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Singh, Midha, Narang, Kedia, Mahajan, Dhoble, Kahlon, Dhaliwal, Tripathi, Kalra, Jain, Bansal, Banerjee, Desai, Dutta, Ahuja, and Sood: Low prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in India
Original Article

Intest Res 2023;21(4):452-459.

Published online: 2 December 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2022.00087

Low prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in India

Arshdeep Singh1, Vandana Midha2, Vikram Narang3, Saurabh Kedia4, Ramit Mahajan1, Pavan Dhoble5, Bhavjeet Kaur Kahlon1, Ashvin Singh Dhaliwal1, Ashish Tripathi1, Shivam Kalra1, Narender Pal Jain2, Namita Bansal6, Rupa Banerjee7, Devendra Desai5, Usha Dutta8, Vineet Ahuja4, Ajit Sood1

1Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

2Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

3Department of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

4Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

5P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India

6Research and Development Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

7Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India

8Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

Correspondence to Ajit Sood, Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Tagore Nagar, Civil Lines, Ludhiana 141001, India. Tel: +91-9815400718, Fax: +91-161-2302620, E-mail: ajitsood10@gmail.com

Received 9 July 2022       Revised 14 September 2022       Accepted 19 September 2022

© Copyright 2023. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. All rights reserved.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background/Aims

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represents the most common hepatobiliary extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Limited data exist on PSC in patients with IBD from India. We aimed to assess the prevalence and disease spectrum of PSC in Indian patients with IBD.

Methods

Database of IBD patients at 5 tertiary care IBD centers in India were analyzed retrospectively. Data were extracted and the prevalence of PSC-IBD was calculated.

Results

Forty-eight patients out of 12,216 patients with IBD (9,231 UC, 2,939 CD, and 46 IBD unclassified) were identified to have PSC, resulting in a prevalence of 0.39%. The UC to CD ratio was 7:1. Male sex and pancolitis (UC) or colonic CD were more commonly associated with PSC-IBD. The diagnosis of IBD preceded the diagnosis of PSC in most of the patients. Majority of the patients were symptomatic for liver disease at diagnosis. Eight patients (16.66%) developed cirrhosis, 5 patients (10.41%), all UC, developed malignancies (3 colorectal cancer [6.25%] and 2 cholangiocarcinoma [4.16%]), and 3 patients died (2 decompensated liver disease [4.16%] and 1 cholangiocarcinoma [2.08%]) on follow-up. None of the patients mandated surgical therapy for IBD.

Conclusions

Concomitant PSC in patients with IBD is uncommon in India and is associated with lower rates of development of malignancies.

Keywords: Colitis, ulcerative, Cholangitis, sclerosing, Prevalence, Inflammatory bowel diseases, India

INTRODUCTION

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile ducts, represents the main hepatobiliary extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [1,2]. The prevalence of PSC in IBD (PSC-IBD) varies between 3% to 8% for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 2% to 3% for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), while PSC is associated with IBD in 50% to 90% patients [3,4]. Though the exact pathogenesis of both IBD and PSC are not known, the 2 are believed to share a common pathophysiology, influenced by immune-mediated processes (gut lymphocyte homing), immunogenic susceptibility, increased intestinal permeability, dysbiotic gut microbiota, genetic predisposition, disorders of biliary epithelial cells and altered bile acid metabolism [5-9]. The PSC-IBD has been described as a unique entity, different from IBD, characterized by an increased incidence of pancolitis, backwash ileitis, and rectal sparing; though the colitis tends to be clinically and often endoscopically quiescent [10-13]. An increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with PSC and IBD drives the differences in approach to management of PSC with IBD as compared to IBD alone, the former including lifelong annual surveillance colonoscopy [14-17].
Though the association between PSC and IBD is well recognized, there remains uncertainty on the magnitude of the problem. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the global prevalence of PSC in patients with IBD at 2.16%, with appreciable regional variations [18]. Limited data exist on the prevalence and disease phenotype of PSC with IBD from India [19,20]. This multicenter study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PSC with IBD, describe the disease phenotype (clinical features, disease characteristics, and disease-related complications) and evaluate regional variations in the spectrum of PSC in patients with IBD in India.

METHODS

1. Study Design

This study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained IBD databases at 5 tertiary care centers across India: Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana (north India); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (north India); Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (north India); P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai (west India); and Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad (south India). The respective databases were reviewed for a period between January 1991 and December 2020. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dayanand Medical College and Hospital (IRB No. DMCH/R&D/2020/23). This study is a retrospective study and so informed consent was waived. A proportion of the patients reported in the current study were also included in a previous single-center study describing the prevalence and spectrum of extraintestinal manifestations in patients with IBD [19].

2. Study Population

Patients with established diagnosis of IBD (based on the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation and European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology Guidelines) who were found to have concomitant PSC (diagnosed on the basis of biochemical cholestasis [elevated alkaline phosphatase] and cholangiographic evidence of strictures/ectasias of intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile ducts) were included for analysis [21,22].
The details on demographic profile (including age at diagnosis of PSC-IBD and sex), clinical history (disease diagnosis, clinical presentation, disease extent, severity, and behavior), complications including cirrhosis, CRC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and medical/surgical treatment were extracted from the databases. Montreal classification was used to assess the disease phenotype in adults with IBD. Disease severity was defined by the Mayo Clinic score in patients with UC and Harvey Bradshaw Index in patients with CD.
Patients with missing/incomplete data, follow-up < 6 months and a secondary cause for sclerosing cholangitis (such as infectious or ischemic cholangiopathy, IgG4 associated cholangitis, portal cavernoma cholangiopathy, drug-induced liver injury, choledocholithiasis, and surgical trauma to biliary tract) were excluded.

3. Statistical Analysis

Quantitative data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical data were summarized as the percentage of the group total. Categorical data were compared using either the chi-square test (for parametric data) or the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance test (for non-parametric data). Fischer exact test was performed when the anticipated frequency was less than 5. A probability value (P-value) less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) statistical program for Microsoft Windows.

RESULTS

1. Prevalence of PSC in Patients with IBD

Records of 12,216 patients with IBD (9,231 UC, 2,939 CD, and 46 IBD unclassified) were analyzed. Forty-eight patients were identified to have PSC, resulting in a prevalence of 0.39%. Of the 48 patients diagnosed with PSC, 42 (87.50%) had UC while 6 (12.50%) had CD. The cumulative prevalence of PSC was 0.45% in patients with UC and 0.20% in patients with CD (Fig. 1). The mean Mayo Clinic score and Harvey Bradshaw Index were 5.26 ± 2.41 and 5.17 ± 1.33 in patients with UC-PSC and CD-PSC, respectively.

2. Characteristics of the IBD Patients Diagnosed with PSC

Majority of the patients (n = 27, 56.25%) were males. In nearly 70% of the patients, the diagnosis of IBD preceded the diagnosis of PSC with a mean duration of 43.25 ± 74.66 months between the diagnoses of the 2 entities. In only 4 patients (8.33%), PSC was diagnosed before the diagnosis of IBD was established. Approximately two-thirds (69.05%) of the patients with UC-PSC had pancolitis, while isolated colonic involvement (50%) followed by ileo-colonic disease (33.33%) was the most common disease location in patients with CD-PSC. The frequency of stricturing and/or penetrating disease was low (16.66%) in patients with CD-PSC. The clinical characteristics of the patients with PSC and IBD are summarized in Table 1.

3. Clinical Presentation and Complications of PSC in Patients with IBD

A majority of the patients (n = 32, 68.75%) were symptomatic for liver disease at the time of diagnosis of PSC-IBD. The common presenting symptoms were fatigue (n = 31, 64.58%), abdominal pain (n = 14, 29.16%), pruritus (n = 12, 25%), and jaundice (n = 7, 14.58%). One patient had cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis of PSC (Table 2). The median alkaline phosphatase at the time of diagnosis was 417.0 IU/L (IQR, 293.5–637.0 IU/L). All the patients had evidence of cholangiographic changes of beading/stricturing and/or ectasias.
The patients were followed up for a median of 66 months (IQR, 27–129 months). During the follow-up period, 7 more patients developed cirrhosis. Five patients (10.41%), all UC, developed malignancies (3 CRC [6.25%] and 2 CCA [4.16%]) (Fig. 2). Three patients died during follow-up (2 decompensated liver disease and 1 CCA) (Table 2).
All the patients were on concomitant therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid for PSC. Eight patients with dominant biliary strictures required endoscopic balloon dilatation. Two patients needed liver transplant for decompensated liver disease, while another 2 underwent colectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy for CRC. Three patients (2 CCA and 1 CRC) received palliative chemotherapy for associated malignancy. None of the patients mandated surgical therapy for IBD (Table 2).

DISCUSSION

This multicenter study evaluated the relationship and characteristics of IBD and PSC in a large cohort of IBD patients from India. The prevalence of PSC in patients with IBD was 0.39%. The prevalence of PSC in UC and CD separately was 0.45% and 0.20%. The prevalence rate in the current study is lower than the reported prevalence in previous studies from Westernized countries [18,23,24]. However the PSC prevalence rate in IBD is similar to previously reported rates of 0.3% in India and 0.48% in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Emerging Nations’ Consortium [19,20]. PSC (with or without concomitant IBD) exhibits wide variations in its geo-epidemiology, with lower prevalence rates reported from Asia as compared to North America and Europe. The prevalence rates of PSC-IBD in the current study are amongst the lowest, even in Asia [18]. This could be attributed to heterogeneity in genetic, ethnic, environmental, and other risk factors that lead to development of PSC, suggesting that though the disease phenotypes maybe similar, demographic differences exist in IBD among Asian and Western countries [25].
Majority of the patients with PSC-IBD (both UC and CD) concurrence were males (56.25%) and had their IBD diagnosed before PSC (70%). The ratio of UC-PSC and CD-PSC concurrence in the current study was 7:1, indicating higher prevalence of PSC in patients with UC as compared to CD. Consistent with the previous reports, pancolitis and colonic disease location were the commonest disease extent and location in patients with UC and CD respectively, suggesting colonic involvement as the hallmark of the PSC-IBD phenotype. However, in contrast to the earlier studies, where none of the patients with proctosigmoiditis had PSC, 30% of UC-PSC patients in the current study had proctosigmoiditis (disease extent E2) [26-28]. Whether this represents a distinct phenotype of PSC-IBD that behaves differently form the pancolitis associated PSC-IBD is not known and needs to be evaluated. Only 6.25% of patients with PSC-IBD were current or former smokers. This is congruous with decreased risk of PSC among smokers described earlier [29].
Most of the patients with PSC-IBD were symptomatic at diagnosis. This is in contrast to the earlier descriptions of PSC being asymptomatic and detected on screening for liver disease in patients with IBD [30]. A higher proportion of patients being symptomatic in the current study could either imply late diagnosis of PSC due to challenges in adhering to PSC screening protocols [31] or a different spectrum of PSC-IBD in India. Although statistically insignificant, a greater proportion of patients with CD-PSC developed cirrhosis. On the contrary, malignancies (either CRC or CCA) developed more frequently in patients with UC-PSC. The rates of liver transplantation and death were lower in patients with CD-PSC. Though evaluating the effect of IBD type on the clinical presentation and complications of PSC-IBD was not the objective of the current study, our findings suggest a natural history of CD-PSC distinct from the UC-PSC. Similar findings have been reported previously, where patients with CD-PSC progressed less commonly to cancer, liver transplantation, or death [32,33].
Approximately 10% of the patients with PSC-IBD progressed to develop malignancies. The prevalence of CRC and CCA in PSC-IBD was 6.25% and 4.17%, respectively. CCA has been reported to develop in up to 5%–20% of patients with PSC [34,35]. The prevalence of CRC in patients with IBD varies between 2%–3% in India and increases substantially in the second and third decade after the onset of IBD even though the incidence of sporadic CRC is low [36-38]. This paradox suggests that inflammation-driven CRC has similar incidence rates in the East as well as the West. Though the prevalence of CRC in PSC-IBD is twice the prevalence in UC without PSC, the rates are much lower than the 20% to 30% prevalence rates described previously [39,40]. The lower rates of CRC can be attributed to distinct genetic and gut microbial composition of Indians as compared to the Caucasians, apart from variations in the Farnesoid X receptor and bile acid metabolic pathways, which play an integral role in the development of malignancies in patients with PSC-IBD [41-43]. The lower incidence of CRC in the present cohort could also possibly be related to a shorter follow-up period and low annual CRC screening rates. More prospective longitudinal studies are needed to better determine the natural history and formulate cost-effective population specific policies for surveillance of cancers in PSC-IBD patients.
This study is the first nationwide study determining the prevalence of PSC in patients with IBD from India. The strengths of our study include large sample size and strict criteria of a combination of biochemical cholestasis and positive cholangiography for diagnosis of PSC. However, retrospective nature of the study may have resulted in an underestimation of the true prevalence of PSC-IBD as patients with missing data were excluded. Patients with PSC who do not have clinical symptoms of IBD may have endoscopic and/or histological features consistent with IBD. As patients with PSC who did not have intestinal symptoms were not evaluated in the current study, underreporting of the prevalence of PSC-IBD is possible, though the proportion of such patients is expected to be small. Data on liver biopsy was not available and therefore patients with small duct PSC or patients with normal biochemistry could have been missed. Additionally, the details on proportion of patients with backwash ileitis and rectal sparing, reportedly more prevalent in patients with PSC-IBD, were not available.
In conclusion, this multicenter nationwide study demonstrates low prevalence rates (0.39%) of PSC in patients with IBD in India. Males, patients with UC and patients with pancolitis (UC) or colonic CD were more likely to receive a diagnosis of concomitant PSC and IBD. Majority of the patients were symptomatic of PSC at the time of diagnosis. The prevalence of CRC and CCA was low as compared to other reports from Asia and the West. The data presented in the current study provides a blueprint of the spectrum of PSC-IBD in India, which is disparate from that reported in the literature. More data is needed to describe the true spectrum and long-term outcome of PSC-IBD in India. To achieve this, it is important to recognize and carefully screen all IBD patients for PSC, as an early appropriate diagnosis is imperative to prevent complications.

Notes

Funding Source

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

Sood A is an editorial board member of the journal but was not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Midha V, Sood A. Data curation: Singh A, Narang V, Kedia S, Dhoble P, Kahlon BK, Dhaliwal AS, Tripathi A, Kalra S, Bansal N, Banerjee R, Desai D, Dutta U, Ahuja V. Formal analysis: Singh A, Narang V, Bansal N. Investigation: Singh A, Midha V, Sood A. Methodology: Singh A, Midha V, Sood A. Project administration: Midha V, Sood A. Resources: Singh A, Midha V, Narang V, Dhoble P, Jain NP, Desai D, Sood A. Software: Singh A, Kahlon BK, Bansal N. Supervision: Midha V, Sood A. Visualization: Singh A, Kedia S, Mahajan R, Jain NP, Bansal N, Desai D, Ahuja V, Sood A. Writing - original draft: Singh A, Narang V. Writing - review & editing: all authors. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

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Fig. 1.
PSC in patients with IBD. (A) Prevalence and distribution of PSC in patients with IBD. (B) The prevalence of PSC in patients with UC and CD. PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn’s disease.
ir-2022-00087f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Prevalence of malignancies in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
ir-2022-00087f2.tif
Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients with PSC with IBD
Characteristics Value (n = 48)
Male sex 27 (56.25)
Age at diagnosis of IBD (yr) 33.67 ± 12.16
Age at diagnosis of PSC (yr) 37.27 ± 12.78
Follow up (mo) 66 (27–129)
Current or former smoker 3 (6.25)
PSC diagnosed before IBD 4 (8.33)
IBD diagnosed before PSC 34 (70.83)
IBD and PSC diagnosed simultaneously 10 (20.83)
Interval between diagnosis of IBD and PSC (mo) 43.25 ± 74.66
Type of IBD
 Ulcerative colitis 42 (87.5)
 Crohn’s disease 6 (12.5)
Disease extent (ulcerative colitis)
 Proctitis -
 Left sided colitis 13 (30.95)
 Pancolitis 29 (69.05)
Mayo Clinic score at diagnosis of IBD 5.26 ± 2.41
Endoscopic Mayo Clinic score at diagnosis of IBD 1.64 ± 0.62
Disease classification (Crohn’s disease)
 Age at diagnosis
  < 17 yr -
  17–40 yr 4 (66.66)
  > 40 yr 2 (33.33)
 Disease location
  Ileal 1 (16.66)
  Colonic 3 (50.00)
  Ileo-colonic 2 (33.33)
 Disease behavior
  Non-stricturing, non-penetrating 5 (83.33)
  Stricturing 1 (16.66)
 Penetrating -
Perianal disease Nil
Harvey Bradshaw Index at diagnosis of IBD 5.17 ± 1.33
Patients with other extraintestinal manifestationsa 9 (18.75)
 Arthritis 5 (10.41)
 Ocular 4 (8.33)
 Gall stones 1 (2.08)
 Erythema nodosum 1 (2.08)
Family history of IBD 1 (2.08)
Previous appendectomy 4 (8.33)
Previous exposure to anti-tubercular therapy 7 (14.58)
Treatment for IBD
 5-Aminosalicylates 39 (81.25)
 Thiopurines 14 (29.16)
 Anti-TNF 1 (2.08)
 Corticosteroids 20 (41.66)

Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).

a More than one extraintestinal manifestations were present in all these patients.

PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 2.
Clinical Presentation and Complications of PSC in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Variable Ulcerative colitis (n = 42) Crohn’s disease (n = 6) Total (n = 48)
Clinical presentation of PSC
 Asymptomatic with abnormal liver function tests 13 (30.95) 2 (33.33) 15 (31.25)
 Symptomatic with abnormal liver function tests 29 (69.04) 4 (66.66) 33 (68.75)
Complications
 Cirrhosis 6 (14.28) 2 (33.33) 8 (16.66)
 CRC 3 (7.14) - 3 (6.25)
 CCA 2 (4.76) - 2 (4.16)
 Death 3 (7.14) - 3 (6.25)
  Decompensated liver disease 2 (4.76) - 2 (4.16)
  CCA 1 (2.38) - 1 (2.08)
Treatment of complications
 Liver transplant for decompensated cirrhosis 2 (4.76) - 2 (4.16)
 Colectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy (CRC) 2 (4.76) - 2 (4.16)
 Palliative chemotherapy (CRC) 1 (2.38) - 1 (2.08)
 Palliative chemotherapy (CCA) 2 (4.76) - 2 (4.16)
Treatment received for PSC
 Ursodeoxycholic acid 42 (100) 6 (100) 48 (100)
 Endoscopic balloon dilatation for dominant stricture 7 (16.66) 1 (16.66) 8 (16.66)

Values are presented as number (%).

PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; CRC, colorectal cancer; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma.

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