1. Fragoso YD, Gomes S, Gonçalves MV, Mendes Junior E, Oliveira BE, Rocha CF, et al. New relapse of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica as a potential adverse event of AstraZeneca AZD1222 vaccination for COVID-19. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022; 57:103321. PMID:
35158439.
2. Fujimori J, Miyazawa K, Nakashima I. Initial clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J Neuroimmunol. 2021; 361:577755. PMID:
34700047.
3. Havla J, Schultz Y, Zimmermann H, Hohlfeld R, Danek A, Kümpfel T. First manifestation of multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J Neurol. 2022; 269(1):55–58. PMID:
34115170.
4. Ismail II, Al-Hashel J, Alroughani R, Ahmed SF. A case report of multiple sclerosis after COVID-19 infection: causality or coincidence? Neuroimmunol Rep. 2021; 1:100008.
5. Karsidag S, Sahin S, Ates MF, Cinar N, Kendirli S. Demyelinating disease of the central nervous system concurrent with COVID-19. Cureus. 2021; 13(8):e17297. PMID:
34552833.
6. Kataria S, Rogers S, Bilal U, Baktashi H, Singh R. Multiple sclerosis relapse following COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review. Cureus. 2022; 14(1):e21374. PMID:
35198286.
7. Khayat-Khoei M, Bhattacharyya S, Katz J, Harrison D, Tauhid S, Bruso P, et al. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination leading to CNS inflammation: a case series. J Neurol. 2022; 269(3):1093–1106. PMID:
34480607.
8. Maniscalco GT, Manzo V, Di Battista ME, Salvatore S, Moreggia O, Scavone C, et al. Severe multiple sclerosis relapse after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report. Front Neurol. 2021; 12:721502. PMID:
34447349.
9. Moore L, Ghannam M, Manousakis G. A first presentation of multiple sclerosis with concurrent COVID-19 infection. eNeurologicalSci. 2021; 22:100299. PMID:
33313429.
10. Nistri R, Barbuti E, Rinaldi V, Tufano L, Pozzilli V, Ianniello A, et al. Case report: multiple sclerosis relapses after vaccination against SARS-CoV2: a series of clinical cases. Front Neurol. 2021; 12:765954. PMID:
34744992.
11. Palao M, Fernández-Díaz E, Gracia-Gil J, Romero-Sánchez CM, Díaz-Maroto I, Segura T. Multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020; 45:102377. PMID:
32698095.
12. Sarwar S, Rogers S, Mohamed AS, Ogula E, Ayantayo RA, Ahmed A, et al. Multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report and literature review. Cureus. 2021; 13(10):e19036. PMID:
34858736.
13. Tagliaferri AR, Horani G, Stephens K, Michael P. A rare presentation of undiagnosed multiple sclerosis after the COVID-19 vaccine. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2021; 11(6):772–775. PMID:
34804388.
14. Toljan K, Amin M, Kunchok A, Ontaneda D. New diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in the setting of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine exposure. J Neuroimmunol. 2022; 362:577785. PMID:
34922126.
15. Yavari F, Raji S, Moradi F, Saeidi M. Demyelinating changes alike to multiple sclerosis: a case report of rare manifestations of COVID-19. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2020; 2020:6682251. PMID:
33425411.
16. Zanin L, Saraceno G, Panciani PP, Renisi G, Signorini L, Migliorati K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020; 162(7):1491–1494. PMID:
32367205.
17. Popescu BF, Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF. Pathology of multiple sclerosis: where do we stand? Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2013; 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):901–921. PMID:
23917093.
18. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17(2):162–173. PMID:
29275977.
19. Filippi M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O, De Stefano N, Evangelou N, Kappos L, et al. MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15(3):292–303. PMID:
26822746.
20. Chen L, Gordon LK. Ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005; 16(5):315–320. PMID:
16175046.
21. Wilejto M, Shroff M, Buncic JR, Kennedy J, Goia C, Banwell B. The clinical features, MRI findings, and outcome of optic neuritis in children. Neurology. 2006; 67(2):258–262. PMID:
16864818.
22. Kelley BJ, Rodriguez M. Seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. CNS Drugs. 2009; 23(10):805–815. PMID:
19739692.
23. Ferro JM, Canhão P, Bousser MG, Stam J, Barinagarrementeria F. ISCVT Investigators. Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: risk factors and role of antiepileptics. Stroke. 2008; 39(4):1152–1158. PMID:
18309177.
24. Dias L, Soares-Dos-Reis R, Meira J, Ferrão D, Soares PR, Pastor A, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021; 30(8):105906. PMID:
34111775.
25. Fan BE, Shen JY, Lim XR, Tu TM, Chang CC, Khin HS, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis post BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a black swan event. Am J Hematol. 2021; 96(9):E357–E361. PMID:
34133027.
26. Scorza FA, Cysneiros RM, de Albuquerque M, Scattolini M, Arida RM. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: an important concern. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011; 66(Suppl 1):65–69.
27. Stewart M. An explanation for sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). J Physiol Sci. 2018; 68(4):307–320. PMID:
29542031.
28. Nashef L, So EL, Ryvlin P, Tomson T. Unifying the definitions of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012; 53(2):227–233. PMID:
22191982.
29. Venkatesan A, Johnson RT. Infections and multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014; 122:151–171. PMID:
24507517.