Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Supplementary Table 1.
Supplementary Table 2.
Supplementary Table 3.
Supplementary Fig. 1.
Notes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Seung-Hyun Ko is associate editor of the Diabetes & Metabolism Journal from 2022 to 2023. Yong-Moon Park has been statistical advisor of the Diabetes & Metabolism Journal since 2022.
They were not involved in the review process of this article. Otherwise, there was no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: S.H.K., K.D.H.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: K.D.H., Y.M.P.
Drafting the work or revising: S.H.K., Y.M.P., J.S.Y., K.K., J. H.B., H.S.K., N.H.K.
Final approval of the manuscript: S.H.K., K.D.H., Y.M.P., J.S.Y., K.K., J.H.B., H.S.K., N.H.K.
FUNDING
This work was supported by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2019M3E5D3073102), and National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) grant funded by MSIT (No. S0252-21-1001, Development of AI Precision Medical Solution [Doctor Answer 2.0]).
REFERENCES
Fig. 1.
![dmj-2023-0041f1.tif](/upload/SynapseXML/2004dmj/thumb/dmj-2023-0041f1.gif)
Fig. 2.
![dmj-2023-0041f2.tif](/upload/SynapseXML/2004dmj/thumb/dmj-2023-0041f2.gif)
Table 1.
Table 2.
Variable | Total (n=3,068) | Men (n=1,327) | Women (n=1,741) | P valuea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes | |||||||
Prevalence, % | |||||||
FPG criteria | 26.0 | 27.5 | 24.9 | 0.145 | |||
65–74 yr | 25.1 | 28.5 | 22.0 | 0.005 | |||
≥75 yr | 27.4 | 25.8 | 28.4 | 0.354 | |||
FPG, A1C criteria | 29.6 | 30.0 | 29.3 | 0.712 | |||
65–74 yr | 28.1 | 30.6 | 26.0 | 0.061 | |||
≥75 yr | 31.5 | 28.9 | 33.2 | 0.140 | |||
Estimated number | |||||||
Total | 2,122,166 | 930,681 | 1,191,485 | ||||
65–74 yr | 1,169,538 | 597,344 | 572,194 | ||||
≥75 yr | 952,628 | 333,337 | 619,291 | ||||
Prediabetes | |||||||
Prevalence, % | |||||||
Total | 50.5 | 51.1 | 49.9 | 0.588 | |||
65–74 yr | 51.1 | 50.4 | 51.6 | 0.645 | |||
≥75 yr | 49.6 | 52.3 | 47.9 | 0.166 | |||
Estimated number | |||||||
Total | 3,620,684 | 1,588,338 | 2,032,346 | ||||
65–74 yr | 2,122,391 | 984,820 | 1,137,570 | ||||
≥75 yr | 1,498,293 | 603,518 | 894,776 |
Table 3.
Variable | Total (n=914) | Men (n=406) | Women (n=508) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdominal obesity, % | 63.9 (1.8) | 57.3 (2.7) | 69.0 (2.4) | 0.001 | |
Hypertension, % | |||||
Prevalence | 71.7 (1.7) | 67.5 (2.5) | 75.0 (2.2) | 0.023 | |
Control rate | 62.8 (2.3) | 67.5 (3.6) | 59.4 (3.1) | 0.092 | |
Hypercholesterolemia, % | |||||
Prevalence | 70.0 (1.9) | 64.1 (2.7) | 74.6 (2.4) | 0.002 | |
Control rate | 61.7 (1.9) | 63.1 (2.6) | 60.6 (2.4) | 0.268 | |
Triple comorbidities, %a | 50.7 (1.9) | 44.2 (2.7) | 55.7 (2.7) | 0.002 | |
Integrated management (A1C <6.5%b) | 13.6 (1.4) | 18.1 (2.3) | 10.1 (1.5) | 0.003 | |
Integrated management (A1C <7.5%c) | 36.0 (1.9) | 40.1 (2.8) | 32.8 (2.4) | 0.038 | |
Current smoker, % | 11.0 (1.3) | 20.6 (2.5) | 3.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
High-risk alcohol consumption, % | 12.4 (1.9) | 18.6 (2.8) | 1.2 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
Regular walking, % | 40.1 (2.0) | 49.7 (2.9) | 31.8 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as percentages (standard error). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL or taking lipid-lowering medications. Current smoking was defined as having smoked five packs (or 100 cigarettes) in his or her lifetime and currently smoking cigarettes. High-risk alcohol consumption was defined as more than seven drinks twice a week for men and more than five for women. Regular walking was defined as a minimum of 30 minutes a day of walking 5 or more days per week.
KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
a Triple comorbidities were defined as the proportion of patients with hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia among the total diabetes mellitus (DM) population, Integrated management was defined as the proportion of patients with achieved target ranges (A1C <6.5%b or A1C <7.5%c) among the total DM population.
Table 4.
Variable | Prevalent DM (n=813) | Known DM (n=614) | Non-DM (n=1,846) | P valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total daily energy intake, kcal | ||||||
Total | 1,553.7±24.8 | 1,583.8±29.9 | 1,575.5±22.7 | 0.493 | ||
Men | 1,796.3±41.7 | 1,859.1±49.5 | 1,821.3±31.0 | 0.621 | ||
Women | 1,341.0±25.7 | 1,338.4±28.3 | 1,372.1±24.4 | 0.353 | ||
P valueb | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Excess energy intake, % | ||||||
Total | 11.9 (1.4) | 12.2 (1.5) | 12.2 (1.0) | 0.887 | ||
Men | 13.4 (2.0) | 14.9 (2.4) | 14.6 (1.6) | 0.638 | ||
Women | 10.6 (1.8) | 10.0 (1.8) | 10.1 (1.1) | 0.830 | ||
P valueb | 0.300 | 0.113 | 0.006 | |||
Percentages of energy intake from macronutrients | ||||||
Carbohydrates, % | ||||||
Total | 70.5±0.5 | 70.1±0.5 | 69.4±0.4 | 0.044 | ||
Men | 68.6±0.5 | 67.8±0.7 | 68.7±0.6 | 0.980 | ||
Women | 72.1±0.6 | 72.1±0.7 | 69.9±0.4 | 0.002 | ||
P valueb | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.027 | |||
Protein, % | ||||||
Total | 13.9±0.1 | 14.0±0.2 | 14.1±0.1 | 0.190 | ||
Men | 14.6±0.2 | 14.9±0.3 | 14.6±0.2 | 0.863 | ||
Women | 13.2±0.2 | 13.2±0.2 | 13.8±0.1 | 0.025 | ||
P valueb | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Fat, % | ||||||
Total | 15.6±0.4 | 15.9±0.4 | 16.5±0.3 | 0.048 | ||
Men | 16.7±0.5 | 17.3±0.5 | 16.7±0.4 | 0.962 | ||
Women | 14.6±0.5 | 14.7±0.6 | 16.3±0.3 | 0.003 | ||
P valueb | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.306 |