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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21.3q26.2) was added to the 2016 WHO classification as a distinct entity categorized within AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities [1]. The translocation t(3;21) is regarded as an myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-related cytogenetic abnormality occurring after chemotherapy or radiation therapy that suggests a poor prognosis and rapid disease progression [2]. Detection of t(3;21) is clinically important because of the grave prognostic implications [3]. The WHO distinguishes AML with t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) from AML with inv(3) or t(3;3), which is typical of therapy-related neoplasms (t-MN) [1]. Without a history of cytotoxic or radiation treatment, t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) is included in the cytogenetic abnormalities within the diagnostic criteria for AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) [1]. The t(3;21) (q26.2;q22.1) translocation involves gene rearrangement in the MDS1-EVI1 complex (MECOM) locus on chromosome 3q26 [4]. Although inv(3)(q21.3q26.2), t(3;3)(q21.3q26.2), and t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) commonly involve 3q26.2, hematologic neoplasms with t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) are classified as AML-MRC or t-MN. We attempted to determine the clinical signatures of patients with t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) using multigene target sequencing.
Based on a retrospective review of 1,945 patients diagnosed as having a myeloid neoplasm (928 patients with AML, 811 patients with MDS, 127 patients with AML-MRC, and 79 patients with t-MN) over the past 10 years (January 2010 to December 2019), four patients had the chromosome aberration t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) based on G-banding analysis. To detect hidden t(3;21), which was not detected using G-banding in follow-up samples, we performed FISH for MECOM rearrangement using XL MECOM (3q26) Dual Color Break Apart Rearrangement Probe (MetaSystems, Altlussheim, Germany). To find unique gene variants associated with t(3;21), we sequenced a 506- or 650-gene panel for hematologic malignancies using the Illumina NextSeq550 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The institutional review boards of Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center in Korea approved this study (Nos. 2008-068-1147 and 20-2020-149, respectively).
Case 1 (23-year-old male) was diagnosed as having hypoplastic MDS at the age of two years (Table 1, Fig. 1). Prednisolone and oxymetholone were administered without chemotherapy. At 23 years of age, the patient developed pancytopenia (Hb, 45 g/L; white blood cell [WBC] count, 1,290×106/L; platelet [PLT] count, 10×109/L), and he was diagnosed as having MDS with excess blasts 1 (MDS-EB1). The bone marrow (BM) was markedly hypocellular (cellularity, 1%–10%) with blasts (7.5%). A peripheral blood smear showed a dysgranulopoietic feature in the neutrophils. G-banding revealed the cytogenetic aberration 46,XY,t(3;21) (q26;q22)[8]/46,XY[15]. MECOM rearrangement was detected in 49% of the BM nucleated cells (Supplemental Data Figure S1). Multigene sequencing revealed eight somatic variants in RUNX1 (c.1184A>C, p.Glu395Ala), BCOR (c.4071+1G>A, p?), MXRA5 (c.6508G>T, p.Ala2170Ser), RAF1 (c.353A>G, p.Tyr118Cys), TERF1 (c.186_188del, p.Glu62del), RELN (c.3513G>C, p.Met1171Ile), STRIP2 (c.560G>A, p.Arg187Gln), and CACNA1E (c.598C>G, p.Leu200Val). The patient underwent two peripheral blood stem cell transplantations (PBSCTs) from his sister and from his mother, respectively. The disease subsequently progressed to AML-MRC and remission was achieved after chemotherapy. He is currently planning to undergo lung transplantation for chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
Case 2 (17-year-old male) was previously diagnosed as having osteosarcoma (OSA). Nine months after chemotherapy with alkylating agents (methotrexate, busulfan, and melphalan), the patient developed pancytopenia (Hb, 119 g/L; WBC, 2,980×106/L; PLT, 73×109/L), and he was diagnosed as having t-MDS. G-banding revealed the cytogenetic aberration 45,XY,t(3;21)(q26;q11.2),–7[1]/51,idem,+8,+9,+13,+14,+20,+mar[4]/46,XY[17]. MECOM rearrangement was present in 7% of the BM nucleated cells. Nine somatic variants were detected in RUNX1 (c.1184A>C, p.Glu395Ala), DHX58 (c.1613C>T, p.Ala538Val), RTEL1 (c.2395C>G, p.Leu799Val), DDX54 (c.1529G>A, p.Arg510His), CBL (c.122_127dup, p.His41_His42dup), PASD1 (c.706_708del, p.Ala236del), STAT5B (c.881G>A, p.Arg294His), FAH (c.391C>T, p.Arg131Trp), and TNFAIP3 (c.991G>C, p.Asp331His). He died 31 months after PBSCT from his father.
Case 3 (66-year-old male) was diagnosed as having rectal cancer at 59 years of age and was administered chemotherapy (oxaliplatin, folinic acid, and fluorouracil). He was diagnosed as having t-AML 5 years later. The BM was hypercellular (cellularity 81%–90%), with 32.2% blasts. G-banding revealed the cytogenetic aberration 46,XY,t(15;17)(q24;q21)[12]/46,XY[8] and FISH revealed 99% PML/RARA rearrangement. Two years after the patient achieved remission, he was diagnosed as having t-MDS, and FISH revealed 9% MECOM rearrangement, without PML/RARA rearrangement. A somatic variant in TERF1 (c.186_188del, p.Glu62del) was detected.
Case 4 (72-year-old female) was diagnosed as having bladder cancer 5 years earlier. She was diagnosed as having MDS, unclassifiable (Hb, 74 g/L; WBC, 900×106/L; PLT, 48×109/L). G-banding revealed the cytogenetic aberration 46,XX,t(3;21)(q26.2;q22), and FISH was not performed because of poor sample quality. Three somatic variants were detected in SF3B1 (c.2098A>G, p.Lys700Glu), GATA2 (c.99C>G, p.Tyr33*), and GNAS (c.107C>G, p.Ala36Gly). The disease progressed to AML after 36 months and the patient died of AML.
The frequency of the t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) MECOM rearrangement was 0.2% among AML and MDS patients (4/1,945). Two patients with de novo MDS had no history of chemotherapy or radiotherapy (cases 1 and 4). The other two patients, with t-MN, had a history of OSA as the primary cancer (case 2) and a history of chemotherapy due to rectal cancer and subsequent therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) (case 3), respectively.
Ninety consecutive FISH analyses for MECOM rearrangement were performed in cases 1, 2, and 3. The G-banding and FISH results were 100% concordant at initial diagnosis, whereas the concordance was 83.3% at follow-up when 16.7% of the samples were analyzed only using the FISH probe for MECOM, which was not detected using G-banding. Dysmegakaryopoietic features were observed in all four patients, with a percentage of dyspoietic megakaryocytes ranging from 10% to 75.0% (mean, 52.3%). Dysmegakaryopoietic features were determined using Wright–Giemsa staining of BM aspirates and immunohistochemical staining for CD61 (CD61 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody, Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) in BM sections, based on WHO criteria [5].
The overall survival (OS) was 78 months (case 1), 31 months (case 2), 37 months (case 3), and 36 months (case 4) (mean OS, 45.5 months). Two-year survival was 100% and 3-year survival was 75%, whereas 5-year survival was 25%. Case 4 was the oldest patient, who died 36 months after the initial diagnosis. Case 2 showed the shortest OS; this patient harbored monosomy 7 in the context of t(3;21) at initial karyotyping, whereas the other patients had t(3;21) only. Summerer, et al. [6] reported poor outcomes in patients with MECOM rearrangement and multiple cytogenetic alterations, especially in chromosome 7, compared to those of patients with a single aberration. Case 2 showed a poor prognostic implication of monosomy 7 in a patient with t(3;21). In case 1, the patient was still alive after 78 months. The survival of these patients was not as poor as expected for patients with t(3;21), with a reported median OS for AML and MDS in Korea of 15.7 and 17.7 months, respectively [7, 8].
Targeted multigene sequencing was performed using a 356- or 507-gene panel including known leukemia-related genes and WHO 2016 genetic predisposition genes. The variant-calling strategy is described in Supplemental Data Figure S2, and pathogenicity was assessed according to the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines [9]. Variant calling revealed 21 somatic variants that were sorted into tier groups (Table 2) [10]. Somatic variants in RUNX1 and CBL are strongly associated with a short OS in MDS patients [11]. RUNX1 (c.1184A>C, p.Glu395Ala) was detected at the same site in two patients (cases 1 and 2) and CBL (c.122_127dup, p.His41_His42dup) was detected in one patient (case 2). None of the patients with t(3;21) harbored germline predisposition mutations to myeloid neoplasms. Ripperger, et al. [12] suggested the MECOM locus as a novel candidate gene for hereditary hematological malignancies, and their literature review revealed that constitutional MECOM variants include mutations and microdeletions. Reported variants in MECOM are p.His751Arg (missense), p.Arg750Trp (missense), and p.Cys766Gly (missense), with the latter as the most frequently reported MECOM variant [12]. Inherited predisposition genes related to myeloid neoplasms and MECOM variants were not detected in patients with t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) in this study.
The limitation of this study is that the germline analysis results could not be confirmed using saliva samples. Alternatively, the detected variants from serial BM samples in the same patients were reviewed based on clinical associations and correlated with the patient’s clinical course. As a small number of patients were enrolled because t(3;21)(q26.2;q22.1) is rare, we compared the survival length of MDS and AML patients who received intensive treatment in Korea. To consider the Korean ethnicity, we filtered out the variants observed in healthy Korean controls [13].
In conclusion, the frequency of t(3;21) is very low (0.2%), and the association between t(3;21) and t-MN is 50%. Targeted multigene sequencing revealed 21 somatic variants in patients with MECOM rearrangement with t(3;21), including in CBL, GATA2, and SF3B1. RUNX1 (c.1184A>C, p.Glu395Ala) was detected in half of the patients. The detection rate of t(3;21) by FISH was higher than that by G-banding at follow-up; thus, FISH is recommended for monitoring and should be considered a routine evaluation for patients with MECOM rearrangements.
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