Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Supplementary Table 1.
Supplementary Table 2.
Supplementary Table 3.
Supplementary Table 4.
Notes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Tae Jung Oh was editorial board member of the Diabetes & Metabolism Journal from 2020 to 2021. Sung Hee Choi has been editorial board member of the Diabetes & Metabolism Journal since 2021. They were not involved in the review process of this article. Otherwise, there was no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES






































Table 1.
ASM/BMI tertiles | Lowest (n=103) | Middle (n=111) | Highest (n=91) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASM/BMI, m2 | 0.61±0.04 | 0.70±0.02a | 0.79±0.08a,b | <0.001 | |
Follow-up duration, yr | 3.22±2.49 | 3.27±2.58 | 3.41±2.30 | 0.899 | |
Postpartum parameters | |||||
Age, yr | 35.5±3.8 | 34.4±3.4 | 34.7±3.7 | 0.081 | |
Height, cm | 156.7±4.3 | 161.3±3.9a | 164.0±4.0a,b | <0.001 | |
Body weight, kg | 63.1±10.7 | 59.6±8.8a | 56.3±8.5a,b | <0.001 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6±3.0 | 22.8±2.6a | 20.8±2.5a,b | <0.001 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 86.8±10.3 | 81.4±7.5a | 79.8±7.7a | <0.001 | |
ASM, kg | 15.7±2.0 | 15.9±1.8 | 16.5±1.9a | 0.011 | |
Whole body fat mass, kg | 24.2±6.7 | 19.9±5.0a | 15.5±4.8a,b | <0.001 | |
Estimated visceral fat area, cm2 | 108.8±34.2 | 85.2±29.2a | 66.9±30.9a,b | <0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121.7±14.8 | 116.7±14.4a | 116.3±13.2a | 0.014 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.0±12.1 | 70.7±11.3 | 70.4±9.9 | 0.049 | |
Family history of diabetes | 55 (56.7) | 52 (49.5) | 52 (58.4) | 0.840 | |
Parity (nullipara) | 57 (58.7) | 74 (69.8) | 59 (66.3) | 0.103 | |
Breast feeding | 51 (57.9) | 63 (62.4) | 57 (67.8) | 0.165 | |
Exercise | 10 (9.7) | 12 (10.8) | 15 (16.5) | 0.156 | |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 98.6±12.5 | 95.1±10.7 | 92.6±8.9a | 0.001 | |
PP 2 hours, mg/dL | 141.8±44.2 | 133.4±33.2 | 133.3±39.2 | 0.211 | |
HbA1c, % | 5.6±0.4 | 5.5 ±0.4 | 5.4±0.34a | 0.003 | |
Insulin, µIU/mL | 9.6±4.8 | 8.5±3.6 | 6.9±2.8a,b | <0.001 | |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.4 ±1.3 | 2.0±1.4 | 1.5±0.7a,b | <0.001 | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 213.9±43.1 | 210.1±38.4 | 205.0±47.9 | 0.393 | |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 122.9±69.5 | 119.8±70.1 | 87.0±41.9a | <0.001 | |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 60.8±11.5 | 59.8±11.2 | 66.5±16.8a | 0.002 | |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 126.8±28.8 | 121.9±28.6 | 116.9±37.9 | 0.134 | |
Antepartum parameters | |||||
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 87.1±10.7 | 87.6±10.9 | 84.8±12.4 | 0.203 | |
PP 1 hour, mg/dL | 191.6±23.7 | 189.8±26.9 | 195.1±27.0 | 0.362 | |
PP 2 hours, mg/dL | 175.5±22.2 | 177.1±25.2 | 179.8±33.5 | 0.551 | |
PP 3 hours, mg/dL | 144.1±27.2 | 145.4±26.3 | 139.7±29.5 | 0.387 | |
HbA1c, % | 5.4±0.4 | 5.2±0.4a | 5.2±0.4a | <0.001 | |
Insulin, µIU/mL | 11.0±5.1 | 11.2±5.7 | 10.9±6.2 | 0.590 | |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.7±1.3 | 2.4±1.3 | 2.3±1.5 | 0.181 | |
Insulin use | 29 (28.2) | 22 (19.8) | 14 (15.4) | 0.085 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Statistical significance for linear by linear association between categorical variables was calculated using chi-square tests or ANOVA (Bonferroni method for post hoc analysis), with significance set at P<0.05.
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index; PP, postprandial glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Table 2.
Values are presented as number (%) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval) using a logistic regression model. Model 1 is unadjusted; Model 2 is adjusted for age, family history of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, total fat mass, and waist circumference; and Model 3 is adjusted for the variables listed for Model 2 plus breast feeding, exercise after delivery, fasting plasma glucose concentration during pregnancy, and postpartum BMI change. P values are for linear by linear association analysis.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index.
Table 3.
Values are presented as number (%) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval) using a logistic regression model. Model 1 is unadjusted; Model 2 is adjusted for age, family history of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, total fat mass, and waist circumference; and Model 3 is adjusted for the variables listed for Model 2 plus breast feeding, exercise after delivery, fasting plasma glucose concentration during pregnancy, and postpartum BMI change. P values are for linear by linear association analysis.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index.
Table 4.
Variable |
ASM/BMI tertiles |
P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Middle | Highest | ||
HOMA-IR | ||||
Antepartum | 2.35±1.08 | 2.46±1.35 | 2.20±1.35 | 0.427 |
Postpartum | 2.36±1.35 | 2.03±1.00a | 1.57±0.67a,b | <0.001 |
P valuec | 0.929 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Mean difference | 0.01±1.48 | –0.42±1.10 | –0.64±1.31a | 0.009 |
HOMA-β | ||||
Antepartum | 11.1±24.0 | 10.9±14.9 | 8.2±29.1 | 0.662 |
Postpartum | 5.64±2.43 | 5.32±2.73 | 4.96±2.23 | 0.219 |
P valuec | 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.335 | |
Mean difference | –5.48±24.1 | –5.60±14.4 | –3.25±30.0 | 0.764 |
Insulinogenic index | 0.47±0.31 | 0.38±1.20 | 0.44±0.40 | 0.786 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Antepartum and postpartum values were calculated at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and at 6 to 8 weeks after delivery, respectively. P values were calculated using ANOVA (Bonferroni method for post hoc analysis).
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index.