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INTRODUCTION
Approximately 15%–25% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) may experience acute severe exacerbations, requiring immediate hospitalization and often surgical intervention during the course of the disease [1-3]. Treatment with intravenous corticosteroid (IVCS) during hospitalization is a mainstay in the treatment of acute severe UC (ASUC); however, 30%–40% of these patients do not respond to IVCS and, thus, require surgical resection or medical rescue therapy, such as cyclosporine and infliximab (IFX) [4]. A pivotal randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing IFX with placebo demonstrated that a single infusion of IFX at 5 mg/kg was effective as rescue therapy in patients with moderately or severely active UC not responding to conventional treatment [5]. A follow-up study to this pivotal RCT also demonstrated sustained benefits of IFX rescue therapy at 3 years [6].
Despite the demonstrated efficacy of IFX rescue therapy in steroid-refractory ASUC, there exist only few long-term studies addressing the outcomes of IFX. In a Swedish study involving 211 hospitalized patients with steroid-refractory ASUC, the probability of colectomy-free survival was 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57–0.70) at 12 months, 0.59 (95% CI, 0.52–0.66) at 3 years and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.44–0.61) at 5 years [7]. In a recent cohort study including patients enrolled in a RCT comparing cyclosporine with IFX, colectomy-free survival rates were 69.1% (95% CI, 56.9%–81.3%) at 1 year and 65.1% (95% CI, 52.4%–77.8%) at 5 years in patients who received IFX [8].
The effectiveness of IFX as rescue therapy in non-Caucasian populations with steroid-refractory ASUC is questionable. Epidemiologic studies have reported that Asian patients with UC seem to have more favorable disease courses than Caucasian patients [9,10]. A recent meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies also reported that there is significant variation in outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease across ethnic groups, pointing to the hidden biology behind the variation [11]. However, there is a paucity of real-world data addressing this issue, particularly in populations with continuously rising incidences of UC [12]. We found several studies reporting on the efficacy and safety of IFX treatment in East Asian populations, including in Korea and Japan; however, specific data in subsets of hospitalized patients with ASUC were severely limited [13-15].
In this context, we established a unique multicenter cohort of hospitalized patients with ASUC, who satisfied the criteria given by Truelove and Witts [3] and were treated with IVCS or IFX during index hospitalization. The specific aims of our study were (1) to investigate the therapeutic outcomes of IFX treatment in a long-term setting and (2) to identify predictive factors for colectomy in our study cohort, as well as in a subset of patients who received IFX.
METHODS
1. Study Population and Data Collection
Eligible patients were those with UC who were admitted to hospital for the management of a colitis flare-up at 1 of 5 high-volume tertiary care inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) centers affiliated with university hospitals in Korea. We searched the electronic databases of participating hospitals for cases from January 2006 to September 2016 which met this condition. Diagnosis of UC was based on the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic criteria recommended by current guidelines [16,17]. Patients with UC who met the Truelove and Witt’s criteria [3] of ASUC and received IVCS (hydrocortisone at 300–400 mg/day or methylprednisolone at 60–80 mg/day) or IFX induction as rescue therapy (5 mg/kg of body weight) during index hospitalization were included in the study (IFX-rescue). Medical rescue therapy with IFX was initiated when eligible patients showed inadequate clinical or biochemical responses after 3–7 days of IVCS administration. We found 12 patients with ASUC who were subjected to IFX as first-line therapy for ASUC, without first-line IVCS therapy because of systemic side effects to corticosteroids or steroid-refractoriness to oral corticosteroids at baseline. After detailed discussions about therapeutic options, those patients decided to be treated with IFX as first-line medical therapy for ASUC and were included in the study (IFX-initial). The minimum requirement for follow-up was at least 3 months after discharge of the index hospitalization.
The study cohort was followed up until colectomy, death, or the last follow-up visit after index hospitalization. Comprehensive biological and clinical data of the study cohort were collected. The presence of concomitant infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Clostridioides difficile during index hospitalization was carefully investigated. Concomitant CMV infection was defined when either CMV inclusion bodies were detected by H&E stain and/or immunohistochemistry or CMV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in colonic tissue specimens obtained by flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy [18]. C. difficile infection (CDI) was defined as the presence of toxigenic C. difficile via stool toxin assay, PCR or toxigenic culture in stool specimens, in accordance with international guidelines [19]. Disease activity was assessed according to the Mayo score [20] and disease extent was categorized according to the Montreal classification [17].
2. Outcome Measurements
Primary outcome variables were the cumulative rates of rehospitalization and colectomy at 3 months from index hospitalization and at the end of follow-up. Rehospitalization was defined as any hospital admission related to UC exacerbation or complications for more than 2 days after discharge from the index hospitalization. Additionally, clinical remission was assessed at both 3 months and 12 months. Clinical remission was defined as a Mayo score of 2 points or lower, with no individual subscore exceeding 1 point. Follow-up sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy were recommended to the study patients at both 3 and 12 months after discharge from the index admission. Clinical outcomes of patients treated with IFX (IFX group) were compared with those of IVCS responders as the reference group. Subgroup comparisons were performed according to IFX indication (IFX-rescue vs. IFX-initial).
3. Statistical Analysis
All statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). We used chi-square or Fisher exact tests for categorical data and independent t-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous data between the study groups. Data were described as means (ranges) for continuous data and numbers (percentages) for discrete data.
To identify clinical predictors of colectomy, we performed multivariable Cox’s proportional hazards regression analysis with Firth’s penalized-likelihood correction method, which included all the significant variables identified from univariate analysis. Results of the multivariable analysis were described as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Colectomy-free survival defined as absence of colectomy was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Differences in survival between study subgroups were compared by the log-rank test. All P-values are two-tailed, and a value of P<0.05 was considered indicative of significance.
4. Ethical Considerations
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the coordinating center (Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea) and other participating hospitals. The informed consent was waived. The study protocol was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0002799).
RESULTS
1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort
We identified 338 eligible patients with a colitis flare who were admitted to participating hospitals during the study period. After exclusion of 42 patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria (1 unclassified IBD, 5 follow-up less than 3 months, 36 not treated with IVCS or IFX), a total of 296 hospitalized patients with ASUC were finally included in our study (Fig. 1).
The mean follow-up period of the study cohort was 68.9 ± 44.0 months. Of the 296 patients in the study cohort, 282 (95.3%) received IVCS and 12 (4.1%) received IFX as first-line medical therapy for ASUC. The remaining 2 patients underwent emergency colectomies shortly after admission due to massive bleeding and colonic perforation, respectively. Approximately 80% of patients (228/282) showed clinical response to IVCS and avoided rescue therapy during index hospitalization. We termed these as “IVCS responders” and formed the reference group. Of 54 nonresponders to IVCS, 5 patients underwent colectomy and 49 patients were treated with medical rescue therapy (37 with IFX, 8 with cyclosporin and 4 with other treatments, such as methotrexate and adalimumab). In total, 49 patients received IFX induction therapy as rescue or first-line treatment for ASUC during index hospitalization (the IFX group).
The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the reference and IFX groups are summarized in Table 1. In the IFX group, the mean age of patients was 40.8 years, 57% were male and the mean disease duration was 48.7 months. At index admission, the use of oral corticosteroids or thiopurines was significantly higher in the IFX group than in the reference group (63.3% vs. 34.7%, 42.9% vs. 12.3%, respectively, all P<0.05). The mean hospital stay of the IFX group was 5.7 days longer than that of the reference group (19.8 days vs. 14.1 days, P=0.01). Compared to the reference group, the rate of simultaneous infection with CMV was significantly higher in the IFX group (20.4% vs. 8.3%, P=0.01), but not the rate of CDI (4.1% vs. 2.6%, P=not significant). There were no significant side effects associated with IVCS or IFX during the index hospital stay in both groups.
2. Short-term Outcomes
All patients treated with IFX avoided colectomy during index hospitalization. At 3 months of follow-up, the rate of clinical remission was 26.1%. The cumulative rates of rehospitalization and colectomy at 3 months were 20.4% and 6.1%, respectively, in the IFX group. The cumulative rates of rehospitalization and colectomy at 3 months were 13.7% and 1.8%, respectively, in the reference group.
3. Long-term Outcomes
At 12 months of follow-up, the rate of clinical remission was 45.5% in the IFX group. After a mean follow-up of 68.9 ± 44.0 months, the cumulative rates of rehospitalization and colectomy were 39.6% and 18.8%, respectively, in the IFX group. The colectomy rate in the IFX group was significantly higher than in the reference group (18.8% vs. 7.5%, P=0.026) (Fig. 2). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the IFX group had significantly shorter colectomy-free survival than the reference group (P=0.04 by log-rank test) (Fig. 3). No fatalities were observed in the overall study cohort.
4. Subgroup Analysis of Clinical Outcomes
There were no significant differences in either short- or long-term outcomes with respect to IFX treatment (IFX-rescue vs. IFX as first-line treatment subgroups) (Table 2). The mean hospital stay during index hospitalization was significantly shorter in patients treated with IFX as first-line therapy than in those receiving IFX rescue therapy (11.2 days vs. 22.6 days, P=0.003).
In 12 patients treated with IFX as first-line therapy, 10 avoided colectomies during the follow-up period; 7 maintained IFX and 3 switched from IFX to adalimumab due to loss of response to IFX. Remaining 2 patients underwent colectomies during maintenance treatment with IFX, at 5 months and 24 months after discharge from the index hospitalization, respectively. In 37 patients with IFX as rescue therapy, 7 underwent colectomies (3 during induction period and 4 during maintenance with IFX). Remaining 30 patients avoided colectomies until the end of follow-up; 25 maintained IFX, 4 switched from IFX to adalimumab and 1 switched to another biologic drug during the follow-up period. In summary, 32 patients had successfully maintained IFX until the end of follow-up (retention rate of 65.3%).
5. Predictors of Colectomy
Table 3 summarizes the results of multivariable Cox regression analysis aimed at uncovering predictors of colectomy in the overall cohort of hospitalized patients with ASUC. IFX administered as rescue therapy was the significant predictor of colectomy (HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.09–7.17). In addition, previous failure of other anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs, including adalimumab and golimumab, duration of IVCS administration during index hospitalization, CMV colitis, and CDI were associated with a higher risk of colectomy (HR, 4.90; 95% CI, 1.62–14.84; HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00–1.15; HR, 6.57; 95% CI, 2.26–19.08; HR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.50–14.23, respectively).
DISCUSSION
The present study focused on the treatment outcomes of IFX in Asian patients with ASUC in a long-term set-up. Our study cohort comprised patients from 5 university hospitals with a large volume of patients with IBD in Korea, where the incidence of UC has been continuously rising in recent years [21]. The study cohort was systematically followed up for a long period—for a mean follow-up of 68.9 ± 44.0 months.
Here, we observed that patients treated with IFX showed more favorable short-term as well as long-term outcomes than those reported in previous studies. Irrespective of IFX indication, all patients that received IFX induction therapy avoided colectomy during the index hospitalization. Specifically, the clinical response rates to IFX rescue therapy in our study were 79.2% and 73.7% at 3 months and 1 year, respectively (data not provided). The results are comparable to or slightly better from those reported in a recent systematic review, in which clinical response rates were reported as 46%–83% at 3 months and 50%–65% 1 year after IFX rescue therapy [2]. The colectomy rates after IFX rescue therapy in our study were 8.1% and 18.9% at 3 months and at the end of follow-up, respectively, which are also much lower than those reported in recent studies but similar to those reported in a study conducted in the same country [2,8,15,22]. A multicenter retrospective study conducted in the United States reported that the rates of in-hospital colectomy were 8%, 27%, and 32% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively, after IFX rescue therapy for ASUC [22]. In a European multicenter cohort study involving 55 patients with ASUC, the colectomy-free survival rate was 61.5% (95% CI, 52.4%–77.8%) at 5 years after IFX rescue therapy [8]. In summary, our data indicate that IFX is an effective treatment option for avoiding colectomy in both short-term and long-term settings in non-Caucasian populations with ASUC. The current results also support a recent observation that the Korean population with UC may have a more favorable natural history than Caucasians [23].
In this study, we reported on the clinical course of a subgroup of patients who were treated with IFX as first-line medical therapy for ASUC (IFX-initial) due to systemic side effects or steroid-refractoriness to oral corticosteroids at baseline. As described previously, all these patients avoided colectomy during index hospitalization. None of the patients were subjected to colectomy within 3 months of follow-up (Table 2). Although our data need further verification in a larger number of patients, we believe that the current results provide a practical guide for clinicians to consider IFX as first-line medical therapy in selected patients with ASUC if they have pre-existing steroid-refractoriness or intolerance at admission. However, clinicians should keep in mind that the long-term clinical course in this subset of patients was not similar with that of the IVCS responders but was similar to that of patients receiving IFX rescue therapy (Fig. 3).
Notwithstanding the favorable results reported above, we demonstrated that the colectomy-free survival rate in IFX-treated patients was significantly shorter than that in IVCS responders, pointing to the need for further efforts to improve treatment outcomes of IFX. Patient stratification must be a first target for future investigations. In our study, significantly more patients treated with IFX were using oral corticosteroids or thiopurines at baseline, as compared to IVCS responders (63.3% vs. 34.7%, 42.9% vs. 12.3%, respectively, all P<0.05). These results suggest those patients might benefit from early or aggressive introduction of IFX [24,25].
Our multivariable Cox regression analysis has identified multiple independent predictors of colectomy in the overall study cohort (Table 3). In addition to IFX given as rescue therapy (HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.09–7.17), we found that, at baseline, previous failure of anti-TNF drugs (adalimumab or golimumab), simultaneous CMV colitis, and concurrent CDI were the major predictors of colectomy (HR, 4.90; 95% CI, 1.62–14.84; HR, 6.57; 95% CI, 2.26–19.08; HR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.50–14.23, respectively). Previous failure of first anti-TNF drugs in IBD is a well-known independent risk factor for failure of other antiTNF drugs [26]. Therefore, it appears reasonable to conclude that previous failure of anti-TNF drugs might be associated with suboptimal responses to IFX therapy and subsequent colectomy in our study cohort. More importantly, our results add further weight to the prognostic importance of CMV colitis in hospitalized patients with ASUC. In the present study, we demonstrated that CMV colitis was the most potent predictor of colectomy in the overall study cohort (HR, 6.57; 95% CI, 2.26–19.08). These results are in line with our previous report, in that true CMV colitis verified in colonic tissue was an independent predictor of poor disease outcomes (hospitalization and colectomy) in patients with moderate to severe UC flareups [27]. The present study strongly suggests the need for immediate treatment with antivirals in CMV colitis superimposed on ASUC. Antiviral therapy for CMV colitis complicating UC, however, remains a controversial issue [18]. Further prospective studies are required to validate our findings. Lastly, the adverse outcomes of CDI complicating IBD have been well described, but data regarding the impact of CDI on risk of colectomy are still limited. A recent meta-analysis of 12 observational studies reported that CDI appears to increase long-term colectomy risk in patients with UC (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.19–7.34) [28]. Here, we demonstrated that CDI was one of the significant predictors of colectomy in the overall study cohort with ASUC (HR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.50–14.23). Our findings bolster the relevant clinical implication that CDI should be more aggressively screened for and managed in hospitalized patients with ASUC, particularly when considering IFX therapy.
Our study has several limitations derived from the retrospective nature of the study design. First, clinical practice might have varied across the participating hospitals during the long study period. Second, our study did not provide data regarding endoscopic remission with IFX treatment. It is reported that mucosal healing with IFX is associated with long-term prognosis of UC [29], and therefore mucosal healing has been established as one of important therapeutic goals in UC. Unfortunately, our study was not specifically designed to answer the question of whether achieving mucosal healing leads to better outcomes in hospitalized patients with ASUC. Further, our sample size of patients with ASUC, particularly those treated with IFX was relatively small compared to those of Western studies. Several studies have described the long-term efficacy of IFX in East Asian population with UC; however, these studies were heterogeneous in their designs and patient populations [13-15,30,31]. Large prospective studies with standardized protocols in different Asian populations with ASUC are therefore needed to overcome these limitations. Further clinical trials with different biologics or small molecules are also needed in this setting [32,33].
In conclusion, we have reported the favorable short-term and long-term outcomes of IFX treatment in Korean patients with ASUC, pointing to IFX as an effective therapeutic option in such a critical situation. We believe that IFX can be considered as a first-line option for the treatment of ASUC, in highly selected patients, who cannot receive initial therapy with IVCS. Aggressive vigilance for both concurrent CMV colitis and CDI is warranted for hospitalized patients with ASUC, particularly when considering IFX therapy.
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