Peyer's patches are aggregated lymphoid follicles surrounded by the follicle-associated epithelium, which contains M cells; they are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine, the ileum. Peyer's patches can transfer luminal antigens and bacteria, and can be considered the immunity gate of the intestine.

In the current issue, Hiyama et al.1 revealed the importance of Peyer's patches for UC patients. The authors observed Peyer's patches in the terminal ileums of UC patients using NBI with magnifying endoscopy and categorized the morphology into two groups, the low type and the high type, based on a "villi index." The duration of time before clinical relapse was shorter in remissive UC patients with high type Peyer's patches than that in those with low type Peyer's patches. However, the types of Peyer's patches were not associated with the extent of disease involvements, clinical activity, degree of inflammation on endoscopy, or concomitant use of medication.

This study revealed several interesting points. It revealed the relationship between small bowel morphological findings of Peyer's patches and the clinical course of UC, which usually involves the colonic mucosa.

Limited attention has been paid to Peyer's patches in relation to the pathogenesis of UC. The importance of Peyer's patches is better known in regard to CD than UC.23 Peyer's patches are located on the terminal ileum, while UC generally involves the colon and rectum. For this reason, the role of Peyer's patches in the pathogenesis of UC has rarely been evaluated. However, chronic inflammation from UC can sometimes involve the terminal ileum, which is called backwash colitis. For this reason, we supposed that Peyer's patches may contribute to the development of UC.

The course of UC is unpredictable and repeated relapses of UC can lead to cumulative colonic damage. Continuous clinical follow-ups and UC activity assessments are required to plan a therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, it is very important for doctors to have the precise information that can be used to predict the disease course. Monitoring of the disease course of UC is based on a summation of clinical activity, endoscopic images, radiologic images, serological markers, and fecal markers. There are several variables that may indicate aggressive UC, such as raised levels of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA), deep ulcerations in the colonic mucosa, lack of mucosal healing after induction of clinical remission, development of primary sclerosing cholangitis, pancolitis, and the patient being younger in age (<40).45

In endoscopic findings, the extent of colon involvement at diagnosis predicts the need for immunomodulators or colectomy. However, pancolitis does not elevate the risk of relapse.67 Lack of mucosal healing after steroid treatment was also a risk factor of a severe disease course of UC.

Peyer's patches were not correlated with the current severity of UC. Both the degree of clinical activity and the severity of endoscopic disease were not connected with the type of Peyer's patches in the terminal ileum as examined using NBI with magnifying endoscopy. Because of this, we supposed that disease susceptibility and the extent of UC do not have any relationship to the type of a patient's Peyer's patches. However, Hiyama et al.1 emphasized that the high type of Peyer's patches predicts the disease course of remitted UC. The cumulative clinical relapse rates at 12 and 24 months after initial endoscopy with NBI was 17% and 25% for patients with low type Peyer's patches and 54% and 73% for patients with high type, respectively.

There are some limitations to the present study. The definition of "remissive patient" used in this study was a patient with a partial Mayo score ≤2, and the Mayo endoscopic subscore of remissive patients was 0 in 23 patients, 1 in 26 patients, and 2 in three patients. Considering this, the definitive Mayo scores of remissive patients in this study were relatively high. The Mayo scores of some patients may exceed 2 or 3. A stricter definition of remission may be required for the evaluation of "remissive patients." Colonoscopy remains the gold standard for diagnostic work-up in UC patients. However, this investigation method is expensive, invasive, and laborious. NBI with magnifying endoscopy is a more expensive and time-consuming procedure. In the current issue, NBI images of Peyer's patches were very useful for predicting the recurrence of UC, but had limitations, such as cost and risk, in comparison to other methods, such as fecal calprotectin.

Dye-less chromoendoscopy techniques such as NBI, flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE; Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan), i-scan (Pentax, Tokyo, Japan), and Storz Professional Image Enhancement System (SPIES; Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany), and the use of various dye-based endoscopy techniques using indigo carmine, Lugol solution, cresyl violet, toluidine blue, or methylene blue were attempted to evaluate UC.89 However, these traditional dyes have been mainly used to detect colorectal neoplasia for surveillance purposes. Recently, several new endoscopic strategies for diagnosis of UC have been attempted, such as high-definition and optical magnification endoscopy, confocal laser endomicroscopy, molecular imaging, and endocytoscopy. For example, Neumann et al.10 reported that confocal laser endomicroscopy and histopathologic grading of disease activity had a concordance rate of 100%. Also, inflammatory status of colonic mucosa and development of cancer have been successfully studied using molecular imaging, even in humans. More trials with such a recent technological method for evaluating the inflammatory status of UC patients could allow individual predictions for the disease course of each patient. The current issue is pioneering and informative for clinicians in this respect.