Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Results
REFERENCES
Table 1.
App name | Author (s) | Target domain | Availability in the app store | Measurement | App function(s) | Outcome(s) | Digital therapy | Country | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MASS | Fulford et al., 2022 [27] | Social function | No | • Cognitive Function (premorbid cognitive ability), | • Aims to deal with the decline of Social function | • Premorbid intelligence or social cognitive function did not correlate with app participation or results. | Yes | US |
• Social Function (facial affect recognition ability) | • EMA, Social skill training | • There was no relationship between the rate of responding to notifications and interest in-app content and premorbid cognitive function, and a weak correlation with improvement in social cognitive function was reported. | |||||||
2 | PEAR-004 | Nassir Ghaemi et al., 2022 [28] | Symptom management | Yes | • Symptom (PANSS) | • The prevention of aggravation of the psychosis | • After the use of the app, the PANSS score was higher in the sham control group. | Yes | US |
• CBT Technique | • Temporary improvement in depressive symptoms was reported in the PEAR-004 group. | ||||||||
• Participation in the app, participant satisfaction, and clinician satisfaction were high. | |||||||||
3 | EMPOWER | Gumley et al., 2022 [29] | Symptom relapse prevention | No | • App use (feasibility, acceptability, and usability, safety, performance) | • Aims to identify and handle the early warning sign | • It was easy to use and had a positive effect on feasibility and motivation. | Yes | UK, Austrailia |
• Symptom (relapse, fear of relapse) | • The actual APP usage rate was high, app users had fewer relapses, and the period until relapse was long. In addition, the fear of recurrence also decreased. | ||||||||
4 | Unnamed (Unified Protocol for Adolescents) | Weintraub et al., 2022 [30] | Symptom management | No | • App use (acceptability, usefulness) | • Intended to be used as an aid between group CBT sessions. | • High satisfaction was reported in usability and acceptability. | No | US |
• Symptom | • Applying a super-diagnostic form of CBT to patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. | • Symptoms have improved. particularly increased depression, attenuated psychosis, and overall functioning. | |||||||
• Providing user-centered feedback, helping review session content, training skills learned in previous sessions, and monitoring symptoms. | |||||||||
5 | CORE | Ben-zeev et al., 2021 [31] | Symptom management | No | • Daily Life (RSES, Friendship Scale) | • Improvement of symptoms, recovery of function | • People with severe mental illness (SMI) participated and evaluated CORE as practical and acceptable. | Yes | US |
• Recovery (RAS, SDS) | • Game-like activities, psychological education, etc. that can promote adaptive beliefs | • As a result of ITT analysis, significant changes were observed in all BDI-II, GAD-7, RAS, RSES, and SDS while using CORE, with GAD-7 having a small effect size and other measures other than the medium effect size in SDS. High effect sizes were observed in (BDI-II, RAS, RSES). | |||||||
• Symptom (BDI-II, GAD-7) | |||||||||
6 | CLIMB (BrainHQ) | Dabit et al., 2021 [32] | Social function | Yes | • Daily Life (aQLS) | • Improved social cognition and function | • Participants showed significant improvement in social function, but there was no difference between groups. | Yes | US, Canada |
• Social Function (SFS) | • As a result of ITT analysis, there was a significant improvement in QoL in active control. | ||||||||
7 | SlowMo | Garety et al., 2021 [33] | Symptom management | No | • Symptom (GPTS. GPTS-Part A [reference], GPTS-Part B [persecutory], PSYRATS) | • Consists of automated social cognitive training, ecological momentary assessment, group teletherapy, and palliative messaging techniques. | • There was no significant improvement in subjectively reported paranoia at week 24. | Yes | UK |
• However, there was improvement in paranoia rated by the observer and persecutory thoughts rated at week 12. | |||||||||
8 | PLAN-e-PSY | Haesebaert et al., 2021 [34] | Social function | No | • Daily Life (PSPS) | • Increasing involvement in treatment settings, intervention on prognosis of first-episode psychosis | • In preparation (protocol study) | No | France |
• Youth-friendly and patient-centered clinical approach. Helping plan and monitoring individualized treatment goals. | |||||||||
9 | A4i (App4Independence) | Kidd et al., 2019 [35] | Symptom management | Yes | • App use, Symptoms | • Self-management of disease | • Small-to-moderate effect sizes were seen for psychiatric symptoms. | Yes | Canada |
• Feedback, scheduling, providing texts to improve self-management of illness, etc. | • There were improvements in recovery engagement and medication adherence, but these were not significant after controlling for multiple comparisons. | ||||||||
• People who used the app more initially had higher levels of aggression, depression, and interpersonal sensitivity. | |||||||||
• Satisfaction with the app was high. | |||||||||
10 | My Journey 3 | Steare et al., 2021 [36] | Daily life function, Symptom relapse prevention | No | • App use (semi-structured interview) | • Prevention of recurrence and crisis management | • Many service users evaluated the app as acceptable. In addition, they reported that the symptom and drug tracking functions were useful. | No | England |
• Promotes self-management skills, including setting personal recovery goals | • Factors affecting acceptability and participation include recovery stage and symptom severity. | ||||||||
• Clinicians also evaluated it as a useful assistive tool, but reported that it was inconvenient to provide support due to conflicts of interest. | |||||||||
11 | MONEO | Krzystanek et al., 2020 [37] | Cognitive function, Symptom management | No | • Symptom (PANSS) | • To improve clinical status through intervention on cognitive function | • There was improvement in accuracy and cognitive fatigue. | Yes | Poland |
• Cognitive Functions (reaction time [RT], accuracy, ommitment) | • Notification and monitoring functions, training of visual working memory | • There was also improvement in symptoms measured by PANSS. | |||||||
12 | T4RP | Cullen et al., 2020 [38] | Symptom relapse prevention | No | • Symptom (PANSS, YMRS, MADRS) | • Pursues reduction of psychiatric pathology and hospitalization and promotion of recovery through self-management. | • The PANSS score was significantly lower than the control group, and the compliance with injectable drugs was also significantly higher. | Yes | US |
• Recovery (RAS-R) | • Receive daily messages to check your symptoms, check whether you are taking medication, and receive motivational phrases. | ||||||||
• Daily Life (BARS) | • Recovery indicators were also significantly high. | ||||||||
13 | PsyMATE (SMARTapp) | Hanssen et al., 2020 [39] | Social function, Daily life function | Yes | • Symptom (EMA) | • Improvement of daily life social function and schizophrenia symptoms | • Momentary psychotic symptoms significantly decreased in the feedback group. Momentary loneliness and psychotic symptoms measured by questionnaire decreased regardless of feedback. | Yes | Dutch |
• Social functioning | • Sends personalized feedback through ecological momentary intervention | • Participants evaluated the app as user-friendly and understandable. | |||||||
• App use (feasibility, user-friendliness) | • Momentary personalized feedback influences momentary symptoms in daily life. | ||||||||
14 | ReMind | Hui et al., 2021 [40] | Symptom relapse prevention | No | • App use (direction, interface, contents) | • Identifies predictors of relapse (visual or verbal working memory, stressful life events, expressed emotions, social factors such as medication non-compliance) and monitor the relapse process | • In preparation (protocol study) | No | Hong-Kong (China) |
• Cognitive Function | |||||||||
15 | Clintouch | Lewis et al., 2020 [41] | Symptom management, Symptom relapse prevention | Yes | • Symptom (PANSS, CGDS) | • To prevent recurrence and recover from acute symptoms | • The active symptom monitoring group continued to use mobile apps. | Yes | UK |
• Daily Life (GAF, EuroQol 5D) | • However, active symptom monitoring was not related to the empowerment scale. There was a significant decrease in symptoms in PANSS. | ||||||||
16 | Robin Z | Traber-Walker et al., 2019 [42] | Symptom management | Yes | • Symptom (comorbid diagnosis | • Self-examination, evaluation of psychotic symptoms and signs of relapse, notification and monitoring functions | • In preparation (protocol study) | No | Switzerland |
• Functioning | |||||||||
• Daily Life (Self-Afficacy, and QOL) | |||||||||
17 | SAVVy | Bell et al., 2020 [43] | Symptom management | No | • App use (accesibility, feasibility) | • Used augmentatively in psychotherapy to intervene in the experience of hearing sounds (auditory hallucinations). | • Feasibility and acceptability were supported, and participation and satisfaction rates were also good. | Yes | Austrailia |
• Symptom (SANS) | • In addition, it was expected to be effective in improving the overall effects of auditory hallucinations and some of their negative effects. | ||||||||
• Cognitive Function (WTAR) | |||||||||
18 | PsyMATE (ACT-DL protocol) | Vaessen et al., 2019 [44] | Daily life function | Yes | • App use (burden) | • Monitoring via smartphone-based EMA combined with blended coping-focused treatment for auditory hallucination experiences | • Brief questionnaires and visual stimulation about mood, symptoms, activities, etc. are provided between sessions to those who participated in ACT DL training. | No | Belgium/Dutch |
• ACT (satisfaction of the session, the way of exercise) | • Participants reported that both the therapy sessions and the app were useful. | ||||||||
• Nevertheless, these protocols are reported to be burdensome. | |||||||||
19 | WorkingWell | Nicholson et al., 2018 [45] | Social function, Symptom management | No | • App use (SUS) | • Management of stress, depression and anxiety in the workplace for people with severe mental illness | • In preparation (protocol study) | No | US |
• Daily Life (job tenure, JMS, WRSES, MOS-SSS) | • Promotes interpersonal skills management and coping skills in social situations | ||||||||
20 | Monsenso (MindFrame) | Terp et al., 2018 [46] | Daily life function, Symptom management | Yes | • App use (User report, the in-depth interview) | • Promotes the ability to manage daily life while living with disease | • Young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia were able to use the app to monitor their health, manage medications, and be alert to signs of worsening. | No | Denmark |
• Self-assessment, psychoeducation, action planning, medication management, warning sign notification, etc. | |||||||||
21 | Unnamed | Biagianti et al., 2017 [47] | Cognitive function | No | • Symptom (PANSS) | • To increase accessibility to cognitive rehabilitation | • There was significant improvement in verbal learning and problem-solving skills. In addition, there was an upward trend in overall cognition, verbal memory, quality of life, and social function, although not significant. | No | US |
• Daily Life (aQLS) | • Auditory processing, auditory/visual working memory training, brain training program (Posit Science) | ||||||||
• Social Function (SFS) | |||||||||
• Cognitive Function (UPSA, MCCB, HVLT-R, BVMT-R, NAB Mazes) |
RAS, Recovery Assessment Scale; RSES, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; SDS, Sheehan Disability Scale; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; UPBSA, UCSD Performance-Based Skill Assessment; MCCB, MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; HVLT-R, verbal/visual memory trials of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-R; BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-R; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; BARS, Brief Adherence Rating Scale; aQLS, abbreviated Quality of Life Scale; GPTS, Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale; PSRS, Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales; PSPS, Personal and Social Performance Scale; CGDS, Calgary Depression Scale; JMS, Job Match Survey; WRSES, Work Related Self-Efficacy Scale; SUS, System Usability Scale