초록
연구배경
방법
결과
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
REFERENCES
Table 1.
Male |
Female |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA | LP | LO | Total | P | LA | LP | LO | Total | P | |
Unweighted number of subjects | 249 | 1,521 | 59 | 1,829 | 791 | 1152 | 488 | 2,431 | ||
Weighted proportion | 11.8 (0.9) | 84.0 (1.0) | 4.2 (0.6) | 25.8 (1.1) | 49.2 (1.3) | 28.0 (1.3) | ||||
Age, y | 73.5 (0.4)a | 72.6 (0.1) | 75.1 (0.8)a | 72.8 (0.1) | 74.8 (0.2)b | 70.9 (0.2) | 74.9 (0.3)b | 73.0 (0.1) | ||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.3 (0.2) | 23.7 (0.1) | 23.9 (0.4) | 23.7 (0.1) | 24.7 (0.1)a | 24.3 (0.1) | 24.4 (0.2) | 24.4 (0.1) | ||
Household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Lower | 65.4 (3.8) | 35.7 (1.5) | 45.6 (7.6) | 39.7 (1.5) | 79.8 (1.6) | 40.9 (1.9) | 40.3 (2.8) | 50.8 (1.5) | ||
Middle lower | 21.5 (3.2) | 31.4 (1.4) | 17.7 (5.3) | 29.7 (1.2) | 15.5 (1.4) | 30.1 (1.5) | 24.4 (2.2) | 24.8 (1.0) | ||
Middle upper | 7.5 (2.0) | 18.8 (1.2) | 23.8 (6.1) | 17.7 (1.0) | 2.9 (0.7) | 16.2 (1.3) | 20.6 (2.2) | 14.0 (0.9) | ||
Upper | 5.6 (1.7) | 14.0 (1.3) | 13.0 (5.6) | 12.9 (1.2) | 1.8 (0.6) | 12.8 (1.4) | 14.7 (2.0) | 10.5 (0.9) | ||
Education, y | 0.039 | <0.001 | ||||||||
≤9 | 60.3 (3.7) | 51.8 (1.5) | 58.8 (7.7) | 53.1 (1.4) | 82.5 (1.5) | 72.7 (1.8) | 80.7 (2.2) | 77.5 (1.2) | ||
10-15 | 25.7 (3.2) | 29.7 (1.3) | 34.6 (7.6) | 29.5 (1.2) | 13.6 (1.4) | 19.8 (1.5) | 16.6 (2.2) | 17.3 (1.0) | ||
≥16 | 14.0 (2.4) | 18.5 (1.3) | 6.5 (3.1) | 17.5 (1.2) | 3.8 (0.9) | 7.5 (1.1) | 2.6 (0.7) | 5.2 (0.6) | ||
Urban dwelling (vs. rural) | 78.9 (3.5) | 79.8 (2.2) | 74.5 (6.8) | 79.5 (2.2) | 0.559 | 72.3 (2.9) | 80.6 (2.2) | 79.5 (3.1) | 78.1 (2.1) | 0.016 |
Smoker (vs. nonsmoker) | 28.0 (3.3) | 15.8 (1.1) | 11.9 (5.3) | 17.1 (1.1) | 0.002 | 2.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.4) | 3.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (0.50) | 0.199 |
Alcohol consumption frequency per week | 0.422 | 0.155 | ||||||||
0 | 45.9 (3.3) | 41.1 (1.5) | 39.8 (7.5) | 33.6 (1.3) | 33.5 (1.9) | 36.5 (1.7) | 34.2 (2.4) | 63.2 (1.2) | ||
1 | 23.8 (3.0) | 27.6 (1.3) | 21.4 (5.8) | 34.3 (1.3) | 22.7 (1.6) | 24.4 (1.4) | 24.5 (2.4) | 32.5 (1.2) | ||
≥2 | 30.3 (3.2) | 31.3 (1.4) | 38.9 (7.7) | 32.1 (1.3) | 43.8 (1.9) | 39.2 (1.6) | 41.3 (2.6) | 4.3 (0.4) | ||
Aerobic exercise doerc (vs. non-doer) | 34.1 (3.5) | 35.5 (1.5) | 27.4 (6.6) | 35.0 (1.4) | 0.455 | 24.2 (1.7) | 27.7 (1.6) | 24.8 (2.3) | 26.0 (1.1) | 0.310 |
Having chronic diseasesd | 44.5 (3.4) | 40.5 (1.5) | 45.7 (7.7) | 41.2 (1.4) | 0.499 | 46.6 (1.9) | 40.3 (1.8) | 39.5 (2.7) | 41.7 (1.2) | 0.055 |
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1,917.96 (59.481) | 1,912.6 (22.)3 | 1,741.5 (118.7) | 1,906.1 (21.4) | 1,369.6 (25.1)a | 1,557.7 (25.2) | 1,343.8 (26.0)a | 1,449.3 (15.6) |
Values are presented as mean (standard error) or proportion (standard error).
Differences between groups were tested using general linear modelling analysis for continuous variable and chi-square tests for categorical variable.
Abbreviations: LA, live alone; LO, live with other(s) without a partner; LP, live with a partner with or without other(s).
a Significantly different from the group of living with a partner with or without other(s) at P<0.05 for continuous variable.
Table 2.
Male |
Female |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA | LP | LO | LA | LP | LO | ||
Unweighted number of subjects | 249 | 1,521 | 59 | 791 | 1,152 | 488 | |
Weighted proportion | 11.8 (0.9) | 84.0 (1.0) | 4.2(0.6) | 25.8 (1.1) | 49.2 (1.3) | 28.0 (1.3) | |
KHEI (0-100) | 64.5 (1.0)a | 66.9 (0.6) | 63.5 (1.7)a | 68.6 (1.2) | 68.6 (1.2) | 65.1 (1.2)b | |
Adequacy index | |||||||
Breakfast (0-10) | 9.2 (0.1)a | 9.6 (0.1) | 8.8 (0.3)a | 9.3 (0.2)a | 9.6 (0.2) | 9.0 (0.2)b | |
Whole grains (0-5) | 2.1 (0.2)b | 2.8 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.2) | |
Total fruit, including juice (0-5) | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.5 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.2)a | |
Fruit, excluding juice (0-5) | 2.3 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.2) | 2.2 (0.2)a | |
Total vegetable, including Kimchi and pickles (0-5) | 3.8 (0.1) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.7 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2)a | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2)a | |
Vegetable, excluding Kimchi and pickles (0-5) | 3.2 (0.1) | 3.3 (0.1) | 3.0 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.2)a | |
Meat, fish, eggs, and beans (0-10) | 6.7 (0.3) | 7.0 (0.2) | 6.9 (0.6) | 7.4 (0.3) | 7.4 (0.3) | 6.9 (0.3)a | |
Milk and dairy (0-10) | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.4)a | 3.3 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | |
Subtotal (0-55) | 32.1 (0.9)a | 33.7 (0.5) | 31.2 (1.6) | 34.4 (0.9) | 34.8 (0.9) | 31.5 (0.8)b | |
Moderation index | |||||||
Saturated fatty acid (0-10) | 8.5 (0.2)a | 8.9 (0.1) | 9.0 (0.3) | 8.5 (0.3)a | 8.8 (0.3) | 8.8 (0.3) | |
Sodium (0-10) | 6.7 (0.3) | 6.8 (0.2) | 7.0 (0.5) | 8.5 (0.2) | 8.3 (0.2) | 8.5 (0.2) | |
Empty calorie foods (0-10) | 8.8 (0.2)a | 9.3 (0.1) | 8.6 (0.5) | 8.6 (0.3) | 8.8 (0.3) | 8.7 (0.3) | |
Subtotal (0-30) | 24.0 (0.4)a | 25.0 (0.2) | 24.6 (0.6) | 25.5 (0.5) | 25.8 (0.4) | 25.9 (0.5) | |
Balance of energy intake index | |||||||
Carbohydrate (0-5) | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) | |
Fat (0-5) | 3.0 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.3) | 3.1 (0.2) | 3.0 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.2) | |
Total energy (0-5) | 3.2 (0.2) | 3.2 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.2) | |
Subtotal (0-15) | 8.4 (0.4) | 8.2 (0.2) | 7.7 (0.8) | 7.9 (0.5) | 8.0 (0.4) | 7.7 (0.4) |
Values are presented as means (standard error).
Numbers in the parenthesis of the first column are the score range of each item. Adjusted means were estimated with the general linear modellings adjusted for age (continuous), household income level (lower, middle lower, middle upper, and upper) and educational attainment (≤9, 10-15, and ≥16), locality of dwelling (rural or urban), current smoking status (yes or no), alcohol intake frequency per week (0, 1, and ≥2), aerobic exercise doer (higher than 600 MET-min/week, yes or no), and having chronic diseases (yes or no). Chronic diseases included stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, depression, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, and all types of cancer.
Abbreviations: KHEI, Korean Healthy Eating Index; LA, live alone; LO, live with other(s) without a partner; LP, live with a partner with or without other(s); MET, metabolic equivalent task.
Table 3.
LA | P | LP | LO | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | ||||||
Poor dietary quality | 20.6 (2.7) | 7.3 (0.8) | 8.9 (3.6) | |||
Model 1a | 3.28 (1.83-3.84) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.25 (0.52-3.02) | 0.616 | |
Model 2b | 2.65 (1.83-3.84) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.25 (0.52-3.00) | 0.621 | |
Model 3c | 2.43 (1.65-3.57) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.26 (0.51-3.14) | 0.617 | |
Model 4d | 2.45 (1.66-3.60) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.27 (0.51-3.16) | 0.614 | |
Female | ||||||
Poor dietary quality | 9.6 (1.2) | 5.7 (0.8) | 12.9 (1.8) | |||
Model 1a | 1.33 (0.92-1.94) | 0.134 | Reference | 1.86 (1.14-3.02) | 0.013 | |
Model 2b | 1.11 (0.76-1.62) | 0.592 | Reference | 2.01 (1.22-3.29) | 0.006 | |
Model 3c | 1.11 (0.76-1.62) | 0.592 | Reference | 1.95 (1.18-3.24) | 0.009 | |
Model 4d | 1.10 (0.75-1.60) | 0.630 | Reference | 1.98 (1.19-3.28) | 0.008 |
Values are presented as proportion (standard error) or OR (95% CI).
ORs and 95% CIs were obtained from survey logistic regression analysis.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; KHEI, Korean Healthy Eating Index; LA, live alone; LO, live with other(s) without a partner; LP, live with a partner with or without other(s); MET, metabolic equivalent task; OR, odds ratio.
b Model 2: model 1+further adjustment for household income level (lower, middle lower, middle upper, and upper), educational attainment (≤9, 10-15, and ≥16), and locality of dwelling (rural or urban).