1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021; 71:209–49.
2. Turesson I, Velez R, Kristinsson SY, Landgren O. Patterns of improved survival in patients with multiple myeloma in the twenty-first century: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28:830–4.

3. Thomas A, Mailankody S, Korde N, Kristinsson SY, Turesson I, Landgren O. Second malignancies after multiple myeloma: from 1960s to 2010s. Blood. 2012; 119:2731–7.

4. Thorsteinsdottir S, Dickman PW, Landgren O, Blimark C, Hultcrantz M, Turesson I, et al. Dramatically improved survival in multiple myeloma patients in the recent decade: results from a Swedish population-based study. Haematologica. 2018; 103:e412–5.

5. Maclachlan K, Diamond B, Maura F, Hillengass J, Turesson I, Landgren CO, et al. Second malignancies in multiple myeloma: emerging patterns and future directions. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2020; 33:101144.

6. Musto P, Anderson KC, Attal M, Richardson PG, Badros A, Hou J, et al. Second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma: an overview and IMWG consensus. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28:228–45.

7. Poh C, Keegan T, Rosenberg AS. Second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma: a review. Blood Rev. 2021; 46:100757.

8. Huang J, Chan SC, Lok V, Zhang L, Lucero-Prisno DE 3rd, Xu W, et al. The epidemiological landscape of multiple myeloma: a global cancer registry estimate of disease burden, risk factors, and temporal trends. Lancet Haematol. 2022; 9:e670–7.

9. Tzeng HE, Lin CL, Tsai CH, Tang CH, Hwang WL, Cheng YW, et al. Time trend of multiple myeloma and associated secondary primary malignancies in Asian patients: a Taiwan population-based study. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e68041.

10. Liu Y, Hou HA, Qiu H, Tang CH. Is the risk of second primary malignancy increased in multiple myeloma in the novel therapy era? A population-based, retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. Sci Rep. 2020; 10:14393.

11. Lee J, Lee JS, Park SH, Shin SA, Kim K. Cohort profile: The National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC), South Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 2017; 46:e15.

12. Yang MS, Park M, Back JH, Lee GH, Shin JH, Kim K, et al. Validation of cancer diagnosis based on the National Health Insurance Service Database versus the National Cancer Registry Database in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2022; 54:352–61.

13. Tang CH, Liu HY, Hou HA, Qiu H, Huang KC, Siggins S, et al. Epidemiology of multiple myeloma in Taiwan, a population based study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018; 55:136–41.

14. Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi JC, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care. 2005; 43:1130–9.

15. Kim KH. Comparative study on three algorithms of the ICD-10 Charlson comorbidity index with myocardial infarction patients. J Prev Med Public Health. 2010; 43:42–9.

16. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40:373–83.
17. Rosenberg AS, Brunson A, Tuscano J, Jonas BA, Hoeg R, Wun T, et al. Effect of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant on the development of second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma patients. Blood Cancer J. 2021; 11:5.

18. Miller JS, Arthur DC, Litz CE, Neglia JP, Miller WJ, Weisdorf DJ. Myelodysplastic syndrome after autologous bone marrow transplantation: an additional late complication of curative cancer therapy. Blood. 1994; 83:3780–6.
19. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Kumar SK, Lupparelli G, Usmani S, Waage A, et al. Second primary malignancies with lenalidomide therapy for newly diagnosed myeloma: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15:333–42.

20. Lee H, Park HJ, Park EH, Ju HY, Oh CM, Kong HJ, et al. Nationwide statistical analysis of lymphoid malignancies in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2018; 50:222–38.

21. Saleem K, Franz J, Klem ML, Yabes JG, Boyiadzis M, Jones JR, et al. Second primary malignancies in patients with haematological cancers treated with lenalidomide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2022; 9:e906–18.
22. Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, Prince HM, Harousseau JL, Dmoszynska A, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:2123–32.

23. Wang J, Lv C, Zhou M, Xu JY, Chen B, Wan Y. Second primary malignancy risk in multiple myeloma from 1975 to 2018. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14:4919.

24. Jones JR, Cairns DA, Gregory WM, Collett C, Pawlyn C, Sigsworth R, et al. Second malignancies in the context of lenalidomide treatment: an analysis of 2732 myeloma patients enrolled to the Myeloma XI trial. Blood Cancer J. 2016; 6:e506.

25. Cooper JD, Thornton JA, Gibson SJ, Pham K, Sunderland K, DeStefano CB. Survival of patients with multiple myeloma diagnosed with second primary malignancies: an ASCO Cancerlinq analysis. Blood. 2022; 140(Suppl 1):10039–40.

26. Lonial S, Jacobus S, Fonseca R, Weiss M, Kumar S, Orlowski RZ, et al. Randomized trial of lenalidomide versus observation in smoldering multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38:1126–37.

27. Cavo M, Gay F, Beksac M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation versus bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone, with or without bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone consolidation therapy, and lenalidomide maintenance for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (EMN02/HO95): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet Haematol. 2020; 7:e456–68.

28. Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, Caillot D, Moreau P, Facon T, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366:1782–91.

29. Facon T, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, Catalano JV, Belch A, Cavo M, et al. Final analysis of survival outcomes in the phase 3 FIRST trial of up-front treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018; 131:301–10.
