The term “benign fibro-osseous lesion” refers to a non-neoplastic condition in which normal bone is replaced with a fibrous connective tissue matrix that contains abnormal bone or cementum^1,2. The classification has been revised over time, and in 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a classification approach for benign fibro-osseous lesions into four categories based on the clinical, radiological, and pathological features: 1) ossifying fibroma, 2) cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD), 3) fibrous dysplasia³.

COD is the most common benign fibro-osseous lesion and primarily occurs in the mandible^3-5. COD can be subdivided into three types with respect to the location of the lesion in the jaw: periapical, focal, and florid. Periapical COD is a dysplastic lesion that develops in the anterior site of the mandible. Focal COD describes lesions that occur in one quadrant of the posterior site of the mandible. Florid COD, in a more extensive form, features lesions in more than one quadrant of the jaw.

COD is a self-limiting and dysplastic lesion, not a neoplasm. Many patients do not present with symptoms and are diagnosed incidentally during routine dental examinations⁶. However, some patients experience non-specific discomfort in the affected area or show cortical bone erosion in radiographic imaging. Asymptomatic patients do not typically undergo surgery, but surgical intervention might be performed in symptomatic patients^7-9. Therefore, the presence or absence of symptoms is an important factor in planning treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with clinical symptoms in COD patients, which will ultimately aid in treatment.

Of a total of 62 patients, 57 were female and 5 were male. The mean age of the study patients was 49 years (standard deviation [SD], 13.6 years) and ranged from 16-83 years.(Table 1) For the patients who underwent surgery, no periapical COD was observed, and only two cases were diagnosed as florid COD. Only one case, in the maxilla, was determined to be florid COD. All other lesions occurred in the mandible. Regardless of the symptoms, the most common cases occurred in the posterior site of the mandible. The probability of symptoms occurring when the size of the lesion was less than 1.5 cm was approximately four times higher than for cases with a lesion size ≥1.5 cm (odds ratio, 4.038) (P=0.009). (Table 2) No statistically significant difference was identified for the association between symptom presentation and lesion stage (P=0.272). Symptomatic patients were confirmed to have apex involvement in the lesion. To detect any local infections, we compared the history of endodontic treatment of patients who did not undergo extraction. The results indicated that most of the patients did not receive any previous endodontic treatment.(Table 3)

This study was conducted to compare patients with and without symptoms to assess factors that could affect symptoms and presentation. Ideally, COD should be diagnosed based on clinical and radiological features, and biopsies should be performed only in limited cases¹⁰. Most of the patients visited the author’s institution for further evaluation after incidental recognition of the lesion. Asymptomatic patients diagnosed with COD based on clinical and radiological examination were recommended to undergo an observation period prior to surgical treatment. However, some of these patients wanted to rule out other possible pathologies and then undergo surgical excision. Therefore, surgical intervention was performed in some asymptomatic patients based on patient preferences. This approach allowed us to examine factors that impact symptom presentation by comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic patients.

Many studies have shown that COD predominantly occurs in women and is common between the ages of 40 to 50 years^7-11. Consistent with the predilection identified in women in other studies, our data also showed a predominance in women (91.9%), with the highest rate of 50% at 40-69 years old. The cause for the COD prevalence in women is unknown, but one hypothesis of a hormonal imbalance that affects bone remodeling has drawn attention¹¹. Clinically, COD can be divided into three types depending on location: periapical (anterior), focal (posterior), and florid (more than one quadrant). Olgac et al.¹⁰ reported a higher prevalence of focal COD, followed by periapical COD and florid COD. In this study, focal COD was the most frequently observed type, while florid COD was only identified in two cases. However, Cavalcanti et al.¹² reported a higher prevalence of periapical COD (57.3%), followed by focal COD (28%), and florid COD (14.6%). There is no consensus on which of the three types is most prevalent¹³.

It is difficult to distinguish COD from many other lesions based on only radiographic properties. The differential diagnosis should take into account the stage of development of the lesion and the possibility of associated entities, including osteomyelitis and simple bone cysts¹⁴. Because the initial stage of COD presents with radiolucency on the lesion, it can be difficult to distinguish from other cysts or periapical lesions. In fact, among the cases included in this study, the following were noted: radiolucent lesions at the apex were first diagnosed as radicular cyst, and the patients underwent endodontic treatment and cyst enucleation. However, in each case, excisional biopsy revealed that the lesion was a COD. The radiological radiolucency was initially diagnosed as a radicular cyst instead of the osteolytic stage of COD. Similar to COD, an ossifying fibroma has similar clinical and radiological characteristics, which can complicate differential diagnosis. The difference between the two is that COD is a reactive lesion that does not require treatment, and an ossifying fibroma is a true neoplasm that requires intervention¹⁵. Therefore, it is important to determine a differential diagnosis from other lesions that require treatment. Further, accurate diagnosis is important because unnecessary endodontic treatment and surgery can be performed due to misdiagnosis.

COD is a self-limiting lesion with mean size of 1.5 cm¹⁶. In this study, the mean lesion size was 1.5 cm (SD, 5.01 cm). Symptoms were identified in cases with lesions smaller than 1.5 cm. However, the direct cause was not clear, and there is a limited number of studies that has assessed lesion size in COD. This is probably because asymptomatic patients are not identified until the lesion size increases, but symptomatic patients can recognize the symptoms quickly due to discomfort before the lesion size increases.

Su et al.¹⁵ noted that 70% of COD is in close contact with the apex. COD typically occurs in the periodontal ligament tissue because it occurs in relation to the apical foramen of the tooth, and histopathological characteristics often indicate the proliferation of tissues such as cementum¹⁷. This study suggests that symptoms are likely to occur if the lesion contains the involved tooth apex. The apical involvement of related teeth can be communicated with the external environment through the periodontal ligament space and pulp chamber. Therefore, teeth with caries, periodontal disease, and/or pulp involvement are at increased risk of infection.

Infections that occur within the COD lesion are prone to necrosis of the affected area due to low vascularization and increased bone hardness and acellularity. The possible causes of infection include chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, tooth caries that can lead to pulp necrosis, tooth extraction, and slight irritation from dentures^17,18. In this study, a relationship between symptoms and local infection was confirmed. Proximity between the oral flora and the lesion can cause infection. If infection occurs from a COD that has a sclerotic lesion with narrow blood vessel distribution, the case becomes more susceptible to necrosis¹⁸.

COD patients require periodic observation with routine panorama follow-up to assess changes, and oral hygiene should be maintained to prevent lesion infection, even while asymptomatic^7-9. If symptoms present, surgical intervention is required^14,17,18. COD does not destroy bone or cause root resorption but does have continuity with surrounding structures, making it difficult to separate the lesion from the surrounding tissues¹⁹. Although there is no consensus on the most appropriate treatment for COD lesions, curettage/surgical removal with or without antibiotic/analgesics is considered the most appropriate¹⁸. In other studies, surgical removal/curettage associated with antibiotics/analgesics was the most common treatment (89.4%) after which no recurrence was reported (84.8%). We first performed oral hygiene management and prescribed systemic antibiotics. Antibiotics play an adjuvant role to kill bacteria by forming a new biofilm before the bacteria attach to the necrotic bone²⁰. We excised the lesion and curettage in cases with signs of disease progression, such as osteomyelitis. Periodontal treatment was performed if there was a periodontal problem on the affected tooth, and root canal treatment was performed if pain for percussion or with an apical lesion was reported. If the symptoms were not relieved after these steps, the related tooth was extracted.

COD is a disease without specific symptoms, and treatment methods do not vary depending on the type or intensity of symptoms. If symptoms are present, surgical intervention is required, and the approach does not differ based on the presence or absence of each symptom. Therefore, we divided the reported symptoms based on patient report and performed a simple comparative analysis. Clinical and radiological factors related to the presence of symptoms were identified, and these related factors were size, apical involvement, and local infection. Based on these results, patients with these factors tended to present with symptoms, indicating possible need for surgical invention. Therefore, we recommend that patients closely adhere to follow-up assessment scheduling.

This study was conducted in patients with COD that was confirmed histologically. However, one limitation was the number of subjects, with only 62 included in the study. Further studies with more patients are needed to support the findings. Additional studies are needed as more diverse studies reveal factors that influence the presence or absence of symptoms and provide immediate treatment options to patients and follow-up before additional symptoms appear.

COD is a benign fibrous bone lesion, and most cases are asymptomatic. However, if symptoms occur, surgical treatment is required. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with symptoms in COD patients. Apical involvement, lesion size (less than 1.5 cm), and local infection all affected symptoms.