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INTRODUCTION
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was first described in 1980 by Gauderer et al.1 Since then, PEG has become the method of choice for providing enteral access and nutritional support to patients who are unable to take oral feedings.23 Complications occur after PEG placement, including skin-site infection, acute hemorrhage, hematoma, aspiration, and perforation.45678 Pneumoperitoneum is an infrequent finding following insertion of PEG,48910 and usually has a benign and self-limiting clinical course,41011 while complicated pneumoperitoneum, such as bowel injury after PEG insertion, has been reported rarely.2121314 Thus, a reappraisal of pneumoperitoneum after PEG insertion is needed. In this study, we investigated the incidence and clinical significance of free air after PEG was performed at our institution over a 6-year period and provide a review of the English-language literature describing pneumoperitoneum after PEG tube placement.
METHODS
1. Patients
The study was performed in the gastroenterology department at a tertiary referral care center. A retrospective chart review was carried out in 193 patients who underwent PEG placement at our institution by an experienced gastroenterologist from May 2008 to May 2014. The medical records of all patients were reviewed to assess the indication for PEG placement, radiographic studies, clinical symptoms, physical exams, laboratory data, antibiotic treatment, interventions, time to resolution of free air and feeding start time. Clinically significant signs were defined as fever, abdominal tenderness or leukocytosis occurring after PEG insertion.
This study was reviewed and approved by Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital institutional review board (2014-11-025-001).
2. Pull Through Method for PEG Insertion
Pull through method was performed for PEG insertion. Upon initiation of the procedure, a gastroscope was introduced by mouth and passed through the esophagus. The stomach was then insufflated and inspected. The duodenum was visualized in all patients. The endoscopist identified the suitable site in the anterior wall of the stomach using a focused external indentation or by transillumination. Lidocaine was injected locally into the subcutaneous tissue, and a trocar was inserted through the rectus sheath. Under direct visualization, a guide wire was then passed through the trocar, snared and pulled through the mouth with the endoscope. The PEG tube was firmly attached to the wire and an incision was then made in the skin to conform to the size of the PEG tube. The PEG tube was then pulled through the skin and secured with an external fastener 3-4 cm away from the bumper, depending on the abdominal wall thickness. The gastroscope was then reintroduced in all patients to assess complications and proper placement of the PEG tube. The gastrostomy tube was placed to drain until the next morning, when tube feeding was initiated.
3. Pneumoperitoneum After PEG Insertion
Within the first 24 hours after the procedure, all patients underwent an imaging study consisting of an upright chest or simple abdominal radiograph. The presence of free air in the right subdiaphragmatic area was diagnosed as pneumoperitoneum following PEG. Pneumoperitoneum was quantified by measuring the height of the air column under the diaphragm and was graded as small (<2 cm), moderate (2-4 cm) and large (>4 cm) (Fig. 1). If intraperitoneal air was identified, the patient's chest radiographs were followed until resolution. Time to resolution was calculated from the mean time that the pneumoperitoneum was first noted until the time of the first normal chest radiograph, in days.
RESULTS
1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients Undergoing PEG
Of the 193 patients undergoing PEG, 126 were males and 67 were females. There were 9 patients (4.6%; 8 males, 1 female) with a pneumoperitoneum visualized by radiographic imaging. The median age was 72 years (range, 59-86 years). The most common indication of PEG was stroke, which occurred in 7 pneumoperitoneum patients. Prophylactic antibiotics before PEG were administrated in 8 patients (88.8%) with pneumoperitoneum.
2. The Clinical Course of Patients With Pneumoperitoneum After PEG
The pneumoperitoneum grade was small in 5 patients, moderate in 2 patients and large in 2 patients. Fever developed in 4 patients (44.4%), abdominal tenderness was observed in 4 patients (44.4%) and leukocytosis was found in all patients. However, 5 patients had leukocytosis before insertion of the PEG tube because of pneumonia, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, or urinary tract infection. Therefore, clinically significant signs were observed in 5 (55.5%) patients. Empirical antibiotics were administered in 8 patients (88.8%). Tube feeding was begun in 7 patients (77.7%) before resolution of free air, although feeding was stopped in 1 patient because of nausea and vomiting. The range of time to resolution of free air was 2-18 days. Five of 9 patients (55.5%) had a small pneumoperitoneum, and 2 of these patients had free air on the 72 hours follow-up radiograph. Two of 9 patients (22.2%) had moderate free air, which persisted in 2 patients after 72 hours, and 2 of 9 patients (22.2%) had a large amount of free air that persisted after 72 hours. Two patients (22.2%) died after PEG due to aspiration pneumonia or septic shock (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows the variable incidence of pneumoperitoneum following PEG tube placement. The incidence estimates for pneumoperitoneum in the literature range from 4.7%-55.6%.813 Differences in methodology, expertise with the PEG technique, or endoscopic equipment explain some of the variability in the incidence. An imaging study after insertion of PEG is usually performed to assess complications such as pneumonia or fever. Retrospective studies, which were not designed to specifically evaluate the incidence of pneumoperitoneum, might underestimate the incidence. CT is superior to a chest x-ray in detecting the presence of pneumoperitoneum.15 In a study describing PEG-induced pneumoperitoneum, CT revealed the presence of free air in 6 patients who had no evidence of pneumoperitoneum on the chest x-ray.12 Based on the results in Table 2, the incidence of pneumoperitoneum has decreased over time, probably due to improvements in endoscopic technique or equipment.
The etiology of pneumoperitoneum after PEG insertion is probably related to the high intragastric air pressure generated by the endoscope in association with needle puncture of the gastric wall and stomach. Air may escape through the stomach during needle puncture and the passage of the PEG tube through the abdominal wall.4 In complicated pneumoperitoneum following PEG tube placement, the most common reported diagnosis was colocutaneous fistula or colon injury. Colocutaneous fistula results from interposition of bowel, usually splenic flexure, between the anterior abdominal wall and gastric wall.16 Inadequate or excessive gastric insufflation, inappropriate transillumination, or non-visible focal invagination of anterior gastric wall upon external palpation are related to colon injury.16 These findings support the hypothesis that technical problems with PEG insertion might be related to the development of complicated pneumoperitoneum.
Posterior gastric perforations, with defects up to 1.5 cm, usually have a benign course, while anterior perforations generally require surgery.4 Many patients who are candidates for PEG have severe morbidity. Given these findings, pneumoperitoneum after PEG insertion is likely to have clinically significant signs such as fever, abdominal tenderness, or leukocytosis. However, most patients are asymptomatic. Moreover, some patients undergoing PEG tube insertion may receive broad-spectrum antibiotics because of co-existent infection (e.g., aspiration pneumonia and urinary tract infection). In these patients, clinically significant signs might be masked, and complicated pneumoperitoneum could be missed. Furthermore, peritoneal irrigational signs might be overlooked due to altered mental status (e.g., patients after cranial neurosurgery) or long-term sedation (e.g., patients receiving mechanical ventilation). In the present study, pneumoperitoneum with clinically significant signs was observed in 5 (55.5%) of 9 patients. Furthermore, 2 (22.2%) of 9 patients died due to aspiration pneumonia and septic shock.
Unless accompanied by signs or symptoms of peritoneal inflammation, pneumoperitoneum does not lead to further diagnostic or therapeutic interventions.41011 In a study of PEG in intensive care patients, 1 in 4 patients who had pneumoperitoneum had neither clinically significant signs nor signs of peritoneal irritation.13 The primary indication of complicated pneumoperitoneum is a large pneumoperitoneum that does not resolve within 72 hours. In our study, the range of time to resolution of free air was 2-18 days. Another study also reported that a moderate or large pneumoperitoneum usually persists after 72 hours.11 Given our results and previous reports,2121314 complicated pneumoperitoneum cannot be predicted by the time to resolution and is unlikely to occur in patients with a small pneumoperitoneum.
Our study showed that the clinical course of pneumoperitoneum following PEG is not always benign and self-limiting. Persistence of free air after 72 hours was seen in 6 of the 9 patients (66.6%). These findings suggest that time to resolution is a poor indicator for monitoring evidence of peritonitis. Death did not occur in any patient with a small pneumoperitoneum, but 2 patients with moderate or large pneumoperitoneum died. These findings suggest that clinicians should not neglect a moderate or large pneumoperitoneum, particularly in patients who have an altered mental status or who have received antibiotics, since peritoneal irritation cannot be observed under these circumstances.
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