID:
29601448.
24. van Houten CB, Cohen A, Engelhard D, Hays JP, Karlsson R, Moore E, et al. Antibiotic misuse in respiratory tract infections in children and adults-a prospective, multicentre study (TAILORED Treatment). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019; 38(3):505–514. PMID:
30707378.
25. van Woensel JB, van Aalderen WM, Kimpen JL. Viral lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. BMJ. 2003; 327(7405):36–40. PMID:
12842956.
26. Chan PW, Chew FT, Tan TN, Chua KB, Hooi PS. Seasonal variation in respiratory syncytial virus chest infection in the tropics. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34(1):47–51. PMID:
12112797.
27. Flood RG, Badik J, Aronoff SC. The utility of serum C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis of 1230 children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008; 27(2):95–99. PMID:
18174874.
28. Higdon MM, Le T, O’Brien KL, Murdoch DR, Prosperi C, Baggett HC, et al. Association of C-reactive protein with bacterial and respiratory syncytial virus–associated pneumonia among children aged< 5 years in the PERCH study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64(suppl_3):S378–S386. PMID:
28575375.
29. Ebell MH. Clinical diagnosis of pneumonia in children. Am Fam Physician. 2010; 82(2):192–193. PMID:
20642275.
30. Lynch T, Platt R, Gouin S, Larson C, Patenaude Y. Can we predict which children with clinically suspected pneumonia will have the presence of focal infiltrates on chest radiographs? Pediatrics. 2004; 113(3 Pt 1):e186–e189. PMID:
14993575.
31. Juvén T, Ruuskanen O, Mertsola J. Symptoms and signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2003; 21(1):52–56. PMID:
12718462.
32. Spuesens EB, Fraaij PL, Visser EG, Hoogenboezem T, Hop WC, van Adrichem LN, et al. Carriage of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract of symptomatic and asymptomatic children: an observational study. PLoS Med. 2013; 10(5):e1001444. PMID:
23690754.
33. Shin SM, Shin JY, Kim MH, Lee SH, Choi S, Park BJ. Prevalence of antibiotic use for pediatric acute upper respiratory tract infections in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2015; 30(5):617–624. PMID:
25931794.