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Introduction
Muscles regulate various physiological functions in the human body (1, 2). For example, skeletal muscles enable locomotion by regulating movements of the skeletal system based on contraction and relaxation of the muscles (2, 3). However, persistent repetition of muscle contraction and relaxation can induce progressive muscle damage (4). Furthermore, vigorous exercise and sudden physical movements or accidents can result in more severe damage (5, 6).
Fortunately, muscles are competent at regenerating injured areas and recovering their functional roles (7, 8). A mediator in the recovery of injured muscles is the muscle satellite cell (MSC) (8, 9). Myocytes differentiated from MSCs mobilize to damaged areas (10, 11) where they generate de novo myofibers (10, 12) that contribute to the regeneration of injured muscles (10-12). Because of their unique characteristics, MSCs can potentially be used as a cell-mediated therapeutic tool for curing muscle-related genetic disorders (13, 14), muscle atrophy arising from the deficiency of MSCs within aged muscles (2, 15), and damage or rupture of muscles caused by exercise or accidents (2, 16). In addition, MSCs could be a resource for producing artificial meat without additional animal sacrifice (17, 18). The successful production of artificial meat will play a pivotal role in reducing environmental pollution arising from livestock industries (19, 20) and fulfilling increased meat consumption without any additional pollution (18, 21). These applications demonstrate the importance and potential uses of MSCs.
MSCs constitute approximately 2∼5% of muscular tissue (22, 23). A variety of protocols for the isolation of MSCs from muscle tissue have recently been introduced, including pre-plating (24, 25), magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) (26, 27), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (28, 29). However, these protocols have one common limitation. The purification efficiency is too low to provide a sufficient amount of cells (30). Furthermore, the pre-plating method does not provide certainty regarding the time point when cell populations, including high-yield MSCs, can be collected (24, 25), and the isolation process using both the MACS and FACS methods is complicated and inconvenient (26-29). Therefore, a high-yield, simple, and convenient protocol for collecting MSCs from muscular tissues needs to be developed to facilitate basic or applied muscle-related research. Here, we present a new high-yield protocol to isolate active MSCs from mouse skeletal muscle tissues as well as analyze and compare the characteristics of active MSCs separated using different protocols.
Materials and Methods
Animals
Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice aged 1∼4 weeks purchased from DBL (Eumseong, Korea) were used as donors of MSCs. All animal handling, housing, and experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the Animal Care and Use Guidelines of Kangwon National University and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Kangwon National University (IACUC approval no. KW-200421-1).
Retrieval of primary cell populations from mouse skeletal muscle tissues
Mice were sacrificed via cervical dislocation. Skeletal muscle tissues collected from the hindlimbs were washed twice with antibiotic solution consisting of Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS; Welgene, Gyeongsan, Korea) supplemented with 1% (v/v) antibiotic-antimycotic (Welgene). The washed skeletal muscle tissues were cut into small pieces and washed once with the antibiotic solution. Subsequently, the small pieces of skeletal muscle tissues were enzymatically dissociated using three different methods (Fig. S1). Method 1 involved digestion in 0.2% (w/v) collagenase type II (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Lakewood, NJ, USA) dissolved in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (HG-DMEM; Welgen) for 75 min at 37℃ (in a water bath). Method 2 involved digestion in 0.2% (w/v) collagenase type II and 0.125% (v/v) trypsin-EDTA (Welgene) dissolved in HG-DMEM for 40 min at 37℃ (in a water bath), and Method 3 involved digestion in 0.1% (w/v) pronase (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany) dissolved in Earle’s balanced salt solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 min at 37℃ (in a water bath) after incubation in 0.2% (w/v) collagenase type II dissolved in HG-DMEM for 30 min at 37℃ (in a water bath). Subsequently, the enzymes were inactivated by suspending the digested skeletal muscle tissues in HG-DMEM supplemented with 2% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Welgene). After centrifuging at 1500×g for 4 min, the supernatant was removed and red blood cells (RBCs) in the pellet were eliminated using RBC lysis buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min at room temperature. The RBC-free cells were filtered using a 100-μm cell strainer (SPL, Pocheon, Korea), followed by filtration through a 70-μm cell strainer (SPL). The filtered cells were centrifuged for 5 min at 125×g, and the collected supernatant was additionally centrifuged for 5 min at 1000×g. The pellets were then retrieved, resuspended, and used for the following experiments.
Differential plating (DP)
Five times of 105 muscle-derived primary cells were seeded onto 35-mm culture dishes (SPL) and cultured in Ham’s F10 nutrient mixture (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA ) supplemented with 15% (v/v) FBS, 2.5 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), and 1% (v/v) antibiotic-antimycotic (herein referred to as proliferation medium). After culture for 24 h, floating (non-adherent) cells were collected and centrifuged at 1,500×g for 4 min. The pellets were then re-suspended in fresh proliferation medium and incubated in 35-mm culture dishes at 37℃ in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. After 72 h, adherent cells were retrieved via treatment with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Welgene), washed with fresh proliferation medium, and used for the following experiments. Details of the DP method are shown in Fig. S1.
Immunocytochemistry
Round coverslips (SPL) were coated with 0.01% (w/v) poly-L-lysine solution (Sigma-Aldrich) and left for 1 h at room temperature. After incubating the cells on the coated coverslip for 30 min, the attached cells were washed twice with DPBS and then fixed using 4% (v/v) formaldehyde solution (Junsei Chemical, Chuo-ku, Japan) at room temperature for 10 min. Fixed cells were washed twice with DPBS and incubated in blocking solution consisting of DPBS supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated horse serum (Gibco), 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 (Biopure, Cam-bridge, MA, USA) overnight at 4℃. The blocked cells were stained with fluorescence-unconjugated Pax7 primary antibody diluted in DPBS for 3 h at room temperature. The localization of the primary antibody was identified via incubation with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody diluted in DPBS for 1 h at room temperature. Addi-tion-ally, the stained cells were incubated for 1 h at room temperature in Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated MyoD antibody diluted in DPBS. Table 1 shows the detailed information and dilutions of the antibodies used. The double-stained cells were washed three times with DPBS and counterstained with VECTASHIELD® Antifade mounting medium containing 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Labor-atories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). Subs-equently, the triple-stained cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
Statistical analysis
Numerical data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Comparative analysis among experimental groups was conducted using the least squares or Duncan’s method. The significance of the main effects was assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SAS software. p values less than 0.05 were regarded as indicating statistically significant differences.
Results
Experiment 1: Elucidation of a muscle dissociation protocol generating muscle-derived primary cell population containing active MSCs at the highest proportion
To establish an optimal enzymatic digestion method for isolating primary cell populations containing a large number of active MSCs from mouse skeletal muscle tissues, we used three different methods to enzymatically digest muscle tissue (Fig. S1). Subsequently, the presence of active MSCs co-expressing Pax7 and MyoD (both active MSC-related markers) was evaluated. We identified Pax7+/MyoD+ MSCs within muscle-derived primary cell populations generated using each of the three digestion methods. Regardless of the method used, primary cell populations dissociated from skeletal muscle tissues contained Pax7+/MyoD+ MSCs (Fig. 1A). With no significant differences, all replicates derived using Method 3 (mean±SD, 21.27±3.67%) contained the highest proportion of Pax7+/MyoD+ MSCs in muscle-derived primary cell populations compared with those derived using Method 1 (mean±SD, 17.55±5.38%) and Method 2 (mean±SD, 14.45±2.28%) (Fig. 1B). These results indicate that muscle-derived primary cell populations containing large numbers of active MSCs can be harvested from skeletal muscle tissues via digestion in 0.1% (w/v) pronase for 5 min at 37℃ after incubation in 0.2% (w/v) collagenase type II for 30 min at 37℃.
Experiment 2: Effects of DP on the enhancement of purity during the isolation of active MSCs from muscle-derived primary cell populations
We next investigated the effectiveness of the DP method for isolating active MSCs from muscle-derived primary cell populations. Using Method 3 (pronase and collagenase), we retrieved primary cell populations from skeletal muscle tissues of 3-week-old mice and separated the MSCs from the primary cell population using the DP method. The identity of the isolated MSCs was then confirmed by detecting the co-expression of Pax7 and MyoD. Most of the cells isolated from muscle-derived primary cell populations derived using the DP method exhibited double positivity for Pax7 and MyoD (Fig. 2A). The numbers of Pax7+/MyoD+ MSCs were significantly higher after DP (mean±SD, 78.19±9.72%) than before the cells were plated (mean±SD, 53.42±11.59%) (Fig. 2B). Based on these results, we confirmed that applying the DP method post-dissociation of skeletal muscle tissues enhances the selection of active MSCs from muscle-derived primary cell populations.
Experiment 3: Effects of difference in mouse age on the isolation of active MSCs from skeletal muscle tissues
To investigate the effect of mouse age on the isolation of large numbers of active MSCs from skeletal muscle tissues, putative MSCs were collected from skeletal muscle tissues derived from 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week-old mice by applying DP method post-dissociation of skeletal muscle tissues through Method 3. For each sample, active MSCs were quantified by double-staining with Pax7 and MyoD. As shown in Fig. 3, in all replicates, a significantly larger number of Pax7+/MyoD+ MSCs could be harvested from 2-week-old mice (mean±SD, 7.84±2.84×105 cells) than from 1-week-old (mean±SD, 3.19±0.42×105 cells), 3-week-old (mean±SD, 1.03±0.14×105 cells), or 4-week-old mice (mean±SD, 1.27±0.41×105 cells). Moreover, the application of DP to 2-week-old mouse samples increased the percentage of Pax7+/MyoD+ MSCs to 88.38±3.18% (mean±SD). These results indicate that active MSCs can be isolated more effectively from skeletal muscle tissues derived from 2-week-old mice.
Discussion
Here, we report a new protocol for high-yield isolation of active MSCs from skeletal muscle tissues in mice. A protocol generating muscle-derived primary cell population containing active MSCs at the highest proportion from skeletal muscle tissues and then an another protocol collecting precisely active MSCs from muscle-derived primary cell population was established in mice. In addition, sequential combination of these two protocols showed the best isolation yield of active MSCs with competence differentiating into the myotubes (Fig. S2) in the application to the skeletal tissues derived from 2-week-old mice. Accordingly, high-yield active MSCs isolated by the application of DP method post-dissociation of 2-week-old mouse-derived skeletal muscle tissues through digestion in 0.1% (w/v) pronase for 5 min at 37℃ after incubation in 0.2% (w/v) collagenase type II for 30 min at 37℃ will play a pivotal role in overcoming previous hurdles resulted from isolation of low-yield active MSCs from mouse skeletal muscle tissues, resulting in stimulating actively researches related with active MSCs.
To dissociate skeletal muscle tissues, we used different combinations of digestion enzymes. Collagenase was fundamentally used in all digestion methods to digest skeletal muscle tissues. In Method 1, we used collagenase only, in Method 2, collagenase and trypsin, and in Method 3, collagenase and pronase. The largest amount of active MSCs retrieved from primary cell populations was from skeletal muscle tissues that were digested by sequentially treating them with collagenase and pronase (Method 3) (Fig. 1). Thus, we speculate that pronase may play a crucial role in releasing active MSCs from histological networks in the skeletal muscle tissues, potentially by completely dismantling three-dimensional networks established from cell-to-cell interactions and extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules essential for skeletal muscle tissue formation. This speculation was based on a previous finding that the activities of collagenase and trypsin are restricted to cleave in the collagen network or the specific peptide sequence between serine and arginine (31, 32), whereas cleavage by pronase is random and does not depend on specific peptide sequences (32, 33).
As shown in Fig. 2, the purity of active MSCs was improved by applying the DP method to selectively enrich active MSCs from muscle-derived primary cell popula-tions. By taking advantage of the quick attachment of myocytes and myofibroblasts to the surface of culture plates, active MSCs could be easily harvested because they did not adhere as quickly as the other cells and remained floating in the medium. A previous study showed that MSCs localized in muscle tissues were quiescent and did not express any ECM proteins, whereas when separated from muscle tissues, the quiescent MSCs were immediately activated and over 42 hours gradually synthesized ECM proteins such as fibronectin (34). Moreover, the presence or absence of ECM proteins on the cell surface can influence the attachment of cells to the culture plate surface (35, 36). Therefore, the quantitative alteration of ECM protein expression on the surface of MSCs in the process of DP may contribute greatly to the effective selection of active MSCs from muscle-derived primary cell populations.
The highest yield of active MSCs was derived from the skeletal tissues of 2-week-old mice (Fig. 3). In general, hypertrophic growth in mice progresses from the time of birth up to postnatal week 6 through strong stimulation of myogenesis (37, 38). During this period, active MSCs differentiate from muscle progenitor cells and actively proliferate, resulting in the formation of many myonuclei, which increase myofiber size (37, 38). Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of an average of 50, 100, and 50 myonuclei in a myofiber of 1-, 2-, and 3-week-old mice, respectively, indicating that 2-week-old mice have the largest number of active MSCs in their muscles (39), which strongly supports our finding. Accordingly, we speculate that the largest number of active MSCs was isolated from the muscle tissues of 2-week-old mice because active MSCs are more abundant in muscle tissues in mice of that age than in the muscle tissues of 1- and 3-week-old mice.
In this study, we could develop the convenient and economic isolation protocol of active MSCs from skeletal muscle tissues by reducing the time of exposure to proteolytic enzymes, simplifying differential plating steps, and not using ECM proteins. In previously reported isolation protocols, skeletal muscle tissues are exposed to proteolytic enzymes for 90∼145 min to release mononuclear cells from skeletal muscle tissues (25, 40, 41). However, in this study, the exposure time of the proteolytic enzymes can be reduced to 35 min using collagenase type II and pronase. In addition, most of the reported isolation protocols of active MSCs have complicated differential plating consisting of three to eight steps (25, 40, 41). In our isolation protocol, active MSCs could be isolated from skeletal muscle tissue-derived primary cell populations through one differential plating step. Also, ECM proteins, such as collagen and Matrigel, are used to remove fibroblasts or induce adherence of active MSCs on ECM proteins in general (25, 40, 41). However, we could isolate a similar or higher yield of active MSCs without ECM proteins compared to the retrieval yield of active MSCs derived from most of the reported isolation protocols.
In conclusion, we established a high-yield isolation protocol for collecting active MSCs by applying the DP method to primary cell populations harvested from skeletal muscle tissues of 2-week-old mice. The skeletal muscle tissues were digested with collagenase type II for 30 min at 37℃ and then with pronase for 5 min at 37℃. This protocol is expected to play a pivotal role in overcoming previous hurdles often encountered when attempting to isolate active MSCs from mouse skeletal muscle tissues. By enabling the economically efficient, high-yield isolation of active MSCs from mouse skeletal muscle tissues, our protocol will contribute greatly to boosting muscle-related research.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary data including one table and two figures can be found with this article online at https://doi.org/10.15283/ijsc21179
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