Increased Risk of Asymptomatic Gallstones in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

Jung Hoon Ha; Young Sook Park; Choon Sik Seon; Byung Kwan Son; Sang Bong Ahn; Young Kwan Jo; Seong Hwan Kim; Yun Ju Jo; Jung Hwan Kim; Jee Hye Han; Yoon Young Jung; Sook Hee Chung

doi:10.5217/ir.2015.13.2.122

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Ha, Park, Seon, Son, Ahn, Jo, Kim, Jo, Kim, Han, Jung, and Chung: Increased Risk of Asymptomatic Gallstones in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

Original Article

Intestinal Research 2015; 13(2): 122-127.

Published online: 27 April 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2015.13.2.122

Increased Risk of Asymptomatic Gallstones in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

Jung Hoon Ha¹, Young Sook Park¹, Choon Sik Seon¹, Byung Kwan Son¹, Sang Bong Ahn¹, Young Kwan Jo¹, Seong Hwan Kim¹, Yun Ju Jo¹, Jung Hwan Kim², Jee Hye Han², Yoon Young Jung³, Sook Hee Chung⁴

¹Department of Gastroenterology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Family Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

³Department of Radiology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁴Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Correspondence to Young Sook Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-711, Korea. Tel: +82-2-970-8207, Fax: +82-2-970-8621, pys1109@eulji.ac.kr

Received 27 May 2014 Revised 24 October 2014 Accepted 24 October 2014

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background/Aims

The relationship between Crohn's disease and gallstones is established. However, the prevalence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of gallstones in patients with UC.

Methods

This study was a retrospective single center study. A total of 87 patients with UC and 261 healthy controls were enrolled. Age, sex, and body mass index were matched. To investigate risk factors, the extent of UC, duration of disease, number of hospital admissions, and number of steroid treatments in patients with UC were evaluated.

Results

The prevalence of gallstones in patients with UC was 13.8%, whereas that in healthy controls was only 3.1% (P<0.001). For patients with UC, patients ≥50 years of age had a 3.6-times higher risk of gallstones compared to that in those <50 years of age, and the difference was statistically significant (odds ratio, 3.60; confidence interval, 1.03-12.61) in univariate analysis. There were no statistically significant disease-related risk factors for gallstones in UC patients.

Conclusions

This is the first study of gallstone prevalence in Korean UC patients. In this study, patients with UC had a higher prevalence of gallstones compared to that in well-matched healthy controls. Age seemed to be a possible risk factor, and more studies are needed. Further prospective, large-scale studies will be required to confirm the risk factors for gallstones in UC patients.

Keywords: Asymptomatic disease, Colitis, ulcerative, Gallstones, Prevalence, Risk factors

INTRODUCTION

The relationship between IBD and gallstones has been recognized since the late 1960s.1 However, the prevalence of gallstones in IBD patients and the risk factors for gallstones have not yet been established. The prevalence of gallstones in patients with CD has been investigated, and is known to range from 13 to 34%, which is about two-fold higher than that in the general population.2,3,4,5,6,7 However, the findings reported for patients with UC are controversial.8

The prevalence of gallstones in the Korean general population ranges from 2 to 5%.9,10,11 Very few studies have been performed to investigate the prevalence of gallstones in patients with UC in Korea. Among the general population, the suggested risk factors for gallstones are female gender, old age, high body weight, and high-cholesterol diets.9,11 Some studies have suggested elevated BMI as a possible causal factor for gallstones in the general population.12

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gallstones in patients with UC compared with a control population of similar age, sex, and BMI, and to identify risk factors for gallstones in UC patients.

METHODS

1. Study Population and Design

The study was retrospective in design and involved a single center. We reviewed 124 patients with UC who visited the gastrointestinal department of Eulji General Hospital from 1996 to 2012. Among them, 87 patients with UC who had received either abdominal ultrasonography (US) or abdominal CT were enrolled. Patients with symptomatic gallstones and a history of cholecystectomy were excluded. Patients who had a history of either proctocolectomy, backwash ileitis into the terminal ileum, or primary sclerosing cholangitis were also excluded.

Clinical data of patients with UC including age, duration of disease, site and severity of disease, body weight and height, number of hospital admissions, and steroid administration were investigated. Patient age was defined as the age at the time of CT or US. Three-times the number of patients with UC (n=261) who had received health-screening tests in the Department of Family Medicine from January 2011 to December 2012 were selected to serve as a control group. Age, sex, and BMI were matched with the UC group. Assessed risk factors included extent of UC, duration of disease, number of hospital admissions, and number of steroid treatments in patients with UC.

This study was performed with approval from the institutional review board of Eulji Hospital (EMCS 2014-07-009).

2. Statistics

Continuous variables were reported as means±SDs and analyzed using independent t-tests. Categorical variables were reported as counts and proportions, and analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis with the presence of gallstones as the dependent variable. Goodness of fit was checked using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and residual analysis. Prevalence and ORs were calculated with 95% CIs. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

1. Prevalence of Gallstones in Patients With UC

Eighty-seven patients with clinically and pathologically confirmed diagnoses of UC who also received abdominal CT or US were enrolled. An age-, sex-, and BMI-matched control group was selected from patients who visited the hospital for a health-screening test (Table 1). The number of cases of gallstones in patients with UC and the control group was 12 (6 males; prevalence of 13.8%) and 8 (1 male; prevalence of 3.1%), respectively (P<0.001; Table 2). CT or US was used for detecting gallstones in all cases. Twenty-one patients received abdominal US, 52 patients received abdominal CT, and 14 patients received both CT and US (Table 3) in the UC patients group. All of the control patients received US for gallstone detection.

2. Risk Factors for Gallstones in Patients With UC

Risk factors such as age, sex, BMI, number of hospital admissions, total length of hospital stay, number of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) treatments, and number of steroid treatments were analyzed (Table 4). Among the analyzed risk factors, age and BMI were found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis. For the patients with UC, the prevalence of gallstones for those <50 years of age and ≥50 years of age was 8.47% (5/59) and 25.00% (7/28), respectively (Table 4). For patients with UC, those ≥50 years of age had a 3.6-times higher risk of having gallstones compared to that in those <50 years of age, and the difference was statistically significant (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.03-12.61; P=0.045; Table 4) in univariate analysis, although it did not reach statistical significance in multivariate analysis.

Patients with UC and a BMI between 18.5 and 22.9 were found to have a decreased risk of gallstones (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.61; P=0.016; Table 4). However, in multivariate analysis, age, BMI, and sex did not reach statistical significance. All the other risk factors for gallstones analyzed, such as number of hospital admissions, total length of hospital stay, number of TPN treatments, extent of disease, and duration of disease did not reach statistical significance.

Liver function test values were also investigated. None of the values analyzed showed a significant difference between patients with and without gallstones (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

Gallstones are one of the most common medical conditions worldwide. The prevalence of gallstones varies with geography and ethnicity. In Western countries, the prevalence of gallstones among Caucasian adults is 10-15%,13 and is less in Africans and Asians.14 The prevalence of gallstones in Asian countries ranges from 3 to 10%,10 and in the Korean population, it ranges from 2 to 5%.9,15

Well-known risk factors for gallstones include age, sex, pregnancy, alcohol consumption, and high BMI.10,12,16 Other suggested risk factors include rapid weight loss on low caloric diets or following bariatric surgery,17,18,19,20,21 and low physical activity.7,22,23,24

Many studies have investigated the prevalence and risks for gallstones associated with IBD. The prevalence of gallstones in CD patients ranges from 13 to 34%, which is higher than that in the general population.1,2,6 This may be related to either terminal ileal disease or the post-ileal resection state, both of which deplete bile salts to subnormal concentrations in the duodenum during digestion.25,26 Bile salt malabsorption may cause biliary cholesterol supersaturation, and may also induce hepatic cycling of bilirubin.25,27 A prospective, case-controlled study showed that patients with CD were twice as likely to develop gallstones than well-matched IBD-free hospital controls. Age, site of CD at diagnosis, whether the patient underwent surgery, frequency of clinical recurrences, extent of ileal resection, number of hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, and a high number of TPN treatments were all independent variables associated with gallstones, the pathogenesis of which appears to be multifactorial.16 In contrast to CD, the prevalence of gallstones in patients with UC remains controversial. In this study, the prevalence of gallstone in patients with UC was significantly higher than that in age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls (13.8% vs. 3.1%; P<0.001; OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.0-12.8; Table 2). We observed a more than four-times higher prevalence of gallstones in patients with UC than in controls. However, in this study the prevalence of gallstones in the control group was relatively low compared to the reported prevalence of gallstones in the general population of Korea (range, 2-5%). This may be due to the fact that relatively lower BMI controls than the general population were included in the control group by selecting for age-, sex-, and BMI-matched patients. Mean BMI for the control group was 21.80±2.236 (Table 1).

Lorusso et al.4 also reported that the prevalence of gallstones is higher in UC patients than in the general population. Their case-control study showed an increased risk of gallstones in both patients with CD (OR, 3.6) and patients with UC (OR, 2.5). The risk was highest in patients with CD involving the distal ileum (OR, 4.5) and in patients with total UC extending to the cecum (OR, 3.3). The increased development of gallstones in UC patients after ileostomy has been described.28,29

There are contradictory results concerning the prevalence of gallstones in UC patients. Bargiggia et al.7 reported that the prevalence of gallstones among CD patients was 11%, which was higher than that in UC patients (7.5%) and controls (5.5%) (P=0.016). The prevalence of gallstones was increased only in CD patients. Another case-control study showed that the incidence rates of gallstones was 14.35/1,000 people per year in CD compared with 7.75 in matched controls (P=0.012), and 7.48 in UC patients compared with 6.06 in matched-controls (P=0.38).16 However, both of these studies were limited by the relatively small numbers of UC patients compared to patients with CD enrolled.

It was disappointing that we could not definitively identify the risk factors for gallstone in patients with UC in this study. An age of ≥50 years was found to be a risk factor for gallstones in patients with UC in univariate analysis (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.03-12.61; P=0.045; Table 4). Furthermore, a BMI between 18.5 and 22.9 was associated with a decreased risk of gallstones in patients with UC in univariate analysis (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.61; P=0.015; Table 4). However, none of these factors reached statistical significance in multivariate analysis (Table 4). The prevalence of gallstones significantly increased with age from 8.47% in those <50 years of age to 25% in those >50 years of age (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.03-12.61; P=0.045; Table 4). These findings are similar to those of Parente et al.16 who reported significantly increased (four-fold) risks of gallstones with increasing age in patients with CD (OR, 4.26). A similar trend was observed in patients with UC.

In our study, other expected risk factors, such as disease extent and steroid use, were not statistically significant. Kratzer et al. identified only age as a risk factor for gallstones, with prevalence increasing with age from 8% in those <30 years to 37% in those ≥51 years. No disease-specific factors including duration and extent of disease and prior surgery were found to be associated with the prevalence of gallstones.30 However, Fraquelli et al. reported opposite results, suggesting that age, site of disease at diagnosis, and number and site of bowel resections were all independently associated with gallstone disease.31

There are reports that more than 20% of newly developed gallstones in Crohn's patients are symptomatic and require cholecystectomy.16 Furthermore, gallstones in IBD patients have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of post-cholecystectomy complications. UC is a chronic inflammatory disease, and it is therefore important for physicians to recognize and prevent complications, including gallstones.32

Histopathological characterization of cholecystectomy specimens was significantly more likely to reveal chronic cholecystitis and acute serositis in patients with UC than in controls. The association of acute serositis in patients with UC is an unusual finding, as full thickness inflammation is generally absent in the gastrointestinal tract of UC patients. Serositis may be related with increased post-operative infectious complications.33 These results suggest that physicians should pay attention to the management of gallstones in UC patients.

There are some limitations to the present study. First, it is retrospective in design with a relatively small study population, which limits the generalizations that can be made from the findings. Second, we could not differentiate cholesterol stones from pigment stones because all of the patients in our study were asymptomatic and diagnosed only by either CT or US scans. Although some studies have reported effective differentiation of stone composition by CT in vitro, many others have concluded that it is not possible to distinguish between types of gallstones using imaging modalities such as CT.34,35

This is first study of gallstone prevalence in Korean UC patients. We concluded that patients with UC had a higher prevalence of gallstones compared with well-matched healthy controls. Age may be a risk factor for gallstones in patients with UC and controls. UC-related factors such as disease extent at diagnosis, frequency of clinical recurrences, number of hospital admissions, and steroid use were not statistically significant risk factors for gallstones in UC patients. A multicenter, prospective study will be needed to determine the overall prevalence of gallstones, and to define the high-risk subgroup of UC patients.

Notes

Financial support: None.

Conflict of interest: None.

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Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Patients With UC and Controls Matched for Age, Sex, and BMI

Values are presented as n (%) or mean±SD.

Table 2

Prevalence of Gallstones Among Patients With UC and Controls Matched for Age, Sex, and BMI

Values are presented as n (%).

Table 3

Liver Function Test Values and Gallstone-Detecting Modalities of UC Patients With and Without Gallstones

Values are presented as mean±SD or n.

US, ultrasonography.

Table 4

Distribution of Patients With UC According to the Prevalence of Gallstones and Selected Risk Factors

TPN, total parenteral nutrition.

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