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Choi, Woo, Chung, Shim, Kwon, Kim, Kim, and Park: Primary epiploic appendagitis: compared with diverticulitis and focused on obesity and recurrence
Original Article
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Intest Res 2019;17(4):554-560.

Published online: 14 October 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.00148

Primary epiploic appendagitis: compared with diverticulitis and focused on obesity and recurrence

Youn I Choi1, *, Hyun Sun Woo1, *, Jun-Won Chung1, Young Sup Shim2, Kwang An Kwon1, Kyoung Oh Kim1, Yoon Jae Kim1, Dong Kyun Park1

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea

2Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea

Correspondence to Jun-Won Chung, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Korea. Tel: +82- 32-460-8507, Fax: +82-32-460-2391, E-mail: drgreen@gilhospital.com

* These authors contributed equally to this study.

Received 21 November 2018       Revised 9 May 2019       Accepted 13 May 2019

© Copyright 2019. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. All rights reserved.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background/Aims

There is limited data to compare the clinical characteristics and recurrence rates between left-sided primary epiploic appendagitis (PEA) versus left-sided acute colonic diverticulitis (ACD), and right-sided PEA versus right-sided ACD, respectively.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and radiologic images of the patients who presented with left-sided or right-sided acute abdominal pain and had computer tomography performed at the time of presentation showing radiological signs of PEA or ACD between January 2004 and December 2014. We compared the clinical characteristics of left PEA versus left ACD and right PEA versus right ACD, respectively.

Results

Fifty-six patients (left:right = 27:29) and 308 patients (left:right = 24:284) were diagnosed with symptomatic PEA and ACD, respectively. Left-sided PEA were statistically significantly younger (50.2 ± 15.4 years vs. 62.1 ± 15.8 years, P= 0.009), more obese (body mass index [BMI]: 26.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 vs. 22.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2 , P< 0.001), and had more tendencies with normal or mildly elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (1.2 ± 1.3 mg/dL vs. 8.4 ± 7.9 mg/dL, P< 0.001) than patients with left-sided ACD. The discriminative function of age, BMI and CRP between left-sided PEA versus left-sided ACD was 0.71 (cutoff: age ≤ 59 years, sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 77.8%), 0.84 (cutoff: BMI > 24.5 kg/m2 , sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 80.0%) and 0.80 (cutoff: CRP < 1.8 mg/dL, sensitivity of 72.2%, specificity of 85.7%).

Conclusions

If patients with left lower quadrant abdominal pain are less than 60 years, obese (BMI > 24.5 kg/m2 ) with or without normal to mild elevated CRP levels (CRP < 1.8 mg/dL), it might be necessary for clinicians to suspect the diagnosis of PEA rather than ACD.

Keywords: Appendage, Diverticulitis, colonic, Recurrence, Obesity

INTRODUCTION

Epiploic appendages are fat-filled peritoneal pouches that develop on the external surface of the colon [1-4]. They are supplied by 1 or 2 small arteries originating from the colonic vasa recta, and drains into veins with narrow pedicles [2,5-8]. Epiploic appendages are assumed to serve as protective cushions of colons during peristalsis or a defensive mechanism, similar roles of greater omentum [2,5,9].
Primary epiploic appendagitis (PEA), a condition of inflammation on the epiploic appendages results from obstruction of blood flow within the tissue, such as ischemia generated from torsion of an epiploic appendage or spontaneous thrombosis of a draining vein [5,10-13]. PEA is not common disease but clinically important because it is one of causes of left- or right-side lower abdominal pain, therefore it sometimes leads to misdiagnosis from appendicitis or diverticulitis or vice versa [13]. Confounding features of diseases between PEA, acute colonic diverticulitis (ACD), and appendicitis renders correct diagnosis difficult; Left-sided or right-sided PEA are sometimes misdiagnosed from ACD or appendicitis, respectively [12-17].
Given that recurrent diverticulitis is the surgical indication, to avoid unnecessary antibiotics, admission or even surgical process, it is necessary for physicians to distinguish PEA from ACD is important. In clinical practice, even though the determinant diagnostic tool to differentiated PEA from ACD is abdominopelvic CT, and physicians usually make diagnosis based on the CT findings, PEA and ACD are sometimes misread even on the CT findings. Misdiagnosis of PEA from ACD results in prescribing unnecessary antibiotics, hospital admission, and even surgery. Therefore, physicians’ relevant suspicions, not just dependent on the CT findings, but based on the overall clinical findings are important.
However, there are limited studies to distinguish of PEA from ACD as for the disease characteristics including initial symptom presentation, anthropometric features, and recurrence rates between left-sided PEA versus left-sided ACD, and right-sided PEA versus right-sided ACD, respectively.
Therefore, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of PEA and ACD among 364 patients and compared the clinical characteristics between left-sided PEA versus left-sided ACD patients and right-sided PEA versus right-sided ACD patients, respectively, to find the determinant factors to distinguish of PEA from ACD. Even more, we revealed the 5-year risk of recurrence rates of PEA.

METHODS

1. Patients

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and radiologic images of the patients who presented with left-sided or right-sided acute abdominal pain and had CT performed at the time of presentation showing radiological signs of PEA or ACD between January 2004 and December 2014 (Fig. 1).
We reviewed their medical charts in terms of clinical features, laboratory data, visceral fat area (VFA) determined via CT [17], treatment modalities, and 5-year recurrence rate. The clinical features included age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption status, and smoking status. Laboratory data included the high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) level, white blood cell count, and leukocytosis status (positive when the white blood cell count was >10,000/mm3). PEA patients were managed conservatively (pain control) or were given antibiotics; some ACD patients underwent surgery. Five-year recurrence rate were identified on medical records. We also recorded follow-up durations and 5-year recurrence-free survivals (RFSs).
We divided all patients into groups with left- and right-sided PEA or ACD based on their pathologic area of colon. Commencing at the splenic flexure, the left-sided colon included portions of that flexure, and the descending and sigmoid colon, as in previous studies [17].
After then we compared the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and clinical results of left-sided PEA versus left-sided ACD and right-sided PEA versus right-sided ACD, respectively.

2. Diagnostic Criteria for PEA and ACD

Chen et al. [18] reported the CT features of PEA, including an oval well-defined focus of hypodense fat tissue, a thickened peritoneal ring, peri-appendageal fat stranding, and a central dot sign. Two radiologists (S.J.C. and Y.S.S.) used these criteria to determine whether the CT findings were compatible with epiploic appendagitis.
The CT features of ACD include bowel-wall thickening, pericolic stranding, and the presence of inner and outer high-attenuation layers sandwiching a thick, poorly attenuating middle layer. Sometimes, a fistula, abscess, or perforation may be evident [19,20].

3. Definition of Obesity

We employed the BMI classification of the World Health Organization (WHO). A BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 but <30.0 kg/m2 reflected overweight status. A BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 evidenced obesity. We defined obesity as a BMI reflecting either overweight or obese status [21].
In this study, the radiologists measured abdominal VFA of patients with PEA by CT. An earlier Japanese study found that a VFA >100 cm2 increased the risk of obesity-related disorders [22]. A prior Korean study used receiver operating characteristic curves to determine the VFA cutoff (103.8 cm2, thus similar to the Japanese figure) reflecting the risk of obesity-related diseases [21]. VFA analysis considers sex-related differences [23]. Oka et al. [23] defined obesity in males and females as VFAs ≥130 cm2 and ≥90 cm2, respectively; we used these values.

4. Statistical Analysis

We used the independent t-test, the chi-square test, and Fisher exact test, as appropriate. RFS was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. A P-value <0.05 was taken to reflect statistical significance. Using MedCalc version 4.0 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium), we calculated the discriminative function of age, BMI, and CRP for left-sided PEA from left-sided ACD.

5. Ethics Statement

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gachon University Gil Medical Center (GAIRB No. 2016-370). The IRB approved our study without informed consents.

RESULTS

1. Five-Year Recurrent Rate of PEA and ACD

Five-year recurrence rates of PEA and ACD was 1.8% (n=1) versus 13.0% (n=40). RFS was 32.9±37.4 versus 29.6±32.3, respectively (Table 1, Fig. 2). Right-sided PEA showed less 5-year recurrence rates (right PEA vs. right ACD, 3.4% vs. 12.3%, P=0.200), than right-sided ACD (Table 2, Fig. 3). Five-year recurrence rates of left-sided PEA were statistically significantly lower than patients with left-sided ACD (left PEA vs. left ACD, 0% vs. 20.8%, P=0.020) (Table 3, Fig. 4).

2. Comparison of Right-Sided PEA versus Right-Sided ACD

Right-sided PEA was younger (40.9±13.5 years vs. 42.3±12.9 years, P=0.600), obese (BMI 24.4±3.7 kg/m2 vs. 23.5±3.5 kg/m2, P=0.200), and less severe CRP levels (8.4±7.9 mg/dL vs. 7.8±6.4 mg/dL, P=0.700), but statistically insignificant (Table 2).

3. Comparison of Left-Sided PEA versus Left-Sided ACD

Left-sided PEA was statistically significantly younger (50.2± 15.4 years vs. 62.1±15.8 years, P=0.009), more obese (BMI 26.3±2.9 kg/m2 vs. 22.3±3.1 kg/m2, P<0.001), and had more tendencies with normal or only mildly elevated hs-CRP levels (1.2±1.3 mg/dL vs. 11.4±11.5 mg/dL, P<0.001) than patients with left-sided ACD (Table 3).

4. Diagnostic Value of Age, BMI, and CRP between Left-Sided PEA and Left-Sided ACD Patients

The diagnostic value of age, BMI and CRP between left-sided PEA versus left-sided ACD was 0.71 (cutoff: age ≤59 years, sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 77.8%), 0.84 (cutoff: BMI >24.5 kg/m2, sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 80.0%) and 0.80 (cutoff: CRP <1.8 mg/dL, sensitivity of 72.2%, specificity of 85.7%) (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 56 PEA and those of 308 ACD patients especially focusing on the anatomical pathologic site. Our study results showed that left-sided PEA was more obese, and had normal hs-CRP levels as compared to patients with right-sided PEA. Additionally, left-sided PEA was statistically significantly younger (50.2±15.4 years vs. 62.1±15.8 years, P=0.009), more obese (BMI 26.3±2.9 kg/m2 vs. 22.3±3.1 kg/m2, P<0.001), and had more tendencies with normal or only mildly elevated hs-CRP levels (1.2±1.3 mg/dL vs. 11.4±11.5 mg/dL, P<0.001) than patients with left-sided ACD. The discriminative function of age, BMI and CRP between left-sided PEA versus left-sided ACD was 0.71 (cutoff: age ≤59 years, sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 77.8%), 0.84 (cutoff: BMI >24.5 kg/m2, sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 80.0%) and 0.80 (cutoff: CRP <1.8 mg/dL, sensitivity of 72.2%, specificity of 85.7%).
Even more, 5-year recurrence rates of left-sided PEA were statistically significantly lower than patients with left-sided ACD. Left-sided PEA showed less 5-year recurrence rates (left PEA vs. left ACD, 0% vs. 20.8%, P=0.020), than left-sided ACD. These trends are similar in right-sided PEA (right PEA vs. right ACD, 3.4% vs. 12.3%, P=0.200).
The strengths of this study were relatively larger sample size than the previous studies, and analysis of 5-year recurrence rates between PEA and ACD. Although our PEA sample size was small, we reviewed more PEA patients over a longer period than did previous studies [3,7,17,24].
Several studies have explored the anthropometric indices especially the obesity status among PEA and ACD patients even though the results are not consistent. Choi et al. [17] reported that PEA patients were more obese than ACD patients, but Son et al. [7] and Hwang et al. [24] found no significant difference. Inconsistent results might be resulted from the low incidence of PEA, which renders it challenging to evaluate the association between obesity and PEA. In our study, we enrolled more larger population of PEA and ACD patients, and found that obesity was more strongly associated with left-sided PEA than left-sided ACD.
Prior studies suggested that either obesity or strenuous exercise might cause PEA [3,25-29]. For unknown reasons, obese subjects often have large, prominent epiploic appendages [29]. Visceral fat may limit the blood supply to, or cause venous thrombosis in these appendages [30]. However, some studies failed to find any association between obesity and PEA [2,7,11].
A few studies have indicated that PEA seldom recurs. Sand et al. [3] considered that PEA patients required surgery to prevent recurrence; 40% of PEA patients reported that they had experienced the same localized pain in the past. However, other studies found that most cases of PEA resolved with conservative management in <4 weeks [7,12,31], and no recurrence was noted in 2 studies performed in Korea [17,24]. Earlier studies were not focused on PEA recurrence. In our studies, either left-sided or right-sided PEA seldom recurs. Left-sided PEA showed less 5-year recurrence rates (left PEA vs. left ACD, 0% vs. 20.8%, P=0.020) than left-sided ACD. Also, in right-sided PEA, the 5-year recurrence rate was statistically significantly lower than right-sided ACD (right PEA vs. right ACD, 3.4% vs. 12.3%, P=0.200).
Left- and right-sided PEA patients differed significantly, unlike what was found in previous studies (Table 1). Left-sided patients were older (P=0.021), more obese (P=0.048), and had a greater VFA (P=0.027). Right-sided patients had a higher hs-CRP level (P=0.000) and were at a greater risk of leukocytosis (P=0.001). We assume that left-sided PEA reflects ischemic damage that develops more readily in aging [32] and obese [30] subjects because the splenic flexure and sigmoid colon are fed by only a few collateral arteries [32,33]. The more severe ischemia associated with left-sided PEA may aid in early detection of the disease and may mildly elevate laboratory parameters. Further evaluation of PES features by sidedness is required. PEA is most common in the fourth and fifth decades of life, and in males [7,8,12,34]. Our mean patient age was 45 years, and males were more commonly affected than females (33 males vs. 23 females).
This study has several limitations. First, since this is a retrospective single-tertiary center study, referral, and recall bias might underlined. Second, even though relatively largest numbers of patients were enrolled as compared to previous studies, the small number of patients diagnosed PEA or ACD still be issue. Further large and prospective studies are needed. Third, since in this study, all of the study population was Asian, to apply our results to other ethics should be with caution. Despite of those aforementioned pitfalls, strengths of this study were relatively larger sample size than the previous study, analysis for the cut off value and evaluate the diagnostic value of age, BMI, and CRP, and analysis of recurrence between PEA and ACD.
In conclusion, patients with left-sided PEA were younger and more obese, and more frequently exhibited mildly elevated laboratory parameters, compared with left-sided ACD patients. If patients with left lower quadrant abdominal pain are less than 60 year, obese (BMI >24.5 kg/m2) with or without normal to mild elevated CRP levels (CRP <1.8 mg/dL), it might be necessary for clinicians to suspect the diagnosis of PEA rather than ACD. Even more, physicians had better to reassure to PEA patients that PEA seldom recurs.

Notes

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Chung JW. Data curation: Choi YI, Kwon KA, Kim YJ, Kim KO, Park DK. Formal analysis: Choi YI, Woo HS. Investigation: Woo HS, Shim YS. Writing - original draft: Choi YI, Woo HS. Writing - review & editing: Choi YI, Woo HS. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

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Fig. 1.
Flowchart. ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis; PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis.
ir-2018-00148f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Recurrence-free survivals of all PEA and ACD patients. PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis.
ir-2018-00148f2.tif
Fig. 3.
Recurrence-free survivals of left-sided PEA and ACD patients. PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis.
ir-2018-00148f3.tif
Fig. 4.
Recurrence-free survivals of right-sided PEA and ACD patients. PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis.
ir-2018-00148f4.tif
Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics among Patients with PEA and ACD
Characteristic PEA (n = 56) ACD (n = 308) P-value
Age (yr) 45.4 ± 15.1 43.9 ± 14.2 0.500
Sex (male:female) 23:33 124:184 0.909
BMI (kg/m2) 25.3 ± 3.5 23.4 ± 3.5 < 0.001
 Obesity (≥ 25) 30 (57.7) 84 (29.1) < 0.001
Alcohol 24 (48.0) 149 (49.7) 0.800
Smoker 18 (36.0) 130 (43.3) 0.300
hs-CRP (mg/dL) 5.49 ± 7.06 8.03 ± 6.95 0.040
Treatment < 0.001
 Conservative therapy 16 (59.3) 5 (17.2)
 Antibiotics 11 (40.7) 24 (82.8)
 Surgery 0 5 (20.8)
5-Year recurrence rate 1 (1.8) 40 (13.0) 0.015
Recurrence-free survival (mon) 32.87 ± 37.42 29.56 ± 32.27 0.812
Follow-up duration (mon) 32.87 ± 37.42 32.60 ± 34.23 0.958

Values are presented as mean±SD or number (%).

PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis; hs-CRP, high sensitive CRP.

Table 2.
Comparison between Right-Sided PEA versus Right-Sided ACD
Variable Right PEA (n = 29) Right ACD (n = 284) P-value
Age (yr) 40.9 ± 13.5 42.3 ± 12.9 0.600
Sex (male:female) 17:12 169:115 0.900
BMI (kg/m2) 24.4 ± 3.7 23.5 ± 3.5 0.200
 Obesity (≥ 25) 12 (41.4) 80 (28.2) 0.100
Alcohol 12 (46.2) 143 (51.8) 0.700
Smoker 9 (34.6) 126 (45.7) 0.300
hs-CRP (mg/dL) 8.4 ± 7.9 7.8 ± 6.4 0.700
WBC (/mm3) 11,670 (9,460–14,065) 11,730 (8,305–12,920) 0.060
Leukocytosis 14 (56.0) 202 (71.9) 0.090
Treatment < 0.001
 Conservative therapy 5 (17.2) 0
 Antibiotics 24 (82.8) 256 (90.1)
 Surgery 0 28 (9.9)
5-Year recurrence rate 1 (3.4) 35 (12.3) 0.200
Recurrence-free survival (mon) 37.9 ± 39.2 29.4 ± 31.7 0.300
Follow-up duration (mon) 37.9 ± 39.2 32.3 ± 33.9 0.400

Values are presented as mean±SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range).

PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis; hs-CRP; high sensitive CRP; WBC, white blood cell.

Table 3.
Comparison between Left-Sided PEA versus Left-Sided ACD
Variable Left PEA (n = 27) Left ACD (n = 24) P-value
Age (yr) 50.2 ± 15.4 62.1 ± 15.8 0.009
Sex (male:female) 16:11 15:9 0.800
BMI (kg/m2) 26.3 ± 2.9 22.3 ± 3.1 < 0.001
 Obesity (≥ 25) 18 (66.7) 4 (16.7) 0.001
Alcohol 12 (50.0) 6 (25.0) 0.070
Smoker 9 (37.5) 4 (16.7) 0.100
hs-CRP (mg/dL) 1.2 ± 1.3 11.4 ± 11.5 0.005
WBC (/mm3) 7,300 (6,417–8,945) 11,775 (8,710–13,662) < 0.001
Leukocytosis 1 (5.6) 16 (66.7) < 0.001
Treatment < 0.001
 Conservative therapy 16 (59.3) 0
 Antibiotics 11 (40.7) 19 (79.2)
 Surgery 0 5 (20.8)
5-Year recurrence rate 0 5 (20.8) 0.020
Recurrence-free survival (mon) 27.5 ± 35.4 31.9 ± 38.9 0.700
Follow-up duration (mon) 27.5 ± 35.4 36.8 ± 38.9 0.400

Values are presented as mean±SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range).

PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis; hs-CRP; high sensitive CRP; WBC, white blood cell.

Table 4.
Diagnostic Value of Age, BMI, and hs-CRP for Left-Sided PEA from Left-Sided ACD Patients
Variable AUROC 95% CI Cutoff Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)
Age (yr) 0.71 0.57–0.83 ≤ 59.0 66.7 77.8
BMI (kg/m2) 0.84 0.70–0.93 > 24.5 80.0 80.0
hs-CRP (mg/dL) 0.80 0.61–0.92 < 1.82 72.2 85.7

hs-CRP, high sensitive CRP; PEA, primary epiploic appendagitis; ACD, acute colonic diverticulitis; AUROC, area under receive operating curve.

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