Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Notes
Ethical Approval
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. And this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Clinical Data Warehouse (CDW) data review board of the Catholic University of Korea, Catholic Medical Center (Approval No. PC21WISB0077, 15 September 2022). The authors are on consent to participate and consent to publish. The IRB waived the written documentation of informed consent.
Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the present study are not publicly available as ethics approval was granted on the basis that only the researchers involved in the study could access the identified data but are available and accessible from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Total (%) | Fair (0-4) (%) | Poor (5-14) (%) | Worse (15≥) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | N | 1,398 | 600 | 297 | 501 |
Mean (SD) | 73.95 (10.46) | 70.93 (11.53) | 73.88 (10.17) | 77.60 (7.81) | |
Median (IQR) | 75.00 (12.00) | 73.00 (14.00) | 75.00 (10.00) | 78.00 (11.00) | |
Min, max | 20.00, 98.00 | 20.00, 97.00 | 28.00, 96.00 | 48.00, 98.00 | |
Between P-value | <0.0001* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0002* (W)12) | <0.0001* (W)23) | <0.0001* (W)13) | ||
Gender | N | 1,398 | 600 | 297 | 501 |
Male | 541 (38.70) | 202 (33.67) | 121 (40.74) | 218 (43.51) | |
Female | 857 (61.30) | 398 (66.33) | 176 (59.26) | 283 (56.49) | |
Between P-value | 0.0027* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.1134 (C)12) | 1.0000 (C)23) | 0.0024* (C)13) | ||
Death status | N | 1,398 | 600 | 297 | 501 |
Yes | 194 (13.88) | 62 (10.33) | 42 (14.14) | 90 (17.96) | |
No | 1,204 (86.12) | 538 (89.67) | 255 (85.86) | 411 (82.04) | |
Between P-value | 0.0013* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.2809 (C)12) | 0.4802 (C)23) | 0.0008* (C)13) | ||
Weight (kg) | N | 1,290 | 568 | 278 | 444 |
Mean (SD) | 58.54 (10.73) | 59.39 (10.79) | 58.89 (10.63) | 57.23 (10.62) | |
Median (IQR) | 58.00 (13.60) | 58.15 (13.10) | 58.90 (14.50) | 57.00 (14.00) | |
Min, max | 30.20, 119.00 | 34.00, 119.00 | 36.00, 113.00 | 30.20, 90.40 | |
Between P-value | 0.0185* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 1.0000 (W)12) | 0.1752 (W)23) | 0.0185* (W)13) | ||
Height (cm) | N | 1,272 | 564 | 272 | 436 |
Mean (SD) | 158.12 (8.72) | 158.27 (8.57) | 158.77 (8.37) | 157.53 (9.09) | |
Median (IQR) | 158.00 (12.75) | 158.00 (12.25) | 159.00 (12.80) | 157.00 (13.90) | |
Min, max | 111.00, 190.00 | 136.10, 190.00 | 135.00, 182.00 | 111.00, 179.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.2188 (K) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | N | 1,272 | 564 | 272 | 436 |
Mean (SD) | 23.40 (3.73) | 23.67 (3.53) | 23.39 (3.50) | 23.05 (4.08) | |
Median (IQR) | 23.31 (4.41) | 23.52 (4.55) | 23.44 (4.03) | 22.89 (4.53) | |
Min, max | 13.34, 55.19 | 13.34, 37.42 | 13.41, 41.01 | 13.84, 55.19 | |
Between P-value | 0.0043* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.9276 (W)12) | 0.2092 (W)23) | 0.0033* (W)13) | ||
BMI group | N | 1,272 | 564 | 272 | 436 |
<18.5 | 102 (8.02) | 33 (5.85) | 21 (7.72) | 48 (11.01) | |
≤18.5, >25 | 794 (62.42) | 346 (61.35) | 170 (62.50) | 278 (63.76) | |
≤25, >30 | 317 (24.92) | 154 (27.30) | 72 (26.47) | 91 (20.87) | |
≤30, >35 | 54 (4.25) | 30 (5.32) | 8 (2.94) | 16 (3.67) | |
≤35, >40 | 3 (0.24) | 1 (0.18) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.46) | |
≤40 | 2 (0.16) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.37) | 1 (0.23) | |
Between P-value | 0.0092 (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.8880 (F)12) | 0.9378 (F)23) | 0.0103* (F)13) |
Table 5
Total (%) | Fair (0-4) (%) | Poor (5-14) (%) | Worse (15≥) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | N | 1,397 | 312 | 270 | 815 |
Mean (SD) | 73.94 (10.46) | 68.87 (13.74) | 73.21 (9.50) | 76.12 (8.43) | |
Median (IQR) | 75.00 (12.00) | 72.00 (15.00) | 74.00 (12.00) | 77.00 (10.00) | |
Min, max | 20.00, 98.00 | 20.00, 97.00 | 29.00, 92.00 | 41.00, 98.00 | |
95% C.I. | 69.00, 81.00 | 63.00, 78.00 | 68.00, 80.00 | 72.00, 82.00 | |
Between P-value | <0.0001* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0012* (W)12) | <0.0001* (W)23) | <0.0001* (W)13) | ||
Gender | N | 1,397 | 312 | 270 | 815 |
Male | 541 (38.73) | 90 (28.85) | 101 (37.41) | 350 (42.94) | |
Female | 856 (61.27) | 222 (71.15) | 169 (62.59) | 465 (57.06) | |
Between P-value | <0.0001* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0848 (C)12) | 0.3287 (C)23) | <0.0001* (C)13) | ||
Death status | N | 1,397 | 312 | 270 | 815 |
Yes | 194 (13.89) | 38 (12.18) | 40 (14.81) | 116 (14.23) | |
No | 1,203 (86.11) | 274 (87.82) | 230 (85.19) | 699 (85.77) | |
Between P-value | 0.5955 (C) | ||||
Weight (kg) | N | 1,289 | 291 | 251 | 747 |
Mean (SD) | 58.54 (10.74) | 59.54 (11.52) | 59.44 (10.01) | 57.85 (10.62) | |
Median (IQR) | 58.00 (13.60) | 58.00 (14.00) | 59.50 (13.00) | 58.00 (14.30) | |
Min, max | 30.20, 119.00 | 35.00, 119.00 | 36.00, 92.00 | 30.20, 93.00 | |
95% C.I. | 51.40, 65.00 | 52.00, 66.00 | 52.00, 65.00 | 50.70, 65.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.1150 (K) | ||||
Height (cm) | N | 1,271 | 288 | 250 | 733 |
Mean (SD) | 158.13 (8.72) | 158.63 (8.64) | 157.76 (8.55) | 158.06 (8.81) | |
Median (IQR) | 158.00 (12.80) | 158.00 (11.55) | 158.00 (12.30) | 158.00 (13.00) | |
Min, max | 111.00, 190.00 | 136.10, 190.00 | 111.00, 178.00 | 135.00, 182.00 | |
95% C.I. | 152.00, 164.80 | 152.45, 164.00 | 151.70, 164.00 | 152.00, 165.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.7774 (K) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | N | 1,271 | 288 | 250 | 733 |
Mean (SD) | 23.40 (3.73) | 23.65 (3.75) | 23.89 (3.86) | 23.13 (3.65) | |
Median (IQR) | 23.31 (4.42) | 23.48 (4.72) | 23.57 (4.08) | 23.07 (4.50) | |
Min, max | 13.34, 55.19 | 13.34, 41.01 | 13.84, 55.19 | 13.41, 36.25 | |
95% C.I. | 21.08, 25.50 | 21.17, 25.89 | 21.48, 25.56 | 20.80, 25.29 | |
Between P-value | 0.0165* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 1.0000 (W)12) | 0.0363* (W)23) | 0.1339 (W)13) | ||
BMI group | N | 1,271 | 288 | 250 | 733 |
<18.5 | 102 (8.03) | 23 (7.99) | 9 (3.60) | 70 (9.55) | |
≤18.5, >25 | 793 (62.39) | 167 (57.99) | 161 (64.40) | 465 (63.44) | |
≤25, >30 | 317 (24.94) | 84 (29.17) | 69 (27.60) | 164 (22.37) | |
≤30, >35 | 54 (4.25) | 12 (4.17) | 10 (4.00) | 32 (4.37) | |
≤35, >40 | 3 (0.24) | 1 (0.35) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.27) | |
≤40 | 2 (0.16) | 1 (0.35) | 1 (0.40) | 0 (0.00) | |
Between P-value | 0.0407 (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.6443 (F)12) | 0.0240* (F)23) | 0.3813 (F)13) |
Table 6
Total (%) | Underweight (%) | Normal (%) | Obesity (including pre-obesity) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imaging | N | 1,320 | 106 | 827 | 387 |
Yes | 1,310 (99.24) | 103 (97.17) | 822 (99.40) | 385 (99.48) | |
No | 10 (0.76) | 3 (2.83) | 5 (0.60) | 2 (0.52) | |
Between P-value | 0.0367 (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.1565 (F)12) | 1.0000 (F)23) | 0.2073 (F)13) | ||
Maxillary anterior teeth | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 3.10 (1.52) | 2.90 (1.60) | 3.09 (1.53) | 3.18 (1.48) | |
Median (IQR) | 4.00 (1.00) | 4.00 (2.00) | 4.00 (1.00) | 4.00 (1.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 5.00 | 0.00, 4.00 | 0.00, 5.00 | 0.00, 4.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.1255 (K) | ||||
Maxillary canine | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 1.62 (0.72) | 1.48 (0.81) | 1.62 (0.72) | 1.66 (0.68) | |
Median (IQR) | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (1.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 2.00 | 0.00, 2.00 | 0.00, 2.00 | 0.00, 2.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0825 (K) | ||||
Maxillary molars | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 5.24 (3.06) | 4.45 (3.23) | 5.21 (3.09) | 5.53 (2.93) | |
Median (IQR) | 6.00 (5.00) | 5.00 (7.00) | 6.00 (6.00) | 7.00 (5.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 10.00 | 0.00, 10.00 | 0.00, 10.00 | 0.00, 10.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0113* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0590 (W)12) | 0.5024 (W)23) | 0.0079* (W)13) | ||
Maxillary mastication | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Low (0-2) | 320 (24.43) | 36 (34.95) | 209 (25.43) | 75 (19.48) | |
Medium (3-5) | 227 (17.33) | 17 (16.50) | 141 (17.15) | 69 (17.92) | |
High (6>) | 763 (58.24) | 50 (48.54) | 472 (57.42) | 241 (62.60) | |
Between P-value | 0.0173* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.3264 (C)12) | 0.2209 (C)23) | 0.0104* (C)13) | ||
Maxillary teeth | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 9.97 (4.87) | 8.83 (5.26) | 9.92 (4.93) | 10.37 (4.61) | |
Median (IQR) | 12.00 (7.00) | 11.00 (9.00) | 12.00 (7.00) | 12.00 (6.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 16.00 | 0.00, 16.00 | 0.00, 16.00 | 0.00, 16.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0327* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.1021 (W)12) | 0.8560 (W)23) | 0.0243* (W)13) | ||
Mandibular incisors | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 3.34 (1.31) | 2.97 (1.54) | 3.34 (1.31) | 3.44 (1.22) | |
Median (IQR) | 4.00 (0.00) | 4.00 (2.00) | 4.00 (0.00) | 4.00 (0.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 4.00 | 0.00, 4.00 | 0.00, 4.00 | 0.00, 4.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0032* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0114* (W)12) | 0.8360 (W)23) | 0.0022* (W)13) | ||
Mandibular canine | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 1.80 (0.59) | 1.70 (0.67) | 1.80 (0.61) | 1.84 (0.50) | |
Median (IQR) | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 7.00 | 0.00, 2.00 | 0.00, 7.00 | 0.00, 2.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0597 (K) | ||||
Mandibular molars | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 5.78 (2.90) | 5.07 (2.96) | 5.70 (2.94) | 6.14 (2.76) | |
Median (IQR) | 7.00 (4.00) | 6.00 (6.00) | 7.00 (5.00) | 7.00 (3.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 10.00 | 0.00, 10.00 | 0.00, 10.00 | 0.00, 10.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0015* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0615 (W)12) | 0.0767 (W)23) | 0.0012* (W)13) | ||
Mandibular teeth | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 10.91 (4.31) | 9.74 (4.59) | 10.82 (4.38) | 11.42 (4.03) | |
Median (IQR) | 13.00 (5.00) | 12.00 (6.00) | 13.00 (5.00) | 13.00 (4.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 17.00 | 0.00, 16.00 | 0.00, 17.00 | 0.00, 16.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0005* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0191* (W)12) | 0.0790 (W)23) | 0.0003* (W)13) | ||
Total teeth | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 20.88 (8.49) | 18.56 (8.70) | 20.74 (8.62) | 21.78 (8.04) | |
Median (IQR) | 24.00 (12.00) | 21.00 (15.00) | 24.00 (13.00) | 25.00 (10.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 32.00 | 0.00, 32.00 | 0.00, 32.00 | 0.00, 32.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0017* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0229* (W)12) | 0.2107 (W)23) | 0.0011* (W)13) | ||
Number of teeth in group (mastication) | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Low (0-9) | 186 (14.20) | 21 (20.39) | 121 (14.72) | 44 (11.43) | |
Med (10-19) | 247 (18.85) | 27 (26.21) | 155 (18.86) | 65 (16.88) | |
High (20>) | 877 (66.95) | 55 (53.40) | 546 (66.42) | 276 (71.69) | |
Between P-value | 0.0117* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0989 (C)12) | 0.4704 (C)23) | 0.0054* (C)13) | ||
Dentures | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Yes | 320 (24.43) | 31 (30.10) | 208 (25.30) | 81 (21.04) | |
No | 990 (75.57) | 72 (69.90) | 614 (74.70) | 304 (78.96) | |
Between P-value | 0.1038 (C) | ||||
Group implants | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Yes | 346 (26.41) | 20 (19.42) | 223 (27.13) | 103 (26.75) | |
No | 964 (73.59) | 83 (80.58) | 599 (72.87) | 282 (73.25) | |
Between P-value | 0.2425 (C) | ||||
Number of implants | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 1.12 (2.50) | 0.74 (2.07) | 1.14 (2.51) | 1.19 (2.58) | |
Median (IQR) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 17.00 | 0.00, 14.00 | 0.00, 17.00 | 0.00, 16.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.1751 (K) | ||||
Tooth decay | N | 1,310 | 103 | 822 | 385 |
Mean (SD) | 2.35 (2.84) | 3.07 (3.22) | 2.33 (2.83) | 2.21 (2.71) | |
Median (IQR) | 2.00 (4.00) | 2.00 (5.00) | 2.00 (4.00) | 1.00 (3.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 22.00 | 0.00, 19.00 | 0.00, 22.00 | 0.00, 14.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0150* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0272* (W)12) | 1.0000 (W)23) | 0.0127* (W)13) | ||
Tooth decay group | N | 1,272 | 102 | 794 | 376 |
Fair | 564 (44.34) | 33 (32.35) | 346 (43.58) | 185 (49.20) | |
Normal | 272 (21.38) | 21 (20.59) | 170 (21.41) | 81 (21.54) | |
Poor | 213 (16.75) | 21 (20.59) | 141 (17.76) | 51 (13.56) | |
Poorer | 107 (8.41) | 11 (10.78) | 62 (7.81) | 34 (9.04) | |
Worst | 116 (9.12) | 16 (15.69) | 75 (9.45) | 25 (6.65) | |
Between P-value | 0.0232* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.3261 (C)12) | 0.3589 (C)23) | 0.0110* (C)13) | ||
Caries prevalence | N | 1,273 | 102 | 795 | 376 |
Mean (SD) | 15.87 (22.33) | 23.01 (28.00) | 16.07 (22.58) | 13.52 (19.53) | |
Median (IQR) | 7.69 (21.43) | 14.55 (33.33) | 7.69 (21.74) | 6.90 (17.86) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 133.33 | 0.00, 100.00 | 0.00, 133.33 | 0.00, 100.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0025* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0199* (W)12) | 0.3389 (W)23) | 0.0018* (W)13) | ||
Periodontitis | N | 1,308 | 103 | 822 | 383 |
Mean (SD) | 3.96 (3.19) | 4.63 (3.73) | 3.99 (3.14) | 3.71 (3.12) | |
Median (IQR) | 4.00 (5.00) | 5.00 (6.00) | 4.00 (5.00) | 3.00 (5.00) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 21.00 | 0.00, 18.00 | 0.00, 15.00 | 0.00, 21.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0570 (K) | ||||
Periodontitis group | N | 1,271 | 102 | 793 | 376 |
Fair | 288 (22.66) | 23 (22.55) | 167 (21.06) | 98 (26.06) | |
Normal | 250 (19.67) | 9 (8.82) | 161 (20.30) | 80 (21.28) | |
Poor | 331 (26.04) | 24 (23.53) | 198 (24.97) | 109 (28.99) | |
Poorer | 208 (16.37) | 20 (19.61) | 142 (17.91) | 46 (12.23) | |
Worst | 194 (15.26) | 26 (25.49) | 125 (15.76) | 43 (11.44) | |
Between P-value | 0.0005* (C) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.0604 (C)12) | 0.0348* (C)23) | 0.0006* (C)13) | ||
Periodontitis morbidity | N | 1,273 | 102 | 795 | 376 |
Mean (SD) | 25.28 (25.22) | 30.79 (26.80) | 26.20 (25.61) | 21.85 (23.52) | |
Median (IQR) | 18.75 (27.64) | 25.83 (42.00) | 20.00 (28.31) | 16.67 (24.80) | |
Min, max | 0.00, 133.33 | 0.00, 100.00 | 0.00, 133.33 | 0.00, 100.00 | |
Between P-value | 0.0008* (K) | ||||
Post-hoc P-value | 0.1955 (W)12) | 0.0100* (W)23) | 0.0034* (W)13) |