The Clinical Outcomes of Different First-Line EGFR-TKIs Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma

Yen-Hsiang Huang; Kuo-Hsuan Hsu; Chun-Shih Chin; Jeng-Sen Tseng; Tsung-Ying Yang; Kun-Chieh Chen; Kang-Yi Su; Sung-Liang Yu; Jeremy J.W. Chen; Gee-Chen Chang

doi:10.4143/crt.2021.671

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Huang, Hsu, Chin, Tseng, Yang, Chen, Su, Yu, Chen, and Chang: The Clinical Outcomes of Different First-Line EGFR-TKIs Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma

Original Article

Lung and Thoracic cancer

Cancer Res Treat 2022;54(2):434-444.

Published online: 2 August 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.671

The Clinical Outcomes of Different First-Line EGFR-TKIs Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma

Yen-Hsiang Huang^1,², Kuo-Hsuan Hsu³, Chun-Shih Chin¹, Jeng-Sen Tseng^1,^2,⁴, Tsung-Ying Yang¹, Kun-Chieh Chen^5,^6,⁷, Kang-Yi Su^8,⁹, Sung-Liang Yu^8,^9,^10,^11,^12,¹³, Jeremy J.W. Chen², Gee-Chen Chang^2,^4,^5,^6,⁷

¹Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

²Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

³Division of Critical Care and Respiratory Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

⁴Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

⁶Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁷School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁸Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁹Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁰Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹¹Center of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹²Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹³Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Correspondence: Gee-Chen Chang, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No.110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Tel: 886-4-2473-9595 (ext. 34412), Fax: 886-4-2473-9595 (ext. 34710), E-mail: geechen@gmail.com

Co-correspondence: Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Tel: 886-4-2284-0896 (ext. 125), Fax: 886-4-2285-3469, E-mail: jwchen@dragon.nchu.edu.tw

Received 3 June 2021 Accepted 29 July 2021

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of various epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) plus bevacizumab in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Materials and Methods

From August 2016 to October 2020, we enrolled advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring exon 19 deletion or L858R receiving gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib plus bevacizumab as the first-line treatment for the purposes of analysis.

Results

A total of 36 patients were included in the final analysis. Three patients received gefitinib, 17 received erlotinib, and 16 received afatinib combined with bevacizumab as the first-line treatment. The objective response rate was 77.8%, and disease control rate was 94.4%. The overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 16.4 months, while the median PFS was 17.1 months in patients with exon 19 deletion, and 16.2 months in patients with L858R mutation (p=0.311). Regarding the use of different EGFR-TKIs, the median PFS was 17.1 months in the erlotinib group and 21.6 months in the afatinib group (p=0.617). In patients with brain metastasis at baseline, the median PFS was 18.9 months in the erlotinib group and 16.4 months in the afatinib group (p=0.747). Amongst patients harboring exon 19 deletion, the median PFS was 16.2 months in the erlotinib group and not-reached in the afatinib group (p=0.141). In patients with L858R mutation, the median PFS was 18.9 months in the erlotinib group and 16.2 months in the afatinib group (p=0.481).

Conclusion

Our research demonstrates that not only erlotinib combined with bevacizumab, but also afatinib plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment, provides solid clinical efficacy in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Keywords: ErbB receptors, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Bevacizumab, Lung neoplasms, Adenocarcinoma

Introduction

Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Amongst patients with lung cancer, 80%–85% were classified as non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, the treatment for NSCLC is individualized and based on the results of histology and molecular biology tests. Patients with an oncogenic druggable mutation and genotype-directed therapy experience longer overall survival (OS) [1]. In Asia, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is the most common driver mutation gene, and accounts for approximately 50%–60% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma [2,3]. Previous clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC patients undergoing first- and second-generation EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment experienced better progression-free survival (PFS) and fewer adverse effects than patients who underwent platinum-based chemotherapy [4,5].

Regarding different generations of EGFR-TKI, LUX-Lung 7, a phase 2B study, showed that afatinib, a second-generation EGFR-TKI, resulted in significantly greater improvement in PFS than gefitinib, a first-generation EGFR-TKI, in treatment-naive patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC [6]. Another phase 3 trial, an ARCHER-1050 study, proved that EGFR-mutation-positive NSCLC patients given dacomitinib, a second-generation EGFR-TKI used as first-line treatment, experienced longer PFS and OS than did patients who were prescribed gefitinib [7]. Furthermore, the FLAURA study found that osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI, displayed efficacy superior to that of both gefitinib and erlotinib in the first-line treatment of EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC [8,9]. Although we did not find any clinical trials to compare the efficacy of the second-generation and third-generation EGFR-TKIs, a retrospective study in Japan demonstrated that there was no significant difference in time to discontinuation between the afatinib and osimertinib groups [10].

To eradicate cancer cells, a series of stepwise events involving the anti-cancer immune response must be initiated [11]. Thus, a combination treatment was considered a reasonable approach to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy and was investigated. In previous phase 2 clinical trials, the clinical efficacy of erlotinib with bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitor, in NSCLC patients with activating EGFR mutation was inconclusive [12,13]. Three phase 3 trials, the NEJ 026, RELAY, and CTONG 1509 studies, proved that erlotinib plus VEGF pathway inhibitors (bevacizumab and ramucirumab) prolonged the PFS in NSCLC patients harboring exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R mutation [14–17]. Regarding the use of second-generation EGFR-TKIs combined with VEGF pathway inhibitors, a phase 2 trial, the AfaBev-CS study, remains ongoing for the purpose of evaluating the clinical benefits of afatinib combined with bevacizumab [18]. A multicenter observational study in Taiwan has found that the combination of afatinib and bevacizumab provides positive clinical outcomes for PFS and OS with acceptable safety results in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients [19].

Although there have been some real-world analyses of the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab [19–21], few studies have addressed the impact of different first-line EGFR-TKIs with bevacizumab on the clinical outcomes of combination therapy. Therefore, we conducted the present study in order to investigate the issues mentioned above.

Materials and Methods

1. Study design and patients

This study was a retrospective, single-center, observational study performed at Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH) in Taiwan.

We enrolled lung cancer patients between August 2016 and October 2020. To be eligible for the study, patients had to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: a diagnosis of histologically and cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma, recurrence, or stage IV lung cancer according to the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee for Cancer staging system, activating EGFR mutation with exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R point mutation, treatment with first-line EGFR-TKIs, including gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib, as well as having received bevacizumab during EGFR-TKIs treatment. Patients were excluded if they had experienced EGFR mutations other than exon 19 deletion and L858R mutation, did not receive bevacizumab during EGFR-TKIs treatment, or if they had been diagnosed with another active malignancy. Computed tomography of the chest was performed every three months in order to qualify for National Health Insurance reimbursement. Additionally, for patients with brain metastasis, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was conducted every three months. Treatment response to EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab was evaluated by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (ver. 1.1).

Each patient’s demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, smoking status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), clinical stage, condition of brain metastasis at baseline, EGFR mutation status at baseline, type and starting dose of EGFR-TKI treatment, and starting dose of bevacizumab, as well as the best response to EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab and best PFS and OS for EGFR-TKI combined with bevacizumab were collected for analysis.

2. EGFR mutation test

The EGFR mutations of tumor tissue were assessed through use of either the Cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2 (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA) or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The method for MALDI-TOF MS was based upon our previous studies [3,22,23]. The detection procedure was according to the user’s manual of the MassARRAY System (Cat. No.10411, SEQUENIM, San Diego, CA acquired by Agena Bioscience, http://agenabio.com/, San Diego, CA in 2014). Extracted DNA was used to perform serial biochemical reactions, including 40 cycles of PCR reaction; shrimp alkaline phosphatase treatment and 200 cycles of signal nucleotide extension reaction by using the iPLEX Pro reagent kit containing Sequenase, iPLEX Pro reaction mixture, and home-designed probes. After SpectroClean Resin clean up, samples were loaded onto the matrix of the SpectroCHIP by Nanodispenser (Matrix) and then analyzed by the Bruker Autoflex MALDI-TOF MS. Data were collected and analyzed by MassARRAYTyper (ver. 4) software (Agena Bioscience).

3. Statistical analyses

Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the difference between erlotinib and afatinib with regard to patients’ characteristics. Survival curves, including PFS and OS, were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, while differences in survival time were analyzed using the log-rank test. All statistical tests were done with SPSS ver. 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) software. Two-tailed tests and p-values < 0.05 for significance were used.

Results

1. Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with first-line EGFR-TKI combined with bevacizumab treatment (n=36)

In total, 36 recurrent and stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients undergoing first-line EGFR-TKI combined with bevacizumab treatment were enrolled for analysis (Fig. 1). The baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median age was 60 years old, with 17 male patients (47.2%), and 27 (75.0%) with no history of smoking. The ECOG PS was 0–1 in all patients. Five patients (13.9%) were stage IVA, while 26 (72.2%) were stage IVB. Five patients (13.9%) experienced disease recurrence after surgery. Brain metastasis was noted at baseline in 22 patients (61.1%), while fourteen (38.9%) harbored EGFR exon 19 deletion, and 22 (61.1%) had exon 21 L858R point mutation. Three patients (8.3%) received gefitinib, 17 (47.2%) received erlotinib and 16 (44.5%) received afatinib as first-line EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab treatment.

2. Starting dose of EGFR-TKIs and bevacizumab (n=36)

The median duration of treatment in patients with gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib plus bevacizumab were 13.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3 to 20.7), 17.7 months (95% CI, 12.4 to 23.0) and 22.3 months (95% CI, 13.5 to 31.1), respectively. Three patients (100%) received gefitinib as first-line EGFR-TKI treatment at a starting dose of 250 mg, while 17 (100%) received erlotinib at a starting dose of 150 mg (Table 2). Amongst the patients receiving afatinib as first-line therapy, 12 (75%) took afatinib at a dosage of 40 mg, while four (25%) started from 30 mg. Bevacizumab was administered at a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg in all patients (100%) with median 15 cycles (ranging from 3 to 34 cycles). Four patients (11.1%) decreased their dosage of EGFR-TKIs during treatment involving EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab. Two patients with afatinib and one patient with erlotinib adjusted their dosage of EGFR-TKIs due to acneiform dermatitis (grade 3), and one patient with afatinib was adjusted because of stomatitis (grade 3). Additionally, one patient discontinued bevacizumab due to proteinuria (grade 3). The adverse events of EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab were summarized in Table 3. The most common adverse event was skin rash and acne (83.3%), followed by diarrhea (44.4%), paronychia (44.4%), and proteinuria (38.9%).

3. Efficacy of first-line EGFR-TKI combined with bevacizumab (n=36)

The data cutoff date was 30 April 2021. The median follow-up time of PFS was 14.6 months, and the median follow-up time of OS was 24.2 months. Two patients’ treatment response to first-line EGFR-TKI combined with bevacizumab could not be evaluated. Six patients had stable disease, and 28 patients had partial response under the strategy of EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab. The overall objective response rate (ORR) was 77.8%, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 94.4% (Table 1).

The estimated median PFS was 16.4 months (95% CI, 13.2 to 19.6) (Fig. 2A), and the estimated median OS was 59.6 months (Fig. 2B). Concerning different EGFR mutations, in patients with exon 19 deletion, the estimated median PFS was 17.1 months (95% CI, 9.2 to 25.1), with the estimated median PFS being 16.2 months (95% CI, 13.1 to 19.3) amongst patients harboring L858R mutation (log-rank test, p=0.311) (Fig. 2C). In patients with brain metastasis at baseline, the estimated median PFS was 18.9 months (95% CI, 14.3 to 23.4), and the estimated median PFS was 14.8 months (95% CI, 11.9 to 17.7) amongst patients without brain metastasis at baseline (log-rank test, p=0.531) (Fig. 2D).

4. Comparison of patients’ characteristics between the erlotinib and afatinib groups (n=33)

After excluding patients who were administered gefitinib as first-line EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab treatment, 33 patients given erlotinib or afatinib combined with bevacizumab as first-line treatment were enrolled for analysis. Comparisons of patients’ baseline characteristics between the erlotinib (n=17) and afatinib groups (n=16) are summarized in Table 4. Although there were no statistical differences, the percentage of patients with brain metastasis at baseline was higher in the erlotinib group than in the afatinib group. All four patients experiencing recurrence after surgery received afatinib plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment. Other clinical factors including age, sex, smoking status, ECOG PS, baseline EGFR mutation, bone metastasis at baseline, and liver metastasis at baseline were equally distributed in the erlotinib and afatinib groups.

5. Comparison of PFS between the erlotinib and afatinib groups (n=33)

The estimated median PFS of patients receiving erlotinib plus bevacizumab was 17.1 months (95% CI, 12.3 to 21.9), and the estimated median PFS of patients with afatinib plus bevacizumab was 21.6 months (95% CI, 13.9 to 29.2) (log-rank test, p=0.617) (Fig. 3A). Amongst patients with brain metastasis at baseline, the estimated median PFS of patients in the erlotinib group was 18.9 months (95% CI, 11.2 to 26.5), and the estimated median PFS of patients in the afatinib group was 16.4 months (95% CI, 16.0 to 16.9) (log-rank test, p=0.747) (Fig. 3B).

Regarding different EGFR mutations at baseline, in patients with exon 19 deletion, the estimated median PFS of patients in the erlotinib group was 16.2 months (95% CI, 12.9 to 19.6), while the estimated median PFS of patients in the afatinib group was not reached (log-rank test, p=0.141) (Fig. 3C). In patients with exon 21 L858R point mutation, the estimated median PFS of patients in the erlotinib group was 18.9 months (95% CI, 4.5 to 33.2), while the estimated median PFS of patients in the afatinib group was 16.2 months (95% CI, 9.6 to 22.8) (log-rank test, p=0.481) (Fig. 3D).

Discussion

Our research has demonstrated that in real-world practice EGFR-TKIs combined with bevacizumab as first-line treatment provided satisfactory efficacy in advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring EGFR mutation. No matter the subtype of EGFR mutation or status of brain metastasis at baseline, patients could experience clinical benefits from the combination treatment of EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab. The statistical analysis proved that there was no difference in PFS between the afatinib and erlotinib combined with bevacizumab therapies.

In the clinical trial of NEJ026, the ORR and DCR of erlotinib plus bevacizumab for patients with EGFR-positive NSCLC were 72% and 95%, respectively [14]. Additionally, the median PFS of the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group was significantly longer than that of the erlotinib group (16.9 vs. 13.3 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.605; 95% CI, 0.417 to 0.877; p=0.016). Wang et al. [20] conducted a real-world, single-arm study which showed that the combination of erlotinib and bevacizumab resulted in an ORR of 83.7% and a DCR of 97.9% for untreated metastatic EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma. The median PFS was 22.0 months (95% CI, 19.7 to 22.33), and the median OS 47.6 months (95% CI, 38.87 to 56.37). In another real-world, two-arm study, Tsai et al. [21] demonstrated that the combination of EGFR-TKI and bevacizumab improved PFS when compared to the monotherapy group (17.0 months vs. 11.0 months; HR, 0.48; p=0.002) for patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC. In our research, the ORR was 77.8%, and the DCR 94.4% in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab. The median PFS was 16.4 months, and the median OS 59.6 months. Taken together, the abovementioned clinical trials and other real-world studies, along with the present study confirm the clinical efficacy of the combination therapy using EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab.

At present, the clinical benefits of afatinib plus bevacizumab versus afatinib alone have not yet been evaluated through clinical trials. In a phase 1 single-arm study, afatinib plus bevacizumab provided an ORR of 81.3% and DCR of 100% for untreated patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC, where the median PFS was 24.2 months (95% CI, 16.3 to NR) [24,25]. Another phase 1 study showed that EGFR-TKI–naïve advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations receiving afatinib combined with bevacizumab treatment had an ORR of 55% and DCR of 100%, where the median PFS was 16.8 months (95% CI, 4.4 to 18.8) [26]. A multicenter observational study demonstrated that the ORRs and DCRs of afatinib plus bevacizumab therapy were 87.7% and 100%, respectively, for patients with untreated EGFR-mutated advanced lung adenocarcinoma [19]. Regarding the above study, the median PFS was 23.9 months (95% CI, 17.56 to 29.17), and the median OS was 45.9 months (95% CI, 39.50 to 53.60). Furthermore, Hsu et al. [19] stated that most of the adverse events were grade 2 or lower and manageable, with 35.4% (17/48) experiencing dose reduction from 40 mg to 30 mg. In our study, the median PFS was 21.6 months (95% CI, 13.9 to 29.2) in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients who were administered afatinib plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment. Three patients (25%) had dose de-escalation from 40 mg to 30 mg (due to acneiform dermatitis in two patients, and stomatitis in 1 patient). Although Hsu’s study and the present investigation demonstrated the clinical efficacy of afatinib combined with bevacizumab, clinical trials are still necessary in order to confirm whether the combination therapy of afatinib and bevacizumab could provide better clinical outcomes than afatinib alone.

Previous meta-analysis studies showed that first-generation and second-generation EGFR-TKIs statistically prolonged PFS in a significant manner when compared with platinum-based chemotherapy [4,5]. However, it seems that patients with exon 19 deletion experience better clinical benefits through EGFR-TKIs treatment than do patients with L858R point mutation based on a relatively lower HR. This phenomenon could be explained by the difference in structure of EGFR, the rate of concomitant mutation, and tumor mutation burden between exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R point mutation [27–29]. In combination therapy involving EGFR-TKIs and anti-angiogenic agents, the NEJ026 showed that the HR of PFS and OS was relatively lower in patients harboring L858R mutation than in patients with exon 19 deletion [14,15]. The HRs of PFS and OS for patients harboring L858R mutation were 0.57 and 0.79, respectively. The HR of PFS in patient with exon 19 deletion was 0.69, and the HR of OS was 1.34. In the RELAY study, the HRs of PFS in the L858R mutation and exon 19 deletion groups were 0.618 and 0.651, respectively [16]. In a real-world analysis, Tsai et al. [21] suggested that the combination of EGFR-TKI and bevacizumab could significantly improve PFS and OS in NSCLC patients harboring L858R mutation group; however, the subgroup analysis found that there was no clinical efficacy in patients with exon 19 deletion. In our research, there was no statistical difference in the median PFS of EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab between patients with exon 19 deletion and L858R mutation (17.1 months vs. 16.2 months; log-rank test, p=0.311). According to the above results, this implies that EGFR-TKIs combined with VEGF inhibitors could overcome the weak effect achieved using EGFR-TKI alone in patients harboring L858R point mutation.

The clinical trials of LUX-Lung 7 and ARCHER-1050 showed that second-generation EGFR-TKIs resulted in significantly greater improvement in PFS compared with gefitinib in treatment-naive patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC [6,7]. In real-world research, Kim et al. [30] demonstrated that the PFS of afatinib was significantly longer than that of both gefitinib and erlotinib (19.1 months vs. 13.7 vs. 14.0 months, p=0.001). However, no study has ever been performed to investigate the clinical efficacy of different EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab. In the present study, we have shown that the median PFS of patients administered erlotinib plus bevacizumab treatment was 17.1 months (95% CI, 12.3 to 21.9), and the median PFS of patients receiving afatinib plus bevacizumab was 21.6 months (95% CI, 13.9 to 29.2). Although there was a trend indicating that the patients in afatinib group had longer PFS than the erlotinib group, it did not reach statistical significance (log-rank test, p=0.617). Regarding the subtype of EGFR mutation at baseline and the status of brain metastasis at baseline, there was no significant difference between the erlotinib and afatinib groups. Based on our findings, we suggest that the patients given afatinib plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment experienced good clinical efficacy, which was not inferior to patients receiving erlotinib plus bevacizumab.

Recent clinical trials have investigated the role of third-generation EGFR-TKI combined with anti-VEGF inhibitor [31–33]. In a phase 1 study, Yu et al. [31] demonstrated that 25 advanced T790M-positive EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients receiving osimertinib plus ramucirumab experienced an ORR of 76% and a median PFS of 11.0 months with tolerable toxicity. However, WJOG 8715L, a randomized phase 2 trial, revealed that osimertinib plus bevacizumab did not provide better PFS than osimertinib alone in EGFR T790M-mutated NSCLC patients previously treated with EGFR-TKI [32]. In a first-line setting, a phase 1/2 trial enrolled 49 metastatic EGFR-mutant lung cancer patients who received the combination treatment of osimertinib and bevacizumab [33]. The PFS at 12 months was 76%, and the median PFS was 19 months. Although osimertinib is a more potent EGFR-TKI, we still need further clinical trials to confirm the clinical benefits of osimertinib plus anti-VEGF inhibitor in advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

Previously studies have shown that approximately 50%–60% of EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients harbor T790M mutation after progressive disease following first-line EGFR-TKIs treatment [34,35]. In our study, 27 (75%) patients experienced disease progression at the end of the follow-up period. Fourteen (51.8%) of them received re-biopsy, and 8 (57%) patients harbored T790M mutation. Previous clinical trials and real-world data have also confirmed that the combination treatment of EGFR-TKI and anti-angiogenic agents did not influence the frequency of T790M mutation [16,19,21]. In a FLAURA study, NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutation and receiving osimertinib as first-line treatment experienced longer PFS and OS than patients with first-generation EGFR-TKIs [8,9]. Alternatively, the GioTag study demonstrated that the median time on treatment with afatinib and sequential osimertinib was 27.7 months, while the median OS was 37.6 months in patients with EGFR-mutation-positive NSCLC [36]. In the present study, 6 patients with T790M mutation received EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab, with subsequent osimertinib treatment, resulting in an estimated PFS and OS of 32.5 and 59.6 months, respectively. Thus, if further research is able to prove that the PFS of first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab is not inferior to that of osimertinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients, the combination therapy of EGFR-TKI and VEGF pathway inhibitors may be a better choice as a first-line treatment.

The present research is the first study to investigate the impact of different EGFR-TKIs on the clinical efficacy of combination therapy with bevacizumab in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients. However, this study has still some limitations. First, because bevacizumab is not reimbursed by National Health Insurance in Taiwan, the group of patients given EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment was relatively small. Second, the present research was a single-center, retrospective study, so there may have been greater bias when compared with prospectively designed studies. Third, only Taiwanese individuals were eligible for analysis. Therefore, our findings may not be generalizable to other ethnic populations. Finally, due to economic considerations, our patients received bevacizumab with a dose of 7.5 mg/kg rather than the standard dose of 15 mg/kg used in clinical trials. However, previous clinical trials have demonstrated that non-squamous NSCLC patients receiving 7.5 mg/kg bevacizumab with chemotherapy experienced clinical efficacy equal to that of patients receiving 15 mg/kg bevacizumab [37,38]. Thus, we believe that the use of EGFR-TKIs plus a reduced dose of bevacizumab likely did not influence our findings.

Our findings shed light on the clinical efficacy of EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab as a first-line treatment in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients, as well as the impact of different EGFR-TKIs used, in terms of the clinical outcomes of combination therapy with bevacizumab. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that patients with combination therapy of EGFR-TKI and bevacizumab experienced satisfactory PFS and did not have a decreased mutation rate of T790M mutation. Additionally, we suggest that not only erlotinib combined with bevacizumab, but also afatinib plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment, provided sufficient efficacy in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Notes

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of TCVGH, Taiwan, with written informed consent for genetic testing and clinical data records obtained from all patients (IRB No. CF12019).

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the analysis: Huang YH, Hsu KH, Chin CS, Tseng JS, Yang TY, Chen KC, Su KY, Yu SL, Chen JJW, Chang GC.

Collected the data: Huang YH, Hsu KH, Chin CS, Tseng JS, Yang TY, Chen KC, Su KY, Yu SL, Chen JJW, Chang GC.

Contributed data or analysis tools: Huang YH, Hsu KH, Chin CS, Tseng JS, Yang TY, Chen KC, Su KY, Yu SL, Chen JJW, Chang GC.

Performed the analysis: Huang YH, Hsu KH, Chin CS, Tseng JS, Yang TY, Chen KC, Su KY, Yu SL, Chen JJW, Chang GC.

Wrote the paper: Huang YH, Hsu KH, Chin CS, Tseng JS, Yang TY, Chen KC, Su KY, Yu SL, Chen JJW, Chang GC.

Conflicts of Interest

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

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Fig. 1

The flowchart of patient collection. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Fig. 2

Clinical efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitor combined with bevacizumab. (A) Progression-free survival. (B) Overall survival. (C) Progression-free survival of patients with exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R mutation. (D) Progression-free survival of patients with brain and without brain metastasis at baseline. CI, confidence interval.

Fig. 3

Progression-free survival of patients with erlotinib and afatinib as first-line treatment combined with bevacizumab. (A) Progression-free survival of different epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in all patients. (B) Progression-free survival of different EGFR-TKIs in patients with brain metastasis at baseline. (C) Progression-free survival of different EGFR-TKIs in patients harboring exon 19 deletion. (D) Progression-free survival of different EGFR-TKIs in patients harboring exon 21 L858R point mutation. CI, confidence interval.

Table 1

The patients’ characteristics and demographic data

Characteristic	No. (%) (n=36)
Age, median (range, yr)	60 (39–81)
Sex
Male	17 (47.2)
Female	19 (52.8)
Smoking status
Non-smokers	27 (75.0)
Former or current-smokers	9 (25.0)
ECOG PS
0	6 (16.7)
1	30 (83.3)
Stage
Postoperation recurrence	5 (13.9)
4A	5 (13.9)
4B	26 (72.2)
Brain metastasis at baseline
Yes	22 (61.1)
No	14 (38.9)
Baseline *EGFR* mutation status
Exon 19 deletion	14 (38.9)
Exon 21 L858R point mutation	22 (61.1)
First-line EGFR-TKI
Gefitinib	3 (8.3)
Erlotinib	17 (47.2)
Afatinib	16 (44.5)
Treatment response
Stable disease	6 (16.7)
Partial response	28 (77.7)
Could not be evaluated	2 (5.6)
Objective response rate (%)	77.8
Disease control rate (%)	94.4

ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Table 2

The starting dose of EGFR-TKIs and bevacizumab

Starting dose	No. (n=36)
EGFR-TKI
Gefitinib 250 mg	3
Erlotinib 150 mg	17
Afatinib 40 mg	12
Afatinib 30 mg	4
Bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg	36^a)
Dose de-escalation
Erlotinib 150 mg → 100 mg	1^b)
Afatinib 40 mg → 30 mg	3c)

EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

^a) One patient discontinue bevacizumab due to protein-uria,

^b) Acneiform dermatitis,

^c) Acneiform dermatitis 2, stomatitis 1.

Table 3

The selective adverse events of EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab (n=36)

Adverse event	Any grade	Grade ≥ 3
Skin rash/Acne	30 (83.3)	3 (8.3)
Diarrhea	16 (44.4)	0
Paronychia	16 (44.4)	0
Proteinuria	15 (38.9)	1 (2.8)
Stomatitis	13 (36.1)	1 (2.8)
Increased aminotransferase	11 (30.6)	3 (8.3)
Hypertension	5 (13.9)	0
Bleeding	4 (11.1)	0

Values are presented as number (%). EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Table 4

The patients’ characteristics of the erlotinib and afatinib groups (n=33)

Characteristic	First-line EGFR-TKI		p-value^a)
Characteristic	Erlotinib	Afatinib	p-value^a)
Age (yr)
≥ 65	7 (41.2)	4 (25.0)	0.465
< 65	10 (58.8)	12 (75.0)
Sex
Male	9 (52.9)	7 (43.8)	0.732
Female	8 (47.1)	9 (56.2)
Smoking status
NS	14 (82.4)	11 (68.8)	0.438
C/FS	3 (17.6)	5 (31.2)
ECOG PS
0	4 (23.5)	2 (12.5)	0.656
1	13 (76.5)	14 (87.5)
Stage
Postoperation recurrence	0	4 (25.0)	0.096
4A	2 (11.8)	1 (6.2)
4B	15 (88.2)	11 (68.8)
Brain metastasis at baseline
Yes	14 (82.4)	8 (50.0)	0.071
No	3 (17.6)	8 (50.0)
Bone metastasis at baseline
Yes	12 (70.6)	12 (75.0)	> 0.99
No	5 (29.4)	4 (25.0)
Liver metastasis at baseline
Yes	0	2 (12.5)	0.227
No	17 (100)	14 (87.5)
Baseline *EGFR* mutation
Exon 19 deletions	7 (41.2)	6 (37.5)	> 0.99
Exon 21 L858R	10 (58.8)	10 (62.5)

Values are presented as number (%). C/FS, current/former-smokers; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; NS, non-smokers; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

^a) By Fisher’s exact test.

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