서 론
1. 연구의 필요성
대상 및 방법
1. 연구 설계
2. 핵심 질문
3. 문헌검색 및 선정
1) 문헌검색
2) 문헌 선정
4. 자료 추출과 분석
Table 1.
Instrument | Author (yr; country) | Population | Study design | Purpose (main aim of study) | Result | Domain (n)/ total items (n) | Scale (score point) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIM-TQ | Wangruangsatid et al. (2012; Thailand) | 72 Mothers and 81 premature infants | RCT |
1) To assess the perception and beliefs of mothers of premature infants for their competency to care for their infants 2) To assess the mothers’ perceptions and acceptance of being mothers of premature infants, as well as their comfort levels in assuming other roles in their life |
Mothers in the experimental group had significantly higher mean transition scores than those in the control group | N/39 | 5 |
RHDS | Chen et al. (2016; China) | 154 Parents | Quasi- experimental study | To examine the effect of an educational intervention on parental readiness for premature infant discharge from NICU | Parental readiness for premature infant discharge was observed as the moderate level. Parental discharge readiness from the intervention group was significantly higher than those in the control group | 5/29 | 11 |
Chen & Bai (2017; China) | 168 Parents | Cross- sectional study | To evaluate the psychometric features of the RHDS Parent Form among Chinese parents of preterm infants | The factor structure of C-RHDS Parent Form is partially consistent with the original English version form | 4/22 | 11 | |
Yoon et al. (2019; Korea) | 85 Mothers of premature infants | Cross- sectional study | To investigate partnerships among nurses, social support, and readiness for discharge in mothers of premature infants in the NICU and to examine the factors associated with readiness for discharge | Partnerships between nurses and the parental experience were significantly associated with readiness for discharge | 4/22 | 11 | |
Feeley et al. (2020; Canada) | 150 Mothers | Pre-post quasi- experimental study |
1) To compare NICU-stress, symptoms of depression, perceptions of nurse- parent support and family-centered care, sleep disturbances, breastfeeding self- efficacy and readiness for discharge in mothers 2) To compare the mothers in an open ward NICU and a combined pod in a single-family room design |
Pod/single-family room mothers perceived their infant's readiness for discharge at a higher rate than the open ward mothers | N/N | N | |
Hariati et al. (2020a; Indonesia) | 146 Mothers | Cross- sectional study | To conduct the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the original version of the RHDS-Parent in Bahasa Indonesia | The Bahasa-RHDS-Parent harbored good cross-cultural adaptation and initial psychometric properties for assessing parental readiness in parents with LBW infants before hospital discharge | 4/22 | 11 | |
Hariati et al. (2020b; Indonesia) | 139 Mothers | Cross- sectional study | To describe Indonesian mothers’ readiness for discharge with LBW infant | Indonesian mother's readiness had lower readiness compared to mothers of other countries | 5/29 | 11 | |
Hua et al. (2020; China) | 202 Parents | Cross- sectional study | To examine the extent to which parental readiness for hospital discharge mediates the relationship between quality of discharge teaching and parental self- efficacy in parents of preterm infants | Parental readiness for hospital discharge, especially the knowledge dimension, was an important factor associating the quality of discharge teachings with self-efficacy in parents of preterm infants | 4/22 | 1 to 10 | |
Salmani et al. (2020; Iran) | 200 Mothers | Cross- sectional study | To evaluate the psychometric properties of a new Persian translation of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale | The Parent Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale was a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the readiness of mothers of infants being discharged from an Iranian NICU | 6/28 | 11 | |
Rio et al. (2021; Switzerland) | 71 Mothers | Cross- sectional study | To describe and assess relationship among maternal readiness for neonates' discharge, discharge teaching, and unplanned use of health services after discharge from an NICU | At the time of discharge, mothers felt mostly ready and well prepared to go home. In the month after discharge, almost half used health services in an unplanned manner | 5/29 | 11 | |
N-DAT | Girgin & Cimete (2016; Turkey) | 238 Preterm infants and their parents | Cross- sectional study | To investigate the reliability and validity of the N-DAT | The original and Turkish form of the N-DAT contains 76 items and five subscales (no change was made in terms of the contents of the items, number of items, or scoring procedure) N-DAT was a reliable and valid instrument for use in the NICU for evaluating high-risk preterm infants’ and parents’ readiness for discharge to home | 5/76 | Medical, competencies, risk factors, resources: yes/no Parenting: 5 Response options are not the same for all items |
PDRQ | Smith et al. (2009; USA) | 867 Family- nurse pairs | Cross- sectional study |
1) To quantify and compare the families’ and the nurses’ perception of families’ discharge preparedness 2) To determine the elements that contribute to a family's discharge preparedness |
Most families were prepared for discharge as assessed by the parent and the nurse. Confidence in child's health and maturity, readiness for infants to come home, and selecting a pediatrician were statistically significantly associated | . 2/17 | Overall: families & nurse 9-point, technical: 4-point, emotional: 3-point |
Smith et al. (2021; USA) | 1,104 Families | Cross- sectional study | To compare the assessment of parental NICU discharge preparedness with parental satisfaction associated with the NICU discharge preparation | 60% Families reported being both “satisfied” and “prepared”; 16% families were “satisfied” but not “prepared”; 16% families were not “satisfied” but were “prepared”; and 7% families were neither “satisfied” nor “prepared.” Compared with families that were both “satisfied” and “prepared,” families that were neither “satisfied” nor “prepared” were more likely to be raising the infant alone, of Black race, and to have sicker infants | r 2/17 | 9 | |
Peyrovi et al. (2016; Iran) | 80 Mothers and their premature infants | Quasi- experimental before–after study | To examine the effects of empowerment program on “perceived readiness for discharge” in mothers of premature infants at the time of discharge | The implementation of empowerment program is an effective strategy to promote the readiness in mothers of premature infants at discharge time | 2/17 | Overall: 9, technical: 4, emotional: 3 | |
Enlow et al. (2019; USA) | 137 caregivers (mother or father) | Cohort study | To determine the prevalence of limited health literacy in parents of infants born ≤32 weeks and if health literacy changes during hospitalization | Lower scores were associated with lower availability of nurses’ but not with parents’ ratings of discharge readiness. Scores improved slightly from the admission to discharge | N/3 | 9 | |
Gupta et al. (2019; USA) | 4,797 Family or either the nurse | Cohort study | To improve the discharge readiness for the families of infants being discharged | Family self-assessment of discharge readiness, nurses’ assessment of the family's emotional discharge readiness, and technical discharge readiness increased. Nurses’ familiarity with the family at discharge increased over time. | 2/17 | Overall: 9, technical: 4, emotional: 3 | |
Obregon et al. (2019; USA) | 1,307 Discharged families (90 LEP, 1217 EP) | Cohort study | To compare the NICU discharge preparedness in families with or without LEP | The odds of being prepared for discharge were same for both the groups. In multivariable analyses, families with LEP were less likely to be prepared with technical baby care skills | 2/17 | Overall: 9, technical: 4, emotional: 3 | |
MDRQ | Gooding et al. (2021; Africa) | 200 Mothers in KMC 190 Women were included | Cross-sectional study | To develop and apply a tool for measuring hospital discharge readiness in mothers practicing continuous KMC in a tertiary setting | Most women were categorized as ready for discharge Women categorized as ‘less ready’ scored lower overall and within all 4 categories (feeding; infant care; infant health and medications; practicing KMC) compared to women who were discharge ready | 10/22 | 10 |
FIPRE | McGowan et al. (2019; USA) | 732 Mothers (176 immigrants, 556 natives) | Cohort study | To evaluate effects of immigrant status on perceptions of discharge readiness in mothers of preterm infants and to identify the impact of primary language and years spent in the USA | At NICU discharge, immigrant mothers had poorer perceptions of infant well- being, maternal wellbeing, maternal comfort, and time impact. Immigrant status, non-English primary language, and MHD predicted unfavorable scores | 6/N | NICU support, infant wellbeing, maternal wellbeing, maternal comfort; 4 family: 5, personal time limitations: 4 |
McGowan et al. (2017; USA) | 934 Mothers (315 MHD, 535 no MHD) | Cohort study | To evaluate the associations between MHDs and discharge readiness for mothers of preterm infants | Mothers with poor mental health perceive themselves to be less ready for NICU discharge, particularly pertaining to the feelings of self-wellbeing | 6/N | Family: 5, personal time limitation: 4, NICU support, infant well- being, maternal wellbeing, maternal comfort; 4 | |
Buck et al. (2020; USA) | 305 Two- parent response families (mother- father pairs) | Cohort study | To evaluate discharge readiness perceptions among mother- father dyad | Fathers had more favorable perceptions than their partners. Maternal perceptions and social risk, but not infant morbidities, predicted paternal perceptions | 6/N | NICU support, wellbeing, comfort: 4, family: 5, personal time limitations: 4 | |
Discharge preparation checklist | Moradi et al. (2018; Iran) | 60 Premature infants and mothers | RCT | To determine the effect of empowerment program on maternal discharge preparedness and infants’ length of hospital stay | The empowerment program increased maternal discharge readiness and reduced the length of neonatal hospital stay | 2/28 | 3 |
RP-NDHS | Tiryaki & Cinar (2021; Turkey) | 269 (136 Mothers and 133 fathers) | Methodological study | 1) To develop a hospital discharge readiness scale for mothers and fathers 2) To test the validity and reliability of this scale | The mothers’ and fathers’ readiness for the parents of premature infants associated with the discharge of infants and home care scales were valid and reliable for measuring parents' readiness for discharge | 3(FF)/204(MF)/22 | 7 |
PIM-TQ, Premature Infant Mothers’ Healthy Transition Questionnaire; PIM-MQ, premature infant mothers’ mastery; PIM-FQ, fluid integrative identities of premature infant mothers; RCT, randomized controlled trial; N, not stated; RHDS, Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; LBW, low birth weight; N-DAT, Neonatal Discharge Assessment Tool; PDRQ, Parent Discharge Readiness Questionnaire; LEP, limited English proficiency; EP, English proficiency; MDRQ, maternal discharge readiness questionnaire; KMC, kangaroo mother care; FIPRE, fragile infant parent readiness evaluation; MHD, maternal mental health disorders; RP-NDHS, Readiness of Parents with Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for Discharge and Home Care Scale; MF, mother form; FF, father form.
Table 2.
Instrument (country) | Author (yr) | Target population (n) | Purpose | Framework (theory) | Domain (n)/ total items (n) | Scale (score point) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIM-TQ (Thailand) | Wangruangsatid et al. (2012) | Parents of preterm infants (n=704) |
1) To assess the perception and beliefs of mothers of premature infants associated with' their competency to care for their infants. 2) To assess the mothers’ perceptions and acceptance of being mothers of premature infants, as well as their comfort levels in assuming other roles in their life |
Existing instruments (PIM-MQ: “Parental Beliefs Scale”), (PIM- FQ: “What Being the Parent of a New Baby is Like.”) | N/9 | 5 |
RHDS (USA) | Weiss et al. (2006) | Postpartum mothers (n=1,462) | To measure a postpartum mother's perceptions of her readiness for hospital discharge. | The guidelines of AAP and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology | Personal status (family and patient), knowledge, perceived coping ability, expected support (5)/29 | Patient: 11, nurse: 11, 2 additional item: yes/no |
N-DAT (USA) | Robison et al. (2000) | Infants and families (n=50) | To classify the risks associated with infants’ discharge from the NICU and to identify discharge needs that are specific to the high-risk neonate by examining the risk factors pertaining to both the infant and the family | Clinical experiences, review of the literature | Medical, competencies, risk factors, resources, parenting (5)/76 | Medical, competencies, risk factors, resources: yes/no parenting: 5 |
PDRQ (USA) | Smith et al. (2009) | Family-nurse pairs (n=867) | To quantify and compare the family's and the nurse's perception associated with the family's discharge preparedness. 2) To determine the elements that contribute to a family's discharge preparedness. | Existing instruments (a discharge preparedness assessment instrument used for healthy term babies in the Life Around Newborn Discharge Study), AAP guideline | Technical, emotional (2)/17 | Families: 9 (overall). technical: 4, emotional: 3, nurse: 9 (overall) |
MDRQ (South Africa) | Gooding et al. (2021) | Mother practicing continuous kangaroo care (n=200) | To develop and apply a tool for measuring hospital discharge readiness in mothers practicing continuous KMC in a tertiary setting. | Existing instruments (the Parent Discharge Readiness Survey) | Feeding, infant care, infant health, medications, practicing KMC (4)/22 | 10 |
FIPRE (USA) | HealthActCHQ (HACHQ) (2010) | NICU parent | To qualitatively evaluate NICU parents’ results. | Focus group interviews, expert discussions, literature review. | Family cohesion, personal time limitations, NICU support, Infant well- being, maternal well- being, maternal comfort (6)/27 | |
Discharge preparation checklist (Iran) | Dashti et al. (2014) | 245 Premature infants and parents | To determine the correlation between discharge preparedness and readmission of preterm infants hospitalized in NICU | . Not confirmed because the instrument was not accessible. | Physical or general health status of infants, adequacy of trainings presented to mothers (2)/28 | 3 |
RP-NDHS (Turkey) | Tiryaki & Cinar (2021) | 136 Mothers and 133 fathers (n=269) | To develop the hospital discharge readiness scale for mothers and fathers having a premature infant hospitalized in the NICU | Evidence-based protocols, applications, researchers’ experience, and literature research | MF: feeding, general situation perception, hygienic care, care practices (4)/22 FF: support for feeding and care, hygienic care, care practice (3)/20 | 7 |
PIM-TQ, Premature Infant Mothers’ Healthy Transition Questionnaire; PIM-MQ, premature infant mothers’ mastery; PIM-FQ, fluid integrative identities of premature infant mothers; N, not stated; RHDS, Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale; AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; N-DAT, Neonatal Discharge Assessment Tool; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PDRQ, Parent Discharge Readiness Questionnaire; MDRQ, maternal discharge readiness questionnaire; KMC, kangaroo mother care; FIPRE, Fragile Infant Parent Readiness Evaluation; RP-NDHS, Readiness of Parents with Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for Discharge and Home Care Scale; MF, mother form; FF, father form.
Table 3.
Instrument | Author (yr) | Language version | Content validity | Structural validity | Internal consistency | Reliability | Hypotheses testing for construct validity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relevance | Comprehensibility | |||||||
PIM-TQ | Wangruangsatid et al. (2012) | Not stated | + | ? | ||||
RHDS | Chen et al. (2016) | Chinese | ? | |||||
Chen & Bai (2017) | Chinese | + | + | + | + | |||
Yoon et al. (2019) | Korean | ? | ||||||
Hariati et al. (2020a) | Indonesia | + | + | ? | + | |||
Hariati et al. (2020b) | Indonesia | ? | ? | |||||
Salmani et al. (2020) | Persian | + | + | ? | ? | |||
N-DAT | Girgin & Cimete (2016) | Turkish | + | ? | + | + | ||
PDRQ | Smith et al. (2009) | English | ? | + | ||||
Peyrovi et al. (2016) | Farsi | ? | ? | |||||
MDRQ | Gooding et al. (2021) | English | ? | ? | ? | |||
FIPRE | McGowan et al. (2017) | English | * | + | ||||
Buck et al. (2020) | English | * | ? | |||||
Discharge preparation checklist | Moradi et al. (2018) | Persian | † | ? | ||||
RP-NDHS | Tiryaki & Cinar (2021) | Turkish | + | + | + | + | + |
PIM-TQ, Premature Infant Mothers’ Healthy Transition Questionnaire; RHDS, Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale; N-DAT, Neonatal Discharge Assessment Tool; PDRQ, Parent Discharge Readiness Questionnaire; MDRQ, maternal discharge readiness questionnaire; FIPRE, Fragile Infant Parent Readiness Evaluation; RP-NDHS, Readiness of Parents with Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for Discharge and Home Care Scale; +, sufficient; -, insufficient; ?, indeterminate.