1. GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377:13–27.

2. Meigs JB, Wilson PW, Fox CS, Vasan RS, Nathan DM, Sullivan LM, et al. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and risk of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91:2906–12.

3. Primeau V, Coderre L, Karelis AD, Brochu M, Lavoie ME, Messier V, et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011; 35:971–81.

4. Gao M, Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang R, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to unhealthy metabolic status, and vascular disease in Chinese adults: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020; 17:e1003351.

5. Bluher M. Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocr Rev. 2020; 41:405–20.
6. Magkos F. Metabolically healthy obesity: what’s in a name? Am J Clin Nutr. 2019; 110:533–9.

7. Jung CH, Lee MJ, Kang YM, Jang JE, Leem J, Hwang JY, et al. The risk of incident type 2 diabetes in a Korean metabolically healthy obese population: the role of systemic inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 100:934–41.

8. Jung CH, Kang YM, Jang JE, Hwang JY, Kim EH, Park JY, et al. Fatty liver index is a risk determinant of incident type 2 diabetes in a metabolically healthy population with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016; 24:1373–9.

9. Hinnouho GM, Czernichow S, Dugravot A, Batty GD, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of mortality: does the definition of metabolic health matter? Diabetes Care. 2013; 36:2294–300.
10. Gast KB, Tjeerdema N, Stijnen T, Smit JW, Dekkers OM. Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e52036.

11. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28:412–9.

12. Du T, Yuan G, Zhang M, Zhou X, Sun X, Yu X. Clinical usefulness of lipid ratios, visceral adiposity indicators, and the triglycerides and glucose index as risk markers of insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014; 13:146.

13. Simental-Mendia LE, Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008; 6:299–304.

14. Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendia LE, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Ramos-Zavala MG, Hernandez-Gonzalez SO, et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95:3347–51.

15. Lee SH, Han K, Yang HK, Kim MK, Yoon KH, Kwon HS, et al. Identifying subgroups of obesity using the product of triglycerides and glucose: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2010. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015; 82:213–20.

16. Lee SH, Han K, Yang HK, Kim HS, Cho JH, Kwon HS, et al. A novel criterion for identifying metabolically obese but normal weight individuals using the product of triglycerides and glucose. Nutr Diabetes. 2015; 5:e149.

17. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021; 44(Suppl 1):S15–33.
18. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004; 363:157–63.
19. Oh SW. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2011; 35:561–6.

20. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285:2486–97.
21. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, McGinn AP, Rajpathak S, Wylie-Rosett J, et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168:1617–24.

22. Karelis AD, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Inclusion of C-reactive protein in the identification of metabolically healthy but obese (MHO) individuals. Diabetes Metab. 2008; 34:183–4.

23. Despres JP. Excess visceral adipose tissue/ectopic fat the missing link in the obesity paradox? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57:1887–9.
24. Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB Sr, Steyerberg EW. Extensions of net reclassification improvement calculations to measure usefulness of new biomarkers. Stat Med. 2011; 30:11–21.

25. Uno H, Tian L, Cai T, Kohane IS, Wei LJ. A unified inference procedure for a class of measures to assess improvement in risk prediction systems with survival data. Stat Med. 2013; 32:2430–42.

26. Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Machann J, Schick F, Thamer C, Rittig K, et al. Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168:1609–16.

27. Rhee EJ, Lee MK, Kim JD, Jeon WS, Bae JC, Park SE, et al. Metabolic health is a more important determinant for diabetes development than simple obesity: a 4-year retrospective longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e98369.

28. Bell JA, Kivimaki M, Hamer M. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2014; 15:504–15.

29. Aung K, Lorenzo C, Hinojosa MA, Haffner SM. Risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease in metabolically unhealthy normal-weight and metabolically healthy obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99:462–8.

30. Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159:758–69.

31. Phillips CM. Metabolically healthy obesity: definitions, determinants and clinical implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013; 14:219–27.

32. Rey-Lopez JP, de Rezende LF, Pastor-Valero M, Tess BH. The prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and critical evaluation of the definitions used. Obes Rev. 2014; 15:781–90.

33. Kang YM, Jung CH, Jang JE, Hwang JY, Kim EH, Park JY, et al. The association of incident hypertension with metabolic health and obesity status: definition of metabolic health does not matter. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016; 85:207–15.

34. Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Short MI, Xanthakis V, Field P, Sponholtz TR, Larson MG, et al. Natural history of obesity subphenotypes: dynamic changes over two decades and prognosis in the Framingham Heart Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 104:738–52.

35. Kim HS, Lee J, Cho YK, Park JY, Lee WJ, Kim YJ, et al. Differential effect of metabolic health and obesity on incident heart failure: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021; 12:625083.

36. Navarro-Gonzalez D, Sanchez-Inigo L, Fernandez-Montero A, Pastrana-Delgado J, Martinez JA. TyG index change is more determinant for forecasting type 2 diabetes onset than weight gain. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95:e3646.
37. Stefan N, Haring HU, Hu FB, Schulze MB. Metabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013; 1:152–62.
