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INTRODUCTION
Thyroid surgery is most often performed to treat thyroid cancer. Until 2014, thyroid cancer was the most common cancer in the Republic of Korea, ranking first in incidence among all cancers and ranking third among all malignant tumors in 2016. It is the second most common cancer in women and the most common cancer for both sexes in the 15–34 age group [1].
The extent of thyroidectomy remains debated due to potential complications, such as hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury, impairing quality of life (QOL), although total thyroidectomy (TT) has long been considered as the standard treatment for thyroid cancer. TT controls thyroid cancer with multiple tumor foci and facilitates the interpretation of serum thyroglobulin for predicting recurrence during the postoperative period. Radioactive iodine may be added after TT to ablate remnant thyroid tissues and potential residual lesions. Nevertheless, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) recommend a more conservative thyroid surgery approach, suggesting that thyroid lobectomy may be enough for differentiated thyroid cancer smaller than 4 cm without extrathyroidal extension [2,3].
Voice change is a common problem that patients encounter after thyroid surgery. Approximately 30% to 80% of patients complain of voice alteration after thyroid surgery [4-12]. Although the pathogenesis of voice change related to thyroid surgery remains elusive, RLN injuries have been definitively established as a cause, with post-surgical rates ranging from 2.3% to 26% [13]. Patients with RLN injuries do not always present with voice change; thus, clinicians sometimes do not recognize patients’ RLN status during the postoperative follow-up. Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is another well-known cause of voice change. EBSLN injury results in difficulty in speaking in a high tone or singing [14,15]. Furthermore, some patients demonstrate voice change after thyroid surgery without obvious nerve injuries. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms related to voice change other than RLN or EBSLN injury have been proposed, including wound fibrosis, laryngotracheal fixation, venous congestion due to vascular ligation during surgery, edema of the vocal folds by interruption of lymphatic flow around the larynx, and laryngeal compression by balloon intubation during general anesthesia.
Speech is a tool for sharing thoughts with others, communicating ideas, and achieving social activity; thus, voice alterations have a profound impact on QOL [6]. In 2013, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery released clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for voice care following thyroid surgery [6]. In the 2015 ATA and 2016 KTA guidelines for thyroid nodules, laryngeal examinations were recommended before thyroid surgery [2,3]. The Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics (KSLPL) recognized the necessity of voice care given current trends and sought to develop a new standard CPG for voice management related to thyroid surgery.
INTENDED USERS
The guidelines are intended for all clinicians treating thyroid surgery and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) participating in patient care. These guidelines also aim to promote an improved understanding of voice change after thyroid surgery among policymakers, counselors, and patients scheduled to undergo thyroid surgery.
ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMITTEE AND SELECTION OF KEY QUESTIONS
The committee was organized into advisory, operating, and working groups. The operating members included the committee chair and two executives appointed by the KSLPL. The advisory group consisted of 19 KSLPL board members with extensive clinical experience. The working group consisted of 19 KSLPL members. The advisory and operating groups identified the subject requiring CPG development as “voice care for patients undergoing thyroid surgery” and then confirmed the 14 key questions (KQ; consisting of two preoperative, six intraoperative, and six postoperative questions) (Table 1) during the first three meetings. The working group participated in the development of the CPG independently of the KSLPL. The committee held a kick-off meeting on April 28, 2019, and participated in monthly conference calls to develop the CPG.
LITERATURE SEARCH
A literature search of the OVID Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and KoreaMED databases was conducted on July 25, 2019, using search words selected by the committee. The retrieved articles were collected in Endnote X9 (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY, USA). After automatically removing duplicates, the committee members selected potentially relevant papers according to the title/abstract. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) human studies, (2) article publication type, and (3) English-language text. The committee members then conducted a full-text review to determine the final relevant papers. The search strategy, number of included/excluded articles, and search are presented in Fig. 1, Supplementary Material 1, and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE LITERATURE AND GRADES OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND EVIDENCE LEVELS
We classified the literature as (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or well-conducted systematic reviews or meta-analyses, (2) prospective cohort studies without randomization, (3) casecontrol studies with participants from multiple centers, (4) retrospective studies, and (5) expert opinions or case series. For quality assessment of studies, the Cochrane Risk of Bias for RCTs, the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies v1.5 for non-critical control studies (non-RCTs and observational studies), and A Measurement Tool to Assess the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews or meta-analysis were used [16,17]. After completing the guideline statements, we determined the evidence level for each statement based on the articles used to develop the guidelines. The evidence level was classified as high-quality, moderate-quality, or low-quality (Table 2) [16]. The strength of each guideline recommendation was established by the committee after an in-depth discussion considering the evidence level, disease burden, risk/benefit of statements, and local medical circumstances. We adopted the American College of Physicians grading system (Table 3). The final decision about guideline strength was made at the seventh meeting (September 28, 2019).
CONSENSUS REGARDING THE RECOMMENDATIONS AND MANUSCRIPT DEVELOPMENT
Consensus on the recommendations for each KQ was reached through a Delphi survey. For the Delphi consensus, we sent e-mails to doctors specializing in thyroid surgery for more than 10 years in the KSLPL and executive director members of the KTA, Korean Association of Thyroid and Endocrine Surgeons, Korean Intraoperative Neural Monitoring Society, and Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. A total of 73 experts responded to the survey. The respondents were asked to choose one of the following responses: fully agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or fully disagree. A final agreement was reached for each survey item if more than twothirds of the panel members responded with “fully agree” or “agree.”
PLAN FOR RELEASE AND UPDATE OF GUIDELINES
The guideline will be updated every 5 years to reflect new clinical data and the latest trends.
A. Preoperative management
KQ 1. Is preoperative laryngeal visual examination necessary?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: performing a preoperative laryngeal visual examination
Comparison: not performing a preoperative laryngeal visual examination
Outcome: detecting the rate of laryngeal abnormalities
Recommendation
The clinician should perform preoperative laryngeal visualization in all patients undergoing thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (40, 70.2%), agree (8, 14.0%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 3.5%), disagree (7, 12.3%), fully disagree (0)
Preoperative laryngeal visualization is recommended because it can (1) assess vocal fold mobility as well as vocal fold mucosal lesions in patients with vocal symptoms, (2) identify normal-voiced patients with pre-existing vocal fold paralysis (VFP), (3) predict the possibility of extrathyroidal extension of thyroid cancers and establish a proper surgical plan, and (4) evaluate the baseline status of preoperative laryngeal function for postoperative voice care.
Farrag et al. [18] reported that 32% of patients with impaired vocal fold movement before thyroid surgery were asymptomatic. Randolph and Kamani [19] also reported that 67% of invasive cases presenting with preoperative vocal cord paralysis did not have voice change at presentation. In the cases of median fixation of a paralyzed vocal fold in the absence of a glottal gap, mucosal wave propagation can occur during phonation. The resulting voice sounds normal, and patients may not recognize their voice change. Furthermore, a complaint of voice problems before thyroidectomy does not always indicate VFP. Nam et al. [20] investigated the incidence of coincident abnormal laryngeal lesions for patients who had dysphonia before thyroidectomy and found that approximately 35% of patients had laryngeal mucosal lesions, including vocal nodule, vocal polyp, Reinke’s edema, and vocal cyst, as well as VFP. Pre-existing laryngeal lesions may affect voice quality after thyroidectomy.
The presence of VFP before thyroid surgery implies the invasive nature of thyroid cancer because gross invasion of the RLN by thyroid cancer is correlated with a high recurrence rate and mortality rate [21]. If cancer involves the RLN, the surgeon must secure a safe resection margin and preserve the contralateral RLN. However, it is often challenging to determine whether the RLN is invaded by thyroid cancer when it is close to the posterior thyroid capsule. A previous study reported that laryngoscopy showed 76% sensitivity and 100% specificity for predicting RLN invasion, whereas neck computed tomography (CT) showed 23% sensitivity [19].
Vocal fold mobility can be assessed using various instruments, including a mirror, flexible or rigid laryngeal endoscopy, stroboscopy, ultrasonography, and electromyography. The approach used is usually dependent on the institutional facilities. Among them, the flexible laryngoscope has several advantages over other laryngeal instruments. It enables laryngeal visualization with less gag reflex and enables the observation of the vocal fold status in the anteriorly displaced arytenoid and during compensatory supraglottic movement [22-25].
Rigid laryngeal endoscopy is commonly conducted to visualize laryngeal diseases. Still, it may be challenging to observe vocal fold lesions using the rigid laryngeal endoscopy when the gag reflex is provoked or there is anterior displacement of the arytenoid cartilage due to VFP. Laryngeal stroboscopy is the gold standard for assessing mucosal wave propagation during phonation. It also enables a detailed evaluation of vibratory patterns, such as the regularity and symmetry of vibrations, and facilitates the diagnosis of incomplete VFP or combined laryngeal mucosal lesions [26,27]. However, if two vocal folds cannot produce sufficient contact with vibration, interpretation via stroboscopic images may be limited. Laryngeal ultrasonography is a non-invasive method that is mainly used in facilities not equipped with laryngeal endoscopes; however, its inter-examiner reliability is relatively low, it is less reliable for patients with calcified thyroid cartilage, and it has a learning curve for the operator [27].
Most otolaryngologists use laryngeal endoscopy (rigid or flexible) to assess vocal fold mobility, and endocrine surgeons usually refer to otolaryngologists to evaluate the vocal fold movement of patients with voice change in Korea. The British Thyroid Association recommends a laryngeal status examination for all patients with thyroid cancer or voice change undergoing thyroid surgery [28]. The German Association of Endocrine Surgeons and the International Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Neural Monitoring Society announced that preoperative laryngoscopy is imperative to exclude or verify preexisting VFP in all patients undergoing thyroid surgery [29,30]. Organizations from the United States recommend preoperative laryngeal examinations in patients at high risk for RLN injury, including preexisting voice alteration, large thyroid nodules, history of neck surgery, posteriorly located thyroid cancer, and extensive cervical lymph node metastases [2,6,31,32].
The economic burden of rising medical expenses is another consideration. One reason why preoperative laryngeal examinations are performed only in selected patients may be attributed to the cost-to-benefit ratio, especially in low-risk thyroid cancer patients without voice change [33]. However, in Korea, because the cost of a laryngeal endoscope is very low and is also covered by national insurance, the economic burden related to laryngeal examinations is relatively low. In addition, preoperative laryngeal examination and documentation can be used for any medico-legal issues related to postoperative voice changes. Considering the importance of voice, the usefulness of preoperative laryngoscopy, and the cost-to-benefit ratio, the committee recommends that a preoperative laryngeal visual examination should be performed for all thyroid surgery patients.
KQ 2. Is a preoperative voice assessment necessary?
Population: patients undergoing thyroidectomy
Intervention: preoperative voice assessment
Comparison: no preoperative voice assessment
Outcome: usefulness of the assessment
Recommendations
1. The clinician should check the voice status of all patients undergoing thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)
Expert opinion (n=73): fully agree (47, 64.4%), agree (15, 20.5%), neither agree nor disagree (7, 9.6%), disagree (3, 4.1%), fully disagree (0), no answer (1, 1.4%)
2. In the following cases, a preoperative voice assessment is indicated (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence)
- Patients with voice problems before surgery
- Patients with abnormal findings on a laryngeal visual examination before surgery
- Patients at high risk of voice change after surgery
Expert opinion (n=73): fully agree (52, 71.2%), agree (18, 24.7%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 2.7%), disagree (1, 1.4%), fully disagree (0)
Approximately 33% of patients scheduled for thyroidectomy demonstrate preoperative voice symptoms [34,35]. Voice problems noted before thyroidectomy can be caused not only by RLN invasion, but also by preexisting voice disorders. For instance, impaired thyroid function may lead to swelling of the vocal folds, causing voice change [36,37]. It is crucial to document preoperative voice status as baseline data to counsel patients about their impaired voice or provide appropriate postoperative voice therapy [7,11,20]. Voice status can be easily checked by asking the patients or caregivers if their voice sounds “normal” or “different.”
A Voice Handicap Index (VHI; VAS) can be used to describe patients’ voice status in two aspects: the quality of the voice and the degree to which voice symptoms (if any) affect daily life. The patient assigns a score between 0 and 100 points; a score of 0 means normal, while a higher value indicates abnormal findings [38]. Further voice assessments are recommended if there are any voice symptoms before surgery, abnormal laryngeal findings, or a high risk of RLN injury during surgery. Different voice assessment tools are used depending on the hospital and medical environment; oftentimes, special training is required to interpret the parameters of those tools.
There are several ways to evaluate a patient’s voice before surgery, including patient self-assessment, psychosomatic assessment by an experienced SLP, and acoustic analysis of a voice recording using computer software. The former two methods are easy, simple, and highly reproducible methods that do not need specialized assessment equipment. First, for the self-assessment method, patients are asked to report whether they have noticed changes in their vocal pitch, loudness, quality, or endurance. Among various self-assessment questionnaires, the VHI developed by Jacobson in 1997 has been widely used. In 2002, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality recognized that, among various voice disorder questionnaires, only the VHI met reliability and validity criteria. Its usefulness has been verified through many studies [6,39]. The questionnaire consists of 30 questions, and a higher score implies a more serious voice problem. Rosen et al. [40] simplified the VHI and proposed the VHI-10, a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions, which has demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity to those of the VHI in detecting voice problems. Other questionnaires have also been developed at various institutions, such as the Voice-Related Quality of Life, Voice Activity & Participation Profile (VAPP), Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI), and Thyroidectomy-related Voice Questionnaire [20,41-43].
Patients may also undergo an auditory perceptual assessment, wherein evaluators subjectively evaluate the patient’s voice. The most representative tests are the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain (GRBAS) and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V). Two or more experts (a doctor or SLP) listen to samples of the patient’s voice (/a/ or /i/ or predefined sentence) and assess their voice status. GRBAS evaluates the voice in terms of the overall grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain [44,45], while the CAPE-V assesses overall severity, roughness, breathiness, strain, pitch, and loudness [46]. The European Laryngeal Society recommends only measuring GRB when it is difficult to measure all items of GRBAS [38]. However, as thyroidectomized patients frequently demonstrate strained voices after surgery, the committee suggests GRBS [47,48] if possible. If patients are unable to undergo voice assessments in a clinic, they may send a recorded voice sample. In those instances, patients record their voices while reading familiar sentences, such as the national anthem or making the /a/ sound in a quiet environment [44,45,49].
B. Intraoperative management
KQ 3. Is perioperative counseling about the impact of surgery on voice and vocal hygiene necessary for thyroid surgery patients?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: perioperative patient counseling on voice outcomes
Comparison: no perioperative patient counseling on voice outcomes
Outcome: voice outcomes and patients’ satisfaction
Recommendation
1. The clinicians or SLP should counsel all patients undergoing thyroid surgery about the potential voice impact of thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=73): fully agree (42, 57.5%), agree (27, 37.0%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 2.7%), disagree (1, 1.4%), strongly disagree (0), no response (1, 1.4%)
2. Clinicians or SLPs should provide education on vocal hygiene to improve voice quality in patients with voice changes after surgery (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=73): fully agree (42, 57.5%), agree (27, 37.0%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 2.7%), disagree (1, 1.4%), strongly disagree (0), no response (1, 1.4%)
Clinicians should educate patients about the potential risks of voice change, voice hygiene, and possible management of postoperative voice change prior to surgery. The cooperation of patients and their family members is vital for the optimal treatment of voice changes after surgery [50-52]. Clinicians should provide sufficient information about the potential impact of thyroid surgery on voice and the importance of early management or interventions after surgery to encourage patients to actively participate in their treatment. This will help improve patients’ QOL after surgery by providing timely and appropriate treatments while maintaining the patient-physician relationship when voice changes occur after surgery [53-56].
The following should be included in the patient’s education [6,57]: First, if patients already have voice disorders, the voice may be aggravated after thyroid surgery, despite preservation of the RLN. To rule out preexisting voice disorders, a visual inspection of the larynx should be undertaken before thyroid surgery (see KQ 1). In such cases, clinicians or SLPs explain that the voice change may be irrelevant to thyroid disease and plan appropriate treatment strategies. Second, clinicians should explain the potential mechanisms of voice change after thyroid surgery, not limited to RLN injury also including general anesthesia and postoperative laryngotracheal structural changes. Clinicians should also include counseling on the timing of intervention, treatment protocols, and follow-up strategies for the management of postoperative voice change. If the patient’s voice deteriorates postoperatively, timely management, such as voice therapy and vocal fold medialization, is mandatory [52,58-60].
Several types of patient education information forms can be used. In a randomized study of 125 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, patients who were provide written educational materials, such as pamphlets (50.3%), showed higher recall rates for risk factors than those who were not (29.5%) [59]. However, another randomized study reported no difference in the degree of recall of risk factors after surgery between the two groups [61]. Online educational materials may be too academic or contain outdated information. Recently, information via visual infographics has been highlighted [62,63]. Vocal hygiene education after thyroid surgery helps prevent further voice aggravation and improves the adaptability and satisfaction of surgical interventions for voice alterations. It may also reduce patients’ anxiety. A previous study of 251 thyroid surgery patients showed a high demand for education on voice problems after discharge from the hospital [64]. A lack of post-discharge information could lead to poor treatment compliance and unnecessary medical visits.
Vocal hygiene education helps produce a normal voice during phonation, forestalling undesirable postural and lifestyle habits (Fig. 2) [65]. Patients with voice changes due to VFP tend to use the supraglottic laryngeal muscles to compensate for their voice [66]. This might temporarily produce a normal voice. However, if this condition persists, unnecessary muscular tension arises, resulting in incorrect phonatory habits. To prevent excessive laryngeal compensatory use, vocal hygiene education on ideal posture and neck exercises should be provided. Vocal hygiene also corrects inappropriate vocal habits that increase laryngeal tension, such as coughing, whispering, and yelling. For professional voice users, a microphone is recommended as an amplifying device when speaking. Drinking alcohol, coffee, or caffeinated beverages and smoking, which may result in drying of the larynx, should be avoided. For patients with combined laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, proper education to reduce the risk of reflux, such as modification of diet and lifestyle, is needed [67].
Vocal hygiene education after thyroid surgery is frequently implemented as part of voice therapy programs. SLPs should monitor patients’ compensatory vocal habits and encourage them to maintain vocal hygiene and receive voice therapy [68]. For patients with VFP occurring after thyroid surgery, voice therapy by qualified SLPs specializing in the field of voice both helps the patient adjust to their “new” voice and improves voice quality to avoid the need for injection laryngoplasty (IL) or surgical treatment if the symptoms are mild [68]. In particular, for VFP occurring after thyroid surgery, early voice therapy not only improves subjective voice disorders, but also improves acoustic and auditory-perceptual voice quality and increases the possibility of improving vocal cord motility in unilateral VFP [69-71].
Although all patients undergoing surgery should receive voicerelated patient education before/after surgery, it is especially important for professional voice users with high vocal demands or patients with a high risk of voice change due to surgery [72]. Highrisk groups for voice changes after thyroid surgery include females, those of advanced age, those with larger thyroid nodules or previous surgical history, and those with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Females have a higher risk of experiencing a lowered fundamental frequency or voice change than males do [73,74]. Age is also known to be associated with the risk of voice change [32,74-76], as voice and swallowing function are known to decline after surgery in patients over 50, and the odds ratio (OR) appears to increase by 5% as the age increases by 1 year [77]. The risk of VFP is higher if the thyroid nodule is larger than 3.5 cm on ultrasound or the patient has a previous surgical history. It also increases as the T-stage increases in malignancy [32,78]. TT poses a higher risk of voice abnormalities after surgery than lobectomy [79]. In addition, the risk of voice abnormalities increases with a combination of neck dissection, especially central resection. [74,75,78,80]. Gastroesophageal reflux due to decreased function of the upper esophageal sphincter after surgery may also cause unfavorable changes [81].
KQ 4. Does perioperative systemic corticosteroid administration benefit voice quality after thyroid surgery?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: systemic corticosteroid administration
Comparison: no administration of systemic steroid
Outcome: improvement of postoperative voice quality
Recommendation
Systemic corticosteroid administration is not recommended to improve voice quality after thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (27, 47.4%), agree (17, 29.8%), neither agree nor disagree (8, 14.0%), disagree (8, 14.0%), fully disagree (5, 8.8%)
Corticosteroid administration for facial nerve paralysis and idiopathic sudden sensory neural hearing loss has been reported to decrease the symptom duration and improve the prognosis [82-84]. Although their effects have not yet been proven, corticosteroids are used empirically to enhance voice quality after thyroid surgery [82]. However, systemic steroids should only be used if there is strong evidence of a benefit as they induce adverse effects.
Wang et al. [85] analyzed the benefits of intraoperative corticosteroids for reducing RLN palsy. They assigned 295 prospectively enrolled patients to steroid use and non-use groups in the first and second halves of the study period, respectively. They assessed the RLN palsy rate with the number of nerves at risk (NAR) and demonstrated no differences in the postoperative temporary or permanent RLN palsy rate and recovery days. Worni et al. [86] conducted an RCT to evaluate the effects of a single preoperative steroid on thyroid surgery. The outcome indicators were postoperative nausea, pain, and vocal function. They found no differences between the two arms in the voice disturbance index, although the steroid treatment arm showed a higher VAS score and mean vocal frequency (F0) on the first postoperative day. However, Feroci et al. [87] failed to show a significant difference in the VAS score between the two groups. An RCT conducted by Nasiri et al. [88] revealed that intravenous dexamethasone administration before surgery significantly decreased the voice impairment score on the first day after surgery, but not on the seventh day. Despite the inconsistent findings regarding the effects of steroid treatment on postoperative voice quality, those studies showed that steroid administration effectively reduces pain, nausea, and vomiting after surgery. Recent meta-analyses concluded that there was insufficient evidence to claim that perioperative systemic steroids effectively improve voice outcomes after thyroid surgery [89-91].
KQ 5. What are the surgical techniques to preserve the EBSLN for voice preservation during thyroidectomy?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: identification of the EBSLN
Comparison: no identification of the EBSLN
Outcome: preservation of voice
Recommendation
The surgeon should carefully dissect through the avascular plane between the superior pole of the thyroid glands and the cricothyroid muscle and ligate the vessel pedicles near the thyroid capsule to preserve the EBSLN (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (48, 84.2%), agree (8, 14.0%), neither agree nor disagree (0), disagree (0), fully disagree (0), no response (1, 1.8%)
The EBSLN, a branch of the vagus nerve, is the motor nerve to the cricothyroid muscle, an essential tensor of the vocal folds. EBSLN injury results in an inability to reach high pitches, loss of ability to project the voice, and vocal fatigue during prolonged speech [14,15,92]. The EBSLN reaches the larynx with several variations within 1 cm of the superior pole [93]. Surgeons must be familiar with the anatomic variations between the EBSLN and the superior thyroid artery because these variations influence the risk of injury during thyroidectomy. Visual identification of the EBSLN is more challenging during thyroidectomy than visualization of the RLN. It is vital for dissection to begin through the avascular plane between the inner superior pole of the thyroid glands and cricothyroid muscle. Dissection then continues until individual ligation and dissection of the vessel pedicles near the thyroid capsule. This method effectively reduces the possibility of injury to the EBSLN, even when it is adherent to or passes between the branches of the superior thyroid artery [94]. The energy devices that have been widely used in recent years do not appear to be effective for preserving the EBSLN [95].
KQ 6. What are the surgical techniques to preserve the RLN for voice preservation during thyroidectomy?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: identification of the RLN
Comparison: no identification of the RLN
Outcome: preservation of voice
Recommendations
1. The surgeon should identify the nerve by direct visualization during thyroid surgery to preserve the RLN (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (46, 80.7%), agree (9, 15.8%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 3.5%), disagree (0), fully disagree (0)
2. The surgeon should perform capsular dissection of the thyroid gland to preserve the RLN during thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (12, 21.1%), agree (30, 52.6%), neither agree nor disagree (9, 15.8%), disagree (5, 8.8%), fully disagree (0), no response (1, 1.8%)
Visual identification of the RLN during thyroid surgery decreases the rate of permanent nerve injury [96-98]. The RLN branches out of the vagus nerve, upward in the subclavian artery (right) and the aortic arch (left), passes upward through the groove between the esophagus and trachea, and enters the larynx. Surgeons must be familiar with the anatomic variations of the RLN to preserve the nerve. Identification of the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) as an anatomic landmark of the RLN reduces the chance of injury. The RLN most often crosses posterior to the ITA; however, a substantial proportion of RLNs travel between the branches of the ITA, making it difficult to distinguish the RLN if the vessels are sclerotic [99]. The RLN shows anatomical variation before it enters the larynx. Berry’s ligament is another point at which there is a high risk of RLN injury because the RLN crosses the branches of vessels around Berry’s ligament [99,100]. Designated capsular dissection between the thyroid gland’s capsular propria and the fascia covering the visceral compartment, including the RLN, is a useful technique for preserving the nerve [101]. Zuckerkandl’s tubercle can be used as an anatomic landmark to identify the RLN when it is well developed. The RLN passes almost through the medial side of the tubercle [102]. The energy devices that have been widely used in recent years do not show superiority in RLN preservation compared to conventional instruments, including monopolar or bipolar cautery [103,104]. Methods to locate the RLN could be different in cases of endoscopic- and robot-assisted thyroidectomy. When the trans-axillary or bilateral axillary-breast approach is applied, the triangle comprising the common carotid artery, trachea, and ITA is considered the landmark. Berry’s ligament and the inferior constrictor muscle are useful landmarks for retro-auricular and trans-oral approaches because the upper pole is dissected first [105,106].
KQ 7. Is intraoperative neuromonitoring necessary to preserve voice quality during thyroid surgery?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: intraoperative neuromonitoring
Comparison: no intraoperative neuromonitoring
Outcome: voice preservation
No consensus has been reached on whether the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) always lowers the risk of VFP in thyroid surgery. A recent meta-analysis suggested that IONM reduces the risk of postoperative nerve damage, although a consistent conclusion was not reached in some case series [107-116]. According to a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies, the relative risk of permanent VFP was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33–1.77), and the relative risk of temporary VFP was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.35–1.08) under IONM [108]. The differences in outcomes related to RLN damage seem to be due to differences between study groups. In thyroid surgery, RLN damage is affected by the skill and experience of the surgeon, reoperation, thyroid cancer or presence of a huge goiter, posterior extra-thyroid capsular extension, and the degree of central lymph node metastasis [117]. Bai and Chen [107] reported that IONM reduced the risk of RLN palsy by approximately 20% when compared to cases performed by inexperienced surgeons.
In particular, when TT is performed, bilateral VFP can cause serious side effects, such as dyspnea; therefore, IONM is helpful [107]. In the cases of recurrent cancer or the presence of a tumor around the RLN, it is difficult to identify the nerve due to tumor tissue or scars from the previous surgery. In a meta-analysis of patients with recurrent disease, IONM reduced the risk of permanent RLN injury by approximately 55% (risk ratio, 0.426; 95% CI, 0.196–0.925). In a meta-analysis, Wong et al. [118] showed that IONM reduced the risk of temporary RLN palsy from 4.5% to 2.5% in high-risk surgery (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.12–1.79), and lowered the risk of permanent RLN palsy from 3.9% to 2.4% (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.07–2.00).
In Korea, IONM during thyroid surgery is allowed and covered by national insurance for the following conditions: recurrent thyroid cancer in the central compartment region; patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis before surgery; thyroid cancer with definite central compartment lymph node metastasis; lesions caused by extracapsular involvement of the thyroid gland (T4); and high-risk thyroid and parathyroid surgery, such as advanced thyroid cancer, and Graves’ disease, or prominent goiter. IONM in thyroid surgery is recommended for identifying the RLN status and predicting the presence of RLN damage, especially for high-risk patients or when performed by inexperienced surgeons because it is thought that IONM could lower the risk of RLN palsy after thyroid surgery.
KQ 8. Does intraoperative RLN reinnervation improve the postoperative voice quality?
Population: patients with unilateral RLN injury during thyroidectomy
Intervention: re-innervation of RLN
Comparison: no re-innervation
Outcome: voice quality
Apparent unilateral RLN injury may occur during thyroid surgery when the RLN is retracted or sacrificed due to abutting or invasive cancer. In those cases, the surgeon should consider additional surgery for voice improvement, including intraoperative RLN reinnervation and/or intra- or postoperative medialization laryngoplasty, such as IL, medialization thyroplasty (MT), or arytenoid adduction (AA) (see KQ 11) [119-123]. Reinnervation surgery has some distinct advantages over other medialization procedures: it is usually conducted in conjunction with thyroid surgery and does not require any preparation of additional instruments, surgical drapes, and implant materials; and it helps maintain muscle bulk and tension of the vocal folds after VFP [119,124-127]. However, various forms of synkinetic reinnervation and aberrant reinnervation of abductor/adductor muscle fibers may appear during regeneration, which may worsen the voice quality after surgery. It also takes considerable time (usually 3 to 6 months) to connect sufficient axons with the vocal muscles [128,129]. Nevertheless, RLN reinnervation is considered a useful option for maintaining long-term voice quality and is considered to be the standard technique for long-term voice improvement in cases of an apparent transection of the RLN during thyroid surgery [119,124,125]. In a multicenter randomized trial, Paniello et al. [125] demonstrated that reinnervation surgery showed better voice outcomes, particularly in younger patients (<52 years) compared to elderly patients (>52 years), as well as in a group of patients of the same age who received medialization laryngoplasty. Lee and Park [127] reported that reinnervation showed better long-term voice outcomes than voice results at 36 months post-IL.
A combination of medialization laryngoplasty and reinnervation may be required for better voice improvement [121,128] because patients may be at risk of continuing hoarseness and aspiration with reinnervation surgery only. Combining IL or MT during surgery may offer immediate voice improvement after surgery; however, intraoperative medialization procedures often result in suboptimal voice outcomes compared with postoperative procedures. Furthermore, if contralateral RLN damage occurs simultaneously, intraoperative IL or MT may cause respiratory difficulty after thyroid surgery [120,128,130]. Although AA has been combined with IL or MT, it should only be performed as a second-stage operation after re-evaluating voice quality, vocal fold atrophy, and the level of difference of vocal folds after paralysis because it is a permanent intervention [128,130-132].
RLN reinnervation techniques include primary anastomosis, nerve graft (ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve, or vagus nerve to RLN), and neuromuscular pedicle graft [130,133-135]. When the damaged nerve’s cutting edges are exposed and tension-free anastomosis is possible, primary anastomosis is easy to perform. The cutting edges of the epineurium are connected with 9-0 nylon or adhesive glue. If the nerve defect is long (>5 mm) due to tumor invasion and a tension-free suture is challenging, nerve graft methods using the ansa cervicalis, greater auricular nerve, transverse cervical nerve, or supraclavicular nerve are better options. Zheng et al. [123] reported that the ansa cervicalis is a good material for a free nerve graft, as it is easy to find in the same surgical field and harvest with few side effects. The surgeon can choose reinnervation between the ansa cervicalis and distal part of the RLN instead of a free nerve graft [130,136]. Ansa-RLN neurorrhaphy requires one anastomosis between the ansa cervicalis and the distal portion of the RLN. This method can be applied even if the proximal stumps of the RLN are not identified or applied to the contralateral RLN by rotating and repositioning the ansa cervicalis. Ansa-RLN neurorrhaphy has reportedly shown better voice outcomes compared to other neurorrhaphy options [128,137]. When RLN damage occurs at the cricothyroid junction, reinnervation can be performed to expose the RLN branch entering the larynx by incising 0.5 to 1 cm of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and removing the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage [120,128,137].
C. Postoperative management
KQ 9. Is a postoperative laryngeal visual examination necessary?
Population: patients undergoing thyroid surgery
Intervention: preoperative laryngeal examination
Comparison: no preoperative laryngeal examination
Outcome: detection rates of preoperative laryngeal abnormalities
Recommendation
1. The clinician should check patients’ voice after thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=73): fully agree (41, 56.2%), agree (22, 30.1%), neither agree nor disagree (5, 6.8%), disagree (4, 5.5%), fully disagree (0), no response (1, 1.4%)
2. The clinician should examine the vocal fold status of patients with voice change after thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (43, 75.4%), agree (11, 19.3%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 3.5%), disagree (1, 1.8%), fully disagree (0)
Approximately 30%–80% of patients experience voice changes immediately after surgery. Symptoms range from non-specific, including weakened vocal strength or difficulty maintaining long utterances, to severe hoarseness [7,10-12]. It is notable that patients may present with voice change after thyroid surgery, even without damage to the EBSLN and RLN. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the voice status of all patients after thyroid surgery, even if the RLN was safely preserved [7,10-12]. A comfortable, non-invasive method of screening is patient self-assessment (see KQ 2) [138]. A breathy voice requires prompt laryngeal evaluation, indicating VFP.
According to a systematic review of 27 articles investigating 25,000 patients after thyroid surgery, the incidence of temporary and permanent RLN palsy was 9.8% (1.4%–38.4%) and 2.3% (0%–18.6%), respectively. The RLN palsy rate varied widely according to the method of larynx examination [13]. Among the various laryngeal examination methods, the flexible laryngoscope is the most effective (see KQ 1) [139].
Early recognition of postoperative VFP may enable an early intervention and improve long-term clinical efficacy by reducing muscle atrophy of the vocal folds or secondary compensatory dysfunction, which will decrease voice and swallowing complications, thereby improving patients’ QOL [68]. The optimal timing of visual laryngeal examinations following thyroid surgery varies in the literature. Dionigi et al. [140] compared the efficacy of laryngoscopy on the operative day and postoperative days 2 and 14. On postoperative day 2, laryngoscopy detected 6.7% of VFP cases, while at 14 days, only 2.5% of paralysis cases were diagnosed. Based on these observations, they suggested early laryngeal visual examination after thyroid surgery. Delayed VFP may occur after 7 postoperative days. Bures et al. [141] examined 1,183 NAR (41%) and found late-onset VFP in 41 (0.1%). The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery recommends that clinicians document voice assessment between 2 weeks and 2 months following thyroid surgery [6]. The interval until performing the post-surgery laryngeal examination should not exceed 6 months [142,143]. It is also essential to regularly track patients’ voice status after surgery and to check the condition of the larynx through a laryngeal examination if there is any voice alteration. When VFP is diagnosed after thyroid surgery, serial laryngeal examinations are important because spontaneous recovery of neural function may occur within 6 to 12 months after surgery (see KQ 11).
KQ 10. Is a multidimensional voice assessment necessary after thyroid surgery?
Population: patients who underwent thyroid surgery
Intervention: postoperative voice assessment
Comparison: no postoperative voice assessment
Outcome: usefulness of the assessment
Recommendations
The clinician or SLP should consider a multidimensional voice assessment for patients with voice problems after thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=73): fully agree (45, 61.6%), agree (20, 27.4%), neither agree nor disagree (7, 9.6%), disagree (1, 1.4%), fully disagree (0)
If any abnormalities are detected immediately after surgery on voice screening and laryngeal visual inspection, an objective voice assessment is required [11,20,37,144]. In those cases, the patient’s voice should be assessed using specialized bedside voice assessment tools from a multidimensional perspective for the following reasons. First, clinicians or SLPs can assess voice abnormalities with spontaneous speech. During spontaneous speech, clinicians or SLPs check voice quality, including difficulty in phonation, the severity of hoarseness, irregularity of breathing, overall pitch, and loudness [44,45,145]. Second, clinicians or SLPs can evaluate voice quality while the patient reads the “San-chaek” or “Ga-eul” paragraphs, which are commonly used in voice assessments. Other familiar sentences like the national anthem are a good alternative [44,45,49]. During this task, clinicians or SLPs confirm the patient’s voice status, including the presence of voice break, the degree of hoarseness, the pitch, and the volume of the voice [49,146]. Third, clinicians or SLPs can evaluate the difficulty of high-pitched phonation while the patient says /ah/ in a falsetto with comfortable loudness. This task indicates the voice range profile (VRP), used to determine the range of vocal pitch and loudness. If the patient cannot produce a sufficiently high pitch phonation, further voice assessments are necessary [12,45,49,146]. Fourth, clinicians or SLPs can measure the duration of time for which the patient can vocalize the /ah/ sound at a comfortable pitch, called the maximum phonation time (MPT). This task is simple, and phonatory problems related to breathing are easily assessed. A significant decrease compared to the preoperative measured time or an MPT shorter than 3 seconds indicates a need for further assessment [7,12,37,49,144]. Finally, the clinicians or SLPs can check for choking during eating or drinking, a sign of RLN damage [11,45,147].
Even though various time points have been suggested, postoperative voice assessment is most likely within 2 weeks to 2 months after surgery [11,20,37,147,148]. Tools for voice assessment include subjective questionnaires, perceptual measures, and acoustic and aerodynamic assessments. Questionnaires that are currently in wide use include the VHI, VFI, Voice Symptom Scale, and VAPP, which have been validated in the Korean language and are easily accessible through the internet. The examiners may select the proper questionnaire according to the clinical situation, considering the questionnaire’s features [7,10,20,76,145,148-152]. The VAPP is useful as a screening test because it provides cutoff scores for dysphonia groups [153]. The GRBAS scale has proven its usefulness in various reports, showing independence of the examiner’s proficiency level and high inter-rater reliability (see KQ 2) [44,45]. Acoustic analyses evaluate voice irregularities (the degree of harshness), including F0 (fundamental frequency, Hz), jitter (%), shimmer (%), and the speaking fundamental frequency (SF0, Hz). Multi-Dimensional Voice Program, a sub-module program of the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL), is the most common acoustic evaluation tool. Praat is free software that can be used to measure various acoustic parameters.
When the patient shows difficulty producing short utterances, MPT is a useful measure [44,149,154-156]. If the patient experiences difficulties with long utterances after surgery, measuring the cepstral peak prominence (CPP) through cepstral analysis aids in the diagnosis [44,45,156,157]. CPP is inversely proportional to the “breathiness” parameter, and can be measured with the SpeechTool program that can be downloaded from the homepage of Hillenbrand (https://homepages.wmich.edu/~hillenbr/) or with Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice, a sub-module program of the CSL [44,45,72,158-160]. Studies on normative CPP data in Korean adults with normal and pathological voices have also been reported [161-163]. VRP measures the pitch and amplitude ranges and is closely correlated with subjective questionnaires for thyroid surgery patients [5,79]. The combination of voice assessment tools may vary depending on voice characteristics, clinical situations, and institutional facilities. When detecting significant abnormalities in voice assessment, clinicians provide proper medical or surgical interventions or refer patients to a specialized institution to improve voice quality (see KQs 11-14) [6,10,144,145,151,160].
KQ 11. Are vocal fold medialization procedures necessary for patients with unilateral VFP after thyroid surgery?
Population: patients with unilateral VFP after thyroid surgery
Intervention: vocal fold medialization
Comparison: not performing vocal fold medialization
Outcome: improvement of postoperative voice quality
Recommendations
1. Close observation for 6–12 months is feasible for patients with unilateral VFP with low vocal demands and no risk of aspiration after thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=66): fully agree (23, 34.8%), agree (39, 59.1%), neither agree nor disagree (1, 1.5%), disagree (2, 3.0%), fully disagree (0), no response (1, 1.5%)
2. Vocal fold medialization is recommended to improve voice quality and reduce aspiration for patients with unilateral VFP after thyroid surgery (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=66): fully agree (18, 27.3%), agree (28, 42.4%), neither agree nor disagree (16, 24.2%), disagree (2, 3.0%), fully disagree (0), no response (2, 3.0%)
The management of patients with unilateral VFP after thyroid surgery is similar to the general protocols for unilateral VFP management. If the cause of nerve damage following thyroid surgery is clear, the initial plan should be established accordingly. Clinicians could choose to “wait-and-see” in patients with low vocal demand, few VFP complications, and no apparent RLN injury [164,165]. The recovery time of neural function may depend on the injury type (traction or pressure injury) and the instruments used (cold instruments or electrocauterization) [166]. In general, recovery of VFP after thyroid surgery occurs within 2 to 3 months and is less likely to occur after 6 to 12 months [167-170]. During the waiting time, clinicians may be able to conduct IL with absorbing materials and/or voice therapy (see KQ 14) to reduce voice problems.
Various treatment options exist in the presence of a clear nerve section, such as tumor invasion during surgery. The surgeon could choose among nerve grafts (see KQ 8), IL, laryngeal framework surgery (LFS), such as MT and AA, and combinations of these treatments. Although some procedures, such as IL, and MT, could be performed in conjunction with surgery, it is usually recommended to wait a couple of months before performing LFS because the precise vocal fold position will be obvious after mucosal swelling has subsided and muscular atrophy has progressed. However, IL can be performed using temporary injection materials to improve voice quality during the early period of VFP before choosing permanent treatment [133]. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that early IL continues to have clinical effects even after the materials are absorbed, reducing the need for permanent LFS [171]. Furthermore, if patients complain of voice problems or aspiration symptoms, medialization procedures should be considered in the early postoperative period [172], because early interventions will help patients return to work, adapt to society, and improve their QOL [142]. Patients with advanced age or comorbid lung diseases may have an increased risk of aspiration and dysphagia and need to be carefully observed after surgery, although the risk of aspiration from unilateral VFP after thyroid surgery is not severe. Although several tools are available to evaluate the degree of aspiration, including videofluoroscopic swallowing studies and fiberoptic endoscopic examinations of swallowing, they are cumbersome both for patients and clinicians. Clinicians usually choose IL based on patients’ symptoms and laryngoscopic findings instead of a precise evaluation of the degree of aspiration.
Injection materials for IL are divided into short- and long-acting materials. Short-acting materials include gelatin, collagen-based products, carboxymethylcellulose, and hyaluronic acid (HA). Those materials have been reported to last up to 2 to 6 months. Long-acting materials include calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) and polymethylmethacrylate microspheres in bovine collagen. They can be maintained for more than 2 years [173]. Proper selection of the injection material depends on the type of nerve injury. For cases with an unknown prognosis of nerve recovery, it is reasonable to choose a short-acting material, of which HA is the most commonly used. HA has several advantages over other temporary materials, such as few foreign body reactions and no need for a prior skin prick test. When a permanent nerve injury is suspected, long-acting materials such as CaHA are considered. However, any remaining injection materials may cause a foreign sensation when VFP has recovered [174].
The technique for vocal fold injection following thyroid surgery is similar to that of unilateral VFP from any other cause. The initial injection starts with the posterior glottis and proceeds into the middle portion of the vocal fold. The ideal injection location is slightly lower than the vocal fold’s free margin and into the thyroarytenoid muscle. Superficial injection into the lamina propria may interfere with the vibration of the vocal folds and worsen the voice quality. Over-injection by 15%–30% is recommended, considering the extent of subsequent absorption. Following thyroid surgery, surgical field fibrosis and adhesion may hinder the identification of surgical landmarks for IL, resulting in difficulty finding the exact injection site. For those cases, it is helpful to perform IL under general anesthesia rather than local anesthesia or to use the trans-thyroid cartilage or trans-thyrohyoid membrane approach under local anesthesia. When choosing the cricothyroid approach, several trial injections from the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage may be needed. The clinician may identify the proper injection site with a step-down injection by visualizing the needle tip sticking out under the mucosa below the glottis with the laryngoscope.
LFS is used to treat permanent unilateral VFP [125]. LFS achieves a median position of the paralyzed vocal folds by manipulating the laryngeal tissue with transplantable implants or repositioning of the arytenoid [131]. In MT, an implant is inserted through the window in the thyroid cartilage to reduce the glottal gap. It offers permanent vocal fold medialization, but is categorized as a reversible procedure because clinicians can remove the implant if sub-optimal voice outcomes or complications occur. Local anesthesia is preferred to produce optimal results. Clinicians adjust the implant position by inducing vocalization during surgery. In unilateral VFP patients with mild voice symptoms, IL substitutes for a proportion of MT. However, MT is still a treatment choice for patients with moderate to severe glottal insufficiency (glottic gap ≥2 mm during phonation) or combined dysphagia symptoms. Previous studies reported that MT showed similar short- and long-term voice outcomes and a lower reoperation rate than that of IL [175-177]. Fang et al. [178] reported that the initial large glottic gap might be a predictor for converting to MT. Currently used implant materials include the silicone block, Gore-Tex strip, and VoCom [179-181]. According to the survey results reported by Young et al. [182], silicone blocks and Gore-Tex are the most commonly used implants in Korea.
AA induces a neutral position of the paralyzed vocal fold by manipulating the arytenoid cartilage’s muscular process [183]. AA is designed to correct a posterior glottic gap or a vertical level difference, which is challenging to correct with IL or MT. MT corrects the vocal fold’s position and volume, while AA adjusts its tension, length, and height. Clinicians usually supplement MT with AA for a posterior glottic gap or existing vertical level difference, expecting suboptimal voice outcomes when applying MT only. Controversy persists regarding the effectiveness of performing MT and AA simultaneously. A systematic review by Chester and Stewart [184] reported no additional benefit in subjective or objective outcomes when applying AA together with MT. However, it was also reported that the surgical outcome was better in patients undergoing MT and AA than in the MT-alone group [185]. In particular, in patients with a large posterior glottic gap, simultaneous AA and MT showed better voice improvement results than MT alone [186]. Another study showed that AA combined with MT had no benefit for reducing the glottic gap or correcting the vertical level difference in comparison to MT only [187]. However, in their study, the AA with MT group presented a wider glottic gap and a greater level of difference.
KQ 12. Is surgical treatment necessary for patients with bilateral VFP after thyroid surgery?
Population: patients with bilateral VFP after thyroid surgery
Intervention: surgical treatment
Comparison: no surgical treatment
Outcome: maintenance of airway patency
Recommendation
Clinicians should provide appropriate management to maintain respiratory function for patients with bilateral VFP (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Delphi consensus (n=66): fully agree (44, 66.7%), agree (20, 30.3%), neither agree nor disagree (2, 3.0%), disagree (2, 3.0%), fully disagree (0)
With the development of surgical skills (see KQs 5–7), the incidence of bilateral VFP after thyroid surgery has decreased. Symptoms vary depending on the degree of gap between the paralyzed vocal folds, ranging from voice changes to shortness of breath, wheezing, and swallowing difficulty. Patients may present with only airway symptoms with a normal voice. Postoperative laryngoscopy confirms the presence of bilateral vocal fold immobility. CT and laryngeal electromyography help distinguish immobility from nerve injury [188,189].
Bilateral VFP treatment aims to maintain a patent upper respiratory tract and make daily activities possible. The treatment modality and timing of surgery for bilateral VFP following thyroid surgery are determined according to the possibility of nerve recovery, accompanying symptoms, and the degree of the objectively evaluated vocal fold gap. If the patients’ vocal fold gaps are sufficient to maintain breathing and mild airway symptoms, conservative treatment (e.g., close observation, oxygen supply, and humidity maintenance) is possible. Clinicians may inject botulinum toxin into the vocal folds to widen the gap and control airway problems [190-192]. However, if a patient experiences upper respiratory tract obstruction, it is necessary to secure airways through surgical treatment [58,193]. Surgical treatment includes bypassing the glottic obstruction and glottic widening. Tracheostomy is a safe and easy method of bypassing the glottic obstruction, and it is the method most commonly used to treat bilateral VFP. Glottal displacement through arytenoid suture lateralization is a reversible method for expanding a glottal obstruction [194,195].
As alternative methods for widening the airway, laser cordotomy or arytenoidectomy can be conducted for reducing respiratory compromise in patients with bilateral VFP [196-198]. The airway can be widened stepwise in the order of arytenoid suture lateralization, cordotomy, and arytenoidectomy. Partial arytenoidectomy may maintain the airway while retaining voice quality, with a low chance of complications and morbidity [196,197]. Before performing arytenoid suture lateralization, it is crucial to confirm that there is no arytenoid fixation as a result of adhesion. Therefore, this procedure is generally recommended at the early stage of VFP, when the arytenoid cartilage is mobile. If the suture is removed within 10 weeks after arytenoid suture lateralization, long-term vocal fold damage can be avoided. However, maintaining the suture for more than 6 months causes irreversible changes in the vocal fold position [58]. Irreversible surgery can be considered when the VFP is unlikely to recover [58].
KQ 13. Is postoperative neck exercise needed to improve neck discomfort in patients who undergo thyroid surgery?
Population: thyroidectomy patients
Intervention: neck exercise
Comparison: no neck exercise
Outcome: improvement of neck discomfort
Approximately 80% of patients who receive thyroidectomy complain of posterior neck pain and experience a decreased range of neck flexion and extension. They have significantly more trigger points in the neck muscles, such as the scalene, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and levator scapulae [199]. Postoperative neck pain can vary depending on the operative position. Patients who undergo surgery with an extended neck are significantly less likely to suffer postoperative pain than patients who do not [200]. Many patients complain of pain at the operation site after thyroid surgery, as well as neck tightness, neck pressure, stiffness, and limited shoulder and neck movement. These symptoms may persist after surgery, degrading patients’ QOL. Patients tend to show more severe symptoms if they do not perform neck and shoulder exercises after surgery [201]. Adhesion between the larynx and the subcutaneous tissue after a thyroid operation limits upward movement of the larynx required for swallowing and phonation, which causes voice change and neck discomfort [6,202,203]. A postoperative neck massage can reduce adhesions at the surgical site by increasing blood flow, thereby improving the extensibility of the neck’s soft tissue [204]. In orthopedic and breast surgery, neck rehabilitation exercises are widely used to prevent shoulder movement disorders and arm edema. Such neck exercises are equally applicable for patients following thyroid surgery [204].
Fig. 3 illustrates a neck exercise used after a thyroid operation. As neck exercises are intended to prevent potential neck discomfort, implementing them for all patients is still recommended. Although there are no general rules, common practice dictates that neck exercises start the day after surgery and are performed three times a day within patients’ range of comfort. There are concerns about the association between neck stretching exercises and the risk of postoperative bleeding and delayed wound healing. However, most postoperative bleeding occurs prior to the first postoperative day and rarely occurs after neck exercises begin. No difference was found in wound healing between patients with neck exercise and non-exercise controls; thus, it can be concluded that neck exercise does not induce aesthetic problems by aggravating scars [201].
Another study compared neck pain, disability score, and neck sensitivity a week and a month postoperatively between a group that did not perform neck stretching exercises and a group in which neck stretching exercises were initiated the day after surgery. A week after the operation, the stretching neck group showed a significant improvement in neck pain, disability score, and neck sensitivity. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups a month after surgery [205]. A study by Kim et al. [206] evaluated the effect of home-based exercise in patients taking hormone supplement therapy after TT, and found that the exercise group showed improved QOL with less fatigue and anxiety. The home-based 12-week exercise regimen consisted of aerobic exercise (walking), resistance exercises (upper body exercises, lower body exercises), and flexibility exercises. Another study by Genc et al. [207] investigated the effects of kinesiotaping on the cervical spine for neck pain and neck movement after thyroid surgery. They reported that applying kinesiotape reduced the consumption of painkillers; however, there was no impact on neck pain, range of neck movement, and neck disability index.
KQ 14. Is voice therapy necessary for optimizing voice outcomes and improving voice-related QOL after thyroid surgery?
Population: patients with thyroid surgery
Intervention: voice therapy
Comparison: no voice therapy
Outcome: improvement in voice and QOL
Recommendation
Voice therapy is helpful to improve voice quality and QOL for patients with voice problems after thyroid surgery (weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
Expert opinion (n=57): fully agree (18, 31.6%), agree (31, 54.4%), neither agree nor disagree (7, 12.3%), disagree (0), fully disagree (0)
In the postoperative period, patients’ responses to voice changes vary, ranging from not being aware of or ignoring the problem to requiring treatment, considering the QOL [208]. SLPs can apply problem-oriented voice therapy techniques to patients who complain of voice-related symptoms. Early voice therapy shows better voice outcomes and QOL than therapy started later [6,58]. The focus of voice therapy is on producing an optimal voice through appropriate adjustment and compensation for the changed laryngeal physiology [6]. For patients with vocal complaints, voice rehabilitation programs include appropriate vocal hygiene education and counseling for voice changes and voice-related anxiety. Active voice counseling and education help improve voice satisfaction and QOL by alleviating excessive anxiety or concerns about vocal conditions. They also increase patients’ motivation to participate in direct voice therapy (see KQ 3).
Even without RLN injury, patients frequently present a wide variety of symptoms as a result of adhesions in the surgical field. Typical characteristics include voice change, vocal fatigue, vocal effort, changes in habitual vocal pitch, decreased vocal range, muscle cramps, and cervical stiffness such as muscle tension dysphonia [47,48]. Patients with unilateral VFP typically present a breathy but strained voices due to inadequate compensation of glottal insufficiency [66]. Altered laryngeal physiology makes it necessary to include neck exercise programs in voice therapy programs to prevent excessive muscle tension after surgery. Neck exercise programs consist of neck extension (Fig. 3, see KQ 13), laryngeal massage (Fig. 4), and head and neck posture adjustment (Fig. 5). The laryngeal massage starts away from the surgical site and continues to the surgical area within a pain-free range. SLPs educate patients on the proper posture to reduce muscle tension, in combination with relaxation techniques, such as abdominal breathing, yawning, sighing, and chewing [204]. In severe glottal insufficiency cases, SLPs can try inhalation phonation and pushing methods (to strengthen vocal folds. In suspected cricothyroid muscle paralysis, gradually gliding up and down the pitch range (gliding methods) may increase muscle control. In addition, proper adjustment of overall speech production subsystems, such as respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation, can reduce excessive tension and improve vocal cord motility and resonant voice quality [208]. These techniques include vocal function exercises, the accent method, resonant voice therapy, and semi-occluded vocal tract exercises [209,210]. In particular, semi-occluded vocal tract exercises are useful for a variety of organic or behavioral voice disorders, as well as VFP, vocal fatigue, and muscle tension dysphonia after thyroid surgery [210].
Voice abnormalities due to RLN damage can be significantly improved by voice therapy alone. Even if VF medialization injection procedures or thyroplasty are planned, the effectiveness of voice improvement can be enhanced through preoperative or postoperative voice treatment [211-213]. Voice therapy should be performed as soon as possible to prevent contraction of paralyzed vocal cord muscles in the presence of RLN damage [214]. A prospective, randomized clinical trial study reported that the treatment of patients with RLN damage was more effective if electrical stimulation-supported voice treatments were performed [215].
EBSLN damage causes paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle, causing problems with the stretching, stiffening, or thinning of the vocal cords. Patients may experience hoarseness, vocal fatigue, decreased vocal loudness and pitch range, difficulty in controlling vocal intensity and pitch, and transitions from modal to highpitched falsetto [14,15,92]. Voice problems and voice-related discomfort or concern due to EBSLN damage can lead to muscle tension dysphonia due to inadequate compensatory behaviors. Failure to treat muscle tension dysphonia can cause prolonged voice problems and structural damage associated with effortful phonation [216]. Treatment of the damaged EBSLN focuses on voice therapy, and the behavioral approach of strengthening the cricothyroid muscle through activities such as glissando maneuvers and eliminating muscle tension dysphonia caused by inappropriate compensation is useful for voice recovery [15,217].
CONCLUSION
Voice change is one of the main complaints after thyroid surgery, resulting in a decrease in QOL. The clinician should check the voice status and perform laryngeal visualization for all patients before thyroid surgery. Further voice assessments are indicated for patients with any abnormalities on voice screening and laryngeal examination, and for patients at a high risk of voice change after surgery. The clinician or SLP should educate patients before surgery about the potential risk of voice change, voice hygiene, and possible management of postoperative voice change. The effects of steroids on the prevention of voice change patients are still unclear; thus, systematic steroids are not recommended. For optimal voice outcomes, the surgeon should pay close attention to preserving the EBSLN and RLN during thyroid surgery. IONM helps identify the RLN status and predict the presence of RLN damage, especially in high-risk patients. After thyroid surgery, the clinician should check the patients’ voice status. A postoperative laryngeal examination and multidimensional voice assessment are indicated for patients with voice change.
The management of RLN injuries should be tailored to the clinical circumstances. During surgery, the surgeon should consider laryngeal reinnervation if the RLN is transected and the distal stump of the RLN is available. Close observation for 6–12 months or less-invasive treatment, including voice therapy and IL, is feasible for unilateral VFP patients with low vocal demands and no risk of aspiration after thyroid surgery. However, vocal fold medialization is recommended for patients with high vocal demand and/or aspiration. The clinician should monitor respiratory function for patients with bilateral VFP. Neck exercise is recommended to reduce postoperative neck discomfort after thyroid surgery. A flowchart for the care and management of voice change after thyroid surgery is depicted in Fig. 6.
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