Recent reports have shown that the loss of response of biologics could mainly be induced by 1 of the 2 reasons: low trough level of an anti-TNF-α antibody by the formation of the anti-drug antibodies, or unresponsiveness to an anti-TNF-α antibody despite enough trough levels because of predominant involvement of pro-inflammatory molecules other than TNF-α.34 In the meanwhile, previous reports also indicated that the presence of intestinal complications was known to be one of lower efficacy of anti-TNF agents.56 The aim of our study was, therefore, to verify the effect of removal of intestinal complication by surgery on recovery of the efficacy of biologics. As the comment indicated, the recovery of efficacy may depend on the manner of loss of response of biologics, and could be estimated by TDM. Using TDM for the rationale for restarting the same biologics after surgery may be a new and promising approach, and should be validated for prospective studies in the future.

In Japan, it is currently impossible to measure serum levels of anti-TNF-α agents and anti-drug antibodies in clinical practice due to the lack of the reimbursement of insurance. In view of not only clinical effectiveness but also economic burden, TDM for all CD patients with biologics, regardless of pre- or post-surgery, would be warranted.