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INTRODUCTION
Diverticula can occur throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract but are most commonly seen in the sigmoid and descending colon and become increasingly more common with age. In the United Kingdom, an estimated 50% of the population over the age of 50 years are affected and this proportion increases to almost 70% by the age of 80 years.1 The majority of those affected remain asymptomatic but presentations can vary from mild predominantly left-sided abdominal pain through to a perforated bowel.2
A number of risk factors are thought to be involved with the development of diverticular disease including a low dietary fiber intake, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity and immunosuppression.2 A low fiber diet is associated with the formation of small volume stools that require high intraluminal pressures for propulsion. It is thought that this may be a mechanism leading to the formation of diverticula.
Acute diverticulitis occurs in an estimated 10% to 25% of patients with diverticulosis. Complications of diverticulitis include abscess formation, perforation, fistulation, obstruction, and hemorrhage. The differential diagnoses that need to be considered in these patients include malignancy, colitis, and IBS.3 Not all patients with diverticulitis require hospital admission but more severe cases require intravenous antibiotics and/or emergency surgery.4
Endoscopic imaging of the colon is generally avoided in patients during an attack of acute diverticulitis because of the perceived risk of bowel perforation. The traditional management of diverticulitis requires mandatory endoscopic examination of the colon following resolution of the acute episode in order to exclude colorectal cancer (CRC). Commissioning guidelines published by the Royal College of Surgeons (2014) state that “all patients require investigation of the colonic lumen by endoscopy, barium enema or CT colonography after the acute attack has resolved.”4 This is typically deferred for 4 to 6 weeks. The position statement from the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland is similar in its recommendations. It states that “the diagnosis of diverticulitis should be confirmed during the acute attack by radiological means. The modality should be CT or ultrasound depending on local expertise. Barium enema or colonoscopy after resolution of the acute episode is essential to rule out alternative diagnoses or second pathologies.”3 The recently revised guidelines (2014) from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons recommend colonoscopy or CT colonography to evaluate the colon 6 to 8 weeks after recovery from acute diverticulitis.5
Recent studies have questioned this approach given the low diagnostic yield of endoscopy following CT-proven diverticulitis.6789 The main objective of this study was to determine if all patients with CT-proven diverticulitis necessarily need further evaluation by endoscopy or whether these investigations could be reserved for a selected subgroup of patients alone, based on the confidence of the CT report.
METHODS
1. Defining the Patient Population
The picture archiving and communication system (PACS) database was interrogated to identify all patients who underwent an abdominal CT scan between October 2007 and March 2014 at the Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, the report of which contained the term “diverticulitis.” The reports were then manually checked to identify those reporting acute diverticulitis. This defined a group of patients with CT-proven diverticulitis. The CT report was defined as possessing diagnostic uncertainty if the report stated that CRC was a possible differential diagnosis or if the report recommended confirmatory endoscopic examination. All CT scans prior to March 2013 were performed using a 16-slice Somatom Sensation scanner (Siemens, Munich, Germany); the majority after this date were performed using the 128-slice Flash CT scanner (Siemens). All scans were reported by radiologists with a specialist interest in CT, although not necessarily an interest in gastrointestinal CT.
2. Follow-Up and Outcome Data
Hospital case notes and endoscopy reporting software were used to determine which patients underwent a lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, either colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, following their CT-based diagnosis. The extent of the endoscopic examination, endoscopist assessment of discomfort, duration of the endoscopy and endoscopic findings were recorded. In terms of endoscopic findings, the presence or absence of diverticulosis, strictures, IBD, polyps, and CRC were noted. The National Cancer Registry was interrogated using the Cancer Analysis System (National Cancer Registration Service, Public Health England) to identify cases of CRC from our cohort of patients with CT-proven diverticulitis.
The management of each patient and length of hospital stay was determined from hospital case notes. The management was classified as conservative (antibiotics), radiologically-guided drainage, laparoscopic washout, or sigmoid resection.
3. Endoscopy Quality Indicators
Data for all colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy procedures performed at the Trust over the same time period were retrieved from the local endoscopy reporting software (ADAM; Fujinon, Saitama, Japan). The data fields retrieved were: the extent of the examination, endoscopist assessment of discomfort, and duration of the procedure. All endoscopies were performed or overseen by Joint Advisory Group approved endoscopists. A colonoscopy was defined as complete if the examination reached the terminal ileum, neoterminal ileum, surgical anastomosis, or cecum. A flexible sigmoidoscopy was defined as complete if the examination reached the descending colon or a more proximal location. Discomfort was not a mandatory field and was assessed as none, mild, moderate, or severe. The duration of the procedure in minutes was not a mandatory field. The extent, discomfort, and duration of lower gastrointestinal endoscopies were compared between patients with CT-proven diverticulitis (cases) and all other endoscopies of the same type over the same time period. Differences in extent and discomfort were tested for statistical significance by the chi-square test, and for duration by the Mann-Whitney test. All statistical calculations were performed using R version 2.15.2 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Calculated values were reported to two significant figures and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Approval for this project was given by the local NHS Trust Clinical Governance department and Public Health England. Data were anonymized and destroyed after use.
RESULTS
1. Patient Demographics
Interrogation of the PACS database, CT reports, and hospital notes identified 235 patients (109 male, 126 female) with CT-proven diverticulitis (Fig. 1). The median age was 69 years (IQR, 55–79; range, 35–95 years). In terms of patient comorbidities: 22% were diabetic (n=52); 18% were smokers (n=43); and 8% were obese (BMI>30 kg/m2, n=19).
The mode of referral for a CT scan was an emergency admission under the surgical team in the majority of cases (n=189). Other modes of referral for CT were outpatient attendances under the surgical team (n=26), emergency admission under other teams (n=9), outpatient attendances under other teams (n=4), and unknown routes (n=7). The sigmoid colon was the most common site of acute diverticulitis (n=213), followed by the descending colon (n=16), then other colonic sites (n=6). In terms of diverticulitis severity, the CT-determined Hinchey grade was classified as 1, 2, 3, or 4 in 183, 29, 9, and 14 cases, respectively.
2. Management and Outcome
Acute diverticulitis was most commonly managed medically (n=183). A smaller number of patients underwent radiological treatment in the form of percutaneous drainage (n=4) and others underwent surgery, most commonly a Hartmann's procedure (Table 1). Patients managed conservatively (medically with or without radiological treatment) had a reduced length of hospital stay compared to patients managed surgically: median length of stay was 4 days (range, 3–6 days) versus 13 days (range, 8–20 days). The mortality rate in patients managed conservatively was 4.3% and for those managed surgically, 5.1%.
The CT report was confident of the diagnosis of diverticulitis in 175 cases (75%). The CT report contained a statement advising that malignancy could not be excluded in 59 cases (25%) or that endoscopic confirmation of the diagnosis was required in 44 cases (19%).
Five of the 235 patients with CT-proven diverticulitis were registered as having CRC in the National Cancer Registry (Table 2). This represents an overall CRC prevalence of 2.1%. CRC was confirmed for two of these patients by surgical resection during emergency admission, and both underwent a Hartmann's procedure. CRC was confirmed for two patients by repeat CT imaging: one patient underwent a Hartmann's procedure as the CT was suspicious of CRC with localized perforation; one patient was diagnosed with new liver metastasis, likely CRC primary, and declined further intervention. CRC was confirmed in the fifth patient by endoscopy. The CT report was not confident of the diagnosis of diverticulitis in four of the five cases of CRC. A CT report not confident of diverticulitis was significantly associated with the subsequent diagnosis of CRC (P=0.02, Fisher exact test).
Patients with CT-proven diverticulitis who were managed surgically did not require follow-up endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. Therefore, the mantra for follow-up endoscopy applied to the 187 patients managed conservatively. In this group of 187 patients, three cases of CRC were detected (prevalence of 1.6%): one case was detected by endoscopy and two cases by repeat CT imaging.
3. Follow-Up Endoscopy
Follow-up lower gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in 100 of the total 235 patients (43%) and 90 of the 187 conservatively managed patients (48%). Patients managed conservatively were more likely to undergo follow-up endoscopy than those managed surgically (48% vs. 18%). The median time to follow-up endoscopy was 45 days (IQR, 27–78). Of the 187 patients managed conservatively, 97 did not undergo follow-up endoscopy. This may be explained by patients undergoing prior lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in the preceding 3 years (n=23), prior barium enema in the preceding 3 years (n=8), or repeat CT imaging (n=7). Thus, 59 conservatively managed patients remained who did not undergo follow-up endoscopy for reasons that were unclear from the hospital notes. For the 100 patients who underwent follow-up endoscopy, colonoscopy was performed for 30 patients and flexible sigmoidoscopy for 70 patients.
4. Endoscopy Findings
The majority of patients who underwent follow-up endoscopy were found to have diverticulosis alone (Table 3). One patient was found to have CRC. In this case, the CT reported likely sigmoid diverticulitis with a collection but advised that CRC could not be excluded. A sigmoid CRC was detected on flexible sigmoidoscopy and biopsy confirmed an adenocarcinoma. This was defined as a pT4 N2 M0 tumor by histopathological assessment following resection (Table 2). Polyps were detected in 14 cases; eight of these were low-grade adenomas. The adenoma detection rate was, therefore, 4.3% for conservatively managed patients and 8.0% for patients undergoing follow-up endoscopy. The median size of adenomatous polyps was 5.0 mm (IQR, 4.5–6.3). The CT report advised that CRC could not be excluded or recommended endoscopic evaluation in four of the eight cases of low-grade adenomas.
5. Endoscopy Quality Indicators
The completion rate, discomfort, and duration of colonoscopies and flexible sigmoidoscopies for patients with CT-proven diverticulitis were compared with all other procedures performed over the same time period at the Trust (Table 4). The extent of the procedure (completion) was available for all colonoscopies and flexible sigmoidoscopies. The discomfort level was available for 66% of the colonoscopies and 45% of the flexible sigmoidoscopies. The duration was available for 91.5% of the colonoscopies and 81% of the flexible sigmoidoscopies. Flexible sigmoidoscopies were more often incomplete, caused more discomfort, and were of longer duration for patients with CT-proven diverticulitis compared with controls. These differences were statistically significant.
DISCUSSION
Traditionally, it is an accepted practice to perform an endoscopic evaluation of the colon either by a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy following acute diverticulitis to exclude an underlying malignancy.10 This practice is still recommended in U.K. and U.S. guidelines35 but adds to the cost of diverticulitis management, expends endoscopy resources, and involves some risk to patients, including bowel perforation. The management of acute diverticulitis has rapidly changed over the last 20 years with the greater use of CT to confirm the diagnosis and a trend towards conservative management of the disease rather than surgical resection.9 The widespread availability of high-resolution CT scanners means that the colon can now be evaluated in great detail in the acute setting, confidently diagnosing acute diverticulitis and its complications. CT has a sensitivity and specificity approaching 99% for the diagnosis of diverticulitis.1112 Thus the question arises whether routine colonic examination to exclude underlying CRC following a CT-proven diagnosis of acute diverticulitis is necessary.
In our study, we identified 235 patients presenting to our Trust with a CT-proven diagnosis of acute diverticulitis. Eighty-six percent of patients were managed conservatively. Follow-up endoscopy was performed for 48% of patients managed conservatively, a smaller proportion than probably expected. Studies of follow-up endoscopy in patients with CT-proven diverticulitis have reported much higher rates of 83%8 and 76%13 consistent with accepted practice. However, other studies have reported lower rates of 29%,10 39%,14 and 46%7 consistent with our findings and perhaps reflecting an appreciation of the low yield of endoscopy in the current era of CT-led diagnosis. Some of our patients had undergone previous lower gastrointestinal endoscopy or barium enema investigations, obviating the need for follow-up endoscopy. Nevertheless, there were still 59 patients for whom no explanation for foregoing follow-up endoscopy could be found. This may simply reflect doctor or patient choice or it is possible that such patients may have previously undergone, or planned to undergo endoscopic follow-up at another hospital. In support of patient choice partly explaining incomplete endoscopic follow-up, previous studies have shown an appreciable endoscopy cancellation rate by patients of between 8% and 20%.813
The CRC detection rate from follow-up endoscopy in our study was one case in 100 patients (1%). A systematic review addressed this question in 2012, assessing 10 studies (771 patients) and reporting a CRC detection rate of 2.1%.6 However, only four of the 10 studies specifically investigated colonoscopy follow-up, and one of these four evaluated the use of CT colonography rather than contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis.
Two more recent studies found that no CRC was detected in 100 and 205 follow-up colonoscopies for CT-proven diverticulitis.715 The most recent review on this subject included these two studies.9 Similarly, a study of 80 follow-up endoscopies detected no CRC.8 However, three recent large studies reported higher CRC detection rates of 2.1%,10 4.3%,16 and 2.2%.14 These studies followed up 319, 394, and 402 patients by endoscopy, respectively, the results of which are similar to the overall CRC detection rate in our study. A Dutch study compared the CRC detection rate in patients with CT-proven uncomplicated diverticulitis using average risk participants of a CRC screening trial.17 CRC was detected in five of 401 diverticulitis patients (1.2%) versus nine of 1,426 screening patients (0.6%). The calculated OR was not statistically significant, leading the investigators to recommend the omission of routine endoscopy following uncomplicated diverticulitis. However, the trial diverticulitis patients who completed follow-up may have had a lower CRC prevalence than those who did not complete follow-up and trial patients as a whole may not represent all diverticulitis patients, as identified in retrospective studies. Furthermore, endoscopy for the screening patients was provided by expert screening colonoscopists compared with general hospital endoscopists for the diverticulitis group–a factor that may translate into lower pathology detection rates in the diverticulitis group.
A further recent study of 249 conservatively-managed diverticulitis patients who underwent follow-up colonoscopy reported a CRC detection rate of 1.6% and supported the view that routine follow-up by colonoscopy may not be necessary.18
A meta-analysis of studies investigating the prevalence of CRC in 68,324 asymptomatic individuals screened by colonoscopy reported a CRC detection rate of 0.78%. Advanced adenomas were found in 5.0% cases.19 Advanced adenomas were defined as adenomas of greater than 10-mm diameter, with high-grade dysplasia, or with more than 25% villous architecture. Similar advanced adenoma detection rates of 5% to 8% have been reported in diverticulitis patients.81718 In our study, no advanced adenomas were detected. The overall adenoma detection rate in our study was 8.0% for those patients that underwent follow-up endoscopy. This rate is entirely in keeping with expected rates from screening studies.19
The CRC detection rate from our study is comparable with that from screened asymptomatic populations. However, less than half of our patients underwent follow-up endoscopy. To address this issue, the prevalence of CRC in our total population of 235 patients was sought using the National Cancer Registry. Our overall CRC prevalence of 2.1% is significantly higher than that of an asymptomatic screened population, as is the prevalence in conservatively managed patients (1.6%).
Unfortunately, there are no accepted criteria to guide the need for colonoscopy in patients with acute diverticulitis. Variations in CRC detection rate may, therefore, reflect different thresholds for reporting CT findings as acute diverticulitis. In our study, we investigated the confidence of CT reporting in acute diverticulitis and found that reports stated CRC could not be excluded or recommended endoscopic evaluation in 25% cases. The CT reports of four of the five proven cases of CRC stated that CRC could not be excluded by CT. Restricting follow-up endoscopy to the minority of patients with CT reports that are not confident of the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis could possibly reduce the overall burden of endoscopic follow-up whilst maximizing the CRC detection rate. Two studies tested the association of specific CT findings with the presence of CRC on later endoscopy. One of these studies showed that CT findings of an abscess, perforation, or fistulae were associated with CRC10 while the other study found that a localized mass, large bowel obstruction, or significant retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy were associated with CRC.14
Acute diverticulitis and CRC can be difficult to differentiate on CT imaging. Both may demonstrate features of colonic wall thickening, varying degrees of inflammation, and signs of obstruction.20 Perforated CRC may also mimic perforated diverticulitis. In general, colonic wall thickening is greater and more often eccentric in CRC, while pericolonic fat stranding and long segment involvement are more typical of acute diverticulitis.21 Overlap of CT features renders specific diagnostic criteria impossible and a CT diagnosis of acute diverticulitis is, therefore, inherently subjective. We, thus, propose that for practical purposes, endoscopic follow-up should be conducted in cases of radiological uncertainty and that CT reports of acute diverticulitis should be accompanied by a statement of diagnostic certainty. Despite this, one patient in our study was diagnosed with CRC having undergone a CT scan which was confident of the diagnosis of diverticulitis. For this reason, we suggest that some form of radiological follow-up, such as repeat CT imaging or CT colonography, should be performed for all patients not selected for endoscopy.
It is well established that diverticulosis is a risk factor for difficult colonoscopy, reflected in poor completion rates,22 significant discomfort, and prolonged procedural duration.23 Diverticulosis is a common finding and it is perhaps more likely to be reported as a justification for incompletion in difficult cases. In our study, we compared various quality indicators (completion rates, discomfort levels, and procedure duration) of lower gastrointestinal endoscopies between our population of patients with CT-proven diverticulitis, rather than diverticulosis, with a control group consisting of all patients that underwent the same procedure at our Trust over the same time period. To the authors' knowledge, such a comparison has not been reported previously in the literature. There was no difference in any of the quality indicators for colonoscopies. This result may be surprising, but colonoscopies formed the minority of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy follow-up investigations. Flexible sigmoidoscopies were the chosen investigation in 70% cases and were more often incomplete, caused more discomfort, and were of longer duration compared with controls. Our results, therefore, indicate that performing follow-up flexible sigmoidoscopy in patients with CT-proven diverticulitis subjects these patients to a more painful, prolonged, and ineffective investigation compared with the average patient.
The most important limitations of this study are its retrospective design and small sample size. A prospective study would provide consistent follow-up and make use of structured CT reports with a mandatory statement on the diagnostic certainty of acute diverticulitis. Nevertheless, the use of data from the National Cancer Registry makes identification of CRC cases in our cohort robust. Only five cases of CRC were identified and a more accurate measurement of the true prevalence of CRC in this patient group could only be estimated by a much larger cohort of patients, requiring a multicenter study–this would also allow for investigation of differences in local policies regarding follow-up.
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated low but significant rates of CRC detection by follow-up endoscopy in patients with CT-proven diverticulitis, consistent with previously published studies. Importantly, the prevalence of CRC in patients with CT-proven diverticulitis was greater than that expected for a screened asymptomatic population. Therefore, follow-up by imaging or endoscopy is required. In addition, we have shown that CT reports contained a statement of diagnostic uncertainty in 25% cases. We suggest that such a report mandates follow-up endoscopy but in other cases, follow-up imaging may be preferred. Furthermore, follow-up endoscopy in patients with CT-proven diverticulitis is associated with patient discomfort and higher rates of incompletion.
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