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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the
gastrointestinal tract that includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative
colitis (UC), and that may sometimes present with extraintestinal manifestations
[1,2]. The prevalence of IBD is increasing in Asian countries including Korea
[3-5]. Symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and a bloody
stool are common to IBD. If the inflammation is not well controlled in affected
patients, complications including intestinal stricture, fistula, perforation, and
cancer can occur [6-8]. IBD is also a progressive disease, and it is important
therefore to maintain appropriate medical interventions to prevent disease
progression and reduce complications [9,10]. Adherence to medication regimens is thus
vital and several studies have indicated in this regard that the prognosis is poorer
in non-adherent IBD patients [11].
Medication adherence indicates that patients are taking their medications as
prescribed [12]. Tae et al. [13] reported previously in patients with IBD
that the risk of recurrence was 2.9-times higher in patients with low medication
adherence. Despite its importance, medication adherence in patients with IBD has
been reported to be only 55%-70% in a prior Western study [14], and to range from
63.8%-77.7% in Korean IBD populations [13,15]. By contrast, medication
adherence in patients with hypertension, which is representative of a highly
prevalent chronic disease in Korea, is reported to be much higher at 85%
[16].
Factors associated with medication adherence in patients with IBD include symptoms,
multiple concomitant medications, and doctor-patient relationships [17]. Selinger et al. [18] reported that poor patient knowledge could lead to the
aggravation of IBD or a delay in treatment as it can reduce medication adherence.
The concept of self-efficacy, i.e., a personal belief in disease management, has
also been found to be related to medication adherence in patients with IBD [19]. In addition, Jackson et al. [14] reported that psychological distress is
associated with non-adherence.
To date, few studies have analyzed the factors associated with medication adherence
in patients with IBD, especially in an Asian context [13,15,20,21].
It is difficult to apply the results of previous studies on medication adherence
that have been conducted in Western patients with IBD [14,17,22,23]
or in Korean patients with other chronic diseases [24]. Hence, in our present study we analyzed the factors associated with
medication adherence in Korean patients with IBD using a structured
questionnaire.
Methods
1. Study population
Adult patients (aged 18 years and older) who had been visiting Asan Medical
Center for more than 6 months after being diagnosed with CD or UC, and who were
receiving oral medications for these conditions, were enrolled. Patients who
were taking psychotropic agents were excluded. The study sample size was
calculated using G-Power [25,26] (Version 3.1.9,
Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany), based on multiple
regression analysis, a two-sided test significance level of 0.05, a median
effect size of 0.15, power of 0.95, and 14 predictors. The minimum number of
subjects was calculated as 199. As the dropout rate was assumed to be
10%, we distributed the questionnaire to 218 patients.
2. Data collection
Patient data were collected from 14-28 April 2021 through the use of a structured
questionnaire. Information on disease activity and medications among the IBD
cohort were collected from the electronic medical records. Information on these
patients including age, gender, marital status, family living arrangements,
education level, religion, socioeconomic status, and smoking history were
collected as general characteristics. Other factors such as duration of disease,
previous IBD-related hospitalizations, previous IBD-related surgeries, active
disease history, number of medications, outpatient visit period, education
experience on IBD, and disease activity information were collected as
disease-related characteristics. Disease activity was evaluated using the
Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) in patients with CD and the partial
Mayo score in patients with UC.
Medication adherence was evaluated using Medication Adherence Report Scale-5
(MARS-5) developed by Horne et al. [22]
with permission from the original author. The tool was translated into Korean
with verification of language accuracy. It was then translated back into English
and again verified. Since this was the first use of this tool in Korea, the
validity of the questionnaire translated into Korean was verified by 10 experts
(3 gastroenterologists, 2 nursing professors, 3 IBD specialist nurses, and 2
nurses working in the gastroenterology department for more than 10 years). As a
result of this further review, a content validity index of 0.8 or higher was
calculated. Finally, both the Korean and retranslated English versions of the
MARS-5 tool were sent to the original author at his request for approval. The
scores calculated by this questionnaire range from 5 to 25, with higher scores
indicating a higher degree of medication adherence. A score of 20 points or
less, i.e., 80% or below, was defined as low medication adherence [23].
The IBD knowledge measurement tool (IBD-KNOW, Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Knowledge) which was previously developed by Yoon et al. [27], was used to evaluate disease-related knowledge among
the cases in our current series. Permission to use this system was also obtained
from the original author. The IBD-KNOW questionnaire consists of a total of 24
items which reflect various aspects of a patient’s knowledge about IBD,
such as anatomy, function, epidemiology, diet/lifestyle, general knowledge,
medications, complications, surgery, reproduction, and vaccination. The
responses can be “yes”, “no”, or
“don’t know”. A correct answer is assigned 1 point, and an
incorrect or “don’t know” is scored as 0. The total score
can range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating higher disease-related
knowledge. IBD-KNOW was validated with a Cronbach α of
0.952 at the time of its development.
Self-efficacy was evaluated using the inflammatory bowel disease self-efficacy
scale (IBD-SES) developed originally by Keefer et al. [19] and previously translated into Korean by Lee et al.
[28] We used this questionnaire with
permission from the original author and translator. The IBD-SES consists of a
total of 29 questions that cover managing stress and emotions, managing medical
care, managing symptoms and disease, and maintaining remission. Each question is
assessed on a 10-point Likert scale with 10 being “totally sure”;
5, “somewhat sure”; and 1, “not sure at all.” The
total score can thus range from 29 to 290, with a higher score indicating higher
self-efficacy. At the time of its development, the IBD-SES received a 0.96 using
Cronbach α, which was calculated as 0.97 by Lee et al.
[28].
Anxiety and depression was evaluated using the hospital anxiety and depression
scale (HADS) which has mainly been used in patients with cancer, and was
developed by Zigmond et al. [29] and
translated into Korean by Oh et al. [30]
HADS was used with permission from GL Assessment (London, UK). The 7
even-numbered questions in this tool comprise the depression subscale (HADS-D),
and the 7 odd-numbered questions the anxiety subscale (HADS-A). Each question is
scored from 0 to 3 points, with a total possible score of 21 points on each
subscale. Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression and anxiety. A
score of 0 to 7 was defined as normal, 8 to 10 as indicating mild anxiety or
depression, and 11 or higher as indicative of severe anxiety or depression.
3. Statistical analysis
The general characteristics, disease-related characteristics, disease-related
knowledge, self-efficacy, depression and anxiety, and medication adherence of
the current study subjects were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage,
or by mean values with SD. An independent t-test and one way ANOVA were used to
analyze differences in medication adherence in accordance with the general
characteristics and disease-related characteristics of the IBD patients, and a
Scheffe test was used for post hoc analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis
was used to identify factors affecting medication adherence. The variance
inflation factor (VIF) ranged from 1.151-1.898 with no cases exceeding 10, and
the tolerance limit ranged from 0.527-0.869, with all cases larger than 0.1
confirming that there was no multicollinearity problem. The multiple linear
regression analysis model was suitable for the regression analyses with
F=4.337, P<0.001, and adjusted R2 =0.127,
indicating an explanatory power of 12.7%. The correlation between the
disease-related knowledge, self-efficacy, depression and anxiety and medication
adherence variables was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis.
Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. All collected data were
analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY,
USA).
Results
1. General and disease-related characteristics of the study subjects
The study questionnaire was distributed to all 218 enrolled IBD patients, with
207 of these cases (95.0%) responding ad-equately to enable further
analysis. Among these 207 patients, 134 (64.7%) were male, and the mean
age at enrollment was 39.63 years (SD, 13.16 years), with the 30-39 year age
group representing the largest sub-population (30.4%). One hundred and
thirteen (54.6%) patients were married and 182 (87.9%) were living
with their family. In terms of educational attainment, 159 (76.8%)
patients had a university degree or higher, 119 patients (57.5%) were
non-religion, 67 (32.4%) had no occupation, and 179 (86.5%)
patients were never smokers (Table
1).
Table 1.
General and disease-related characteristics of the current study population (n=207)
The disease-related characteristics of our study participants are also presented
in Table 1. There were 125 CD cases
(60.4%) with a mean disease duration of 10.09 years (SD, 6.33 years).
Ninety-four (45.4%) of the patients were receiving biologic agents and 11
(5.3%) patients were on a corticosteroid regimen. There were 121
(58.5%) patients in the series taking only oral medications and 104
(50.2%) taking only one kind of oral medication. The mean number of pills
being taken per day was 6.21 (SD, 3.97), and the mean outpatient visit interval
was 73.77 days (SD, 35.66 days).
2. Medication adherence, disease-related knowledge, selfefficacy, and anxiety and depression scores
The mean medication adherence score was 22.46 (SD, 2.86) out of 25, with 26
(12.6%) patients showing low adherence, defined as a score of 20 points
or less. The mean disease-related knowledge score was 14.46 (SD, 4.63) out of
24, and the mean self-efficacy score in relation to IBD management was 203.21
(SD, 40.86) out of 290. With regard to the HADS responses, the mean depression
score was 6.36 (SD, 3.36), with 24 (11.6%) patients indicating severe
depression. The anxiety scores determined by the HADS responses had a mean of
5.85 (SD 3.64), with 23 (11.1%) patients showing severe anxiety (Table 2).
Table 2.
Disease-related knowledge, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, and medication adherence in patients with IBD (n=207)
3. Medication adherence in accordance with general and disease-related characteristics
The observed differences in medication adherence among the study patients, in
accordance with their general characteristics, did not show statistical
significance (Table 3). In terms of the
disease-related characteristics of the study subjects, the patients with CD
(P=0.015) had a lower medication adherence than the patients with UC, and
the patients with a previous IBD-related surgery (P=0.035) also showed a
lower medication adherence (Table 4). The
patients who were taking steroids (P<0.001) showed higher medication
adherence, as did the patients who were taking only oral medications
(P=0.040), compared with the patients who were taking both oral and
parenteral medications. There was no significant difference found in the
medication adherence between the patients taking one medication and those on a
regimen of two or more drugs. The medication adherence was lower in the patients
who were taking medicines three or more times a day regimen, compared with those
on a once per day regimen (P=0.008).
Table 3.
Differences in medication adherence by general characteristics
Table 4.
Differences in medication adherence by disease-related characteristics
| Variable | Mean±SD | t or F-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | -2.450 | 0.015 | |
| CD | 22.10+3.16 | ||
| UC | 23.01+2.21 | ||
| Disease duration (yr) | 2.557 | 0.056 | |
| <5 | 22.84+2.99 | ||
| 5-9 | 22.92+2.23 | ||
| 10-14 | 22.44+2.33 | ||
| ≥15 | 21.44+3.83 | ||
| Previous IBD-related hospitalization | 0.864 | 0.389 | |
| Yes | 22.33+3.08 | ||
| No | 22.68+2.42 | ||
| Previous IBD-related surgery | 2.126 | 0.035 | |
| Yes | 21.87+3.32 | ||
| No | 22.80+2.50 | ||
| Previous relapse history | 0.749 | 0.455 | |
| Yes | 22.40+2.97 | ||
| No | 22.83+2.00 | ||
| Concomitant steroid use | -5.039 | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 24.18+0.98 | ||
| No | 22.36+2.90 | ||
| Route of medications | 2.065 | 0.040 | |
| PO only | 22.80+2.40 | ||
| PO and parenteral | 21.98+3.34 | ||
| Number of medications | 1.478 | 0.141 | |
| One | 22.75+2.52 | ||
| More than two | 22.17+3.15 | ||
| Number of pills (per day) | 1.198 | 0.232 | |
| <5 | 22.70+2.59 | ||
| ≥5 | 22.28+2.98 | ||
| Number of doses (per day) | 4.950 | 0.008 | |
| Oncea | 23.12+2.06 | a>c* | |
| Twiceb | 22.68+2.99 | ||
| Three or more timesc | 21.68+3.17 | ||
| Outpatient visit interval (days) | 2.300 | 0.079 | |
| <28 | 23.23+2.13 | ||
| 28-56 | 21.77+3.44 | ||
| 57-84 | 22.83+3.00 | ||
| ≥85 | 22.55+2.34 | ||
| IBD education experience | -0.952 | 0.342 | |
| Yes | 22.55+2.85 | ||
| No | 22.05+2.90 | ||
| Disease activity | 0.307 | 0.821 | |
| Remission | 22.41+2.91 | ||
| Mild | 22.68+2.88 | ||
| Moderate | 22.77+2.46 | ||
| Severe | 21.00+0.00 |
4. Factors associated with medication adherence and correlations between disease-related knowledge, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and medication adherence
Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting
medication adherence. Self-efficacy (β =0.341,
P<0.001), and three or more daily doses (β
= -0.192, P=0.016, compared with a single daily dosage) were
significant factors associated with medication adherence (Table 5). Self-efficacy (r=0.312, P<0.001)
showed a positive correlation with medication adherence, whereas disease-related
knowledge, depression, and anxiety had no significant correlation with
medication adherence (Table 6).
Table 5.
Factors associated with medication adherence
Table 6.
Correlations between disease-related knowledge, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and medication adherence
Discussion
We have here investigated medication adherence among Korean patients with IBD, and
analyzed factors that associated with medication adherence, including
disease-related knowledge, depression, and anxiety. Our findings indicated that 26
cases among our final study subjects of 207 (12.6%) patients had low
medication adherence, defined as a score on the self-administered questionnaire 20
points or less (80% or lower), and that the factors contributing to this low
adherence were a reduced self-efficacy and a drug regimen of three or more daily
doses. With another analysis, a positive correlation was evident between
self-efficacy and medication adherence. Our current results for Korean patients with
IBD indicated a better level of medication adherence compared to previously studied
populations [13,15]. For example, Kim et al. [15] reported that 49.3% (32/67) of their CD patients and
48.0% (36/75) of their UC patients showed a low medication adherence. Tae et
al. [13] reported that 36.2% (50/138)
of the IBD patients in their study cohort were non-adherent to their drug regimens.
In prior Western studies [14,17,22],
the low adherence was reported to range from 29%-45% which is also
higher than the rate found in our present study. The mean MARS-5 score was 22.46
(SD, 2.86) in our current study, which is similar to that reported previously by
Stone et al. [23] of 22.5 (SD, 2.2).
We found from our present analyses that self-efficacy (P<0.001) and regimens
requiring three or more dosages per day (P=0.016) were associated with
medication adherence, respectively. These results are consistent with the findings
of a previous study [31] in which a
requirement for three or more doses per day was also reported to be associated with
poor medication adherence. Jackson et al. [14] reported that psychological distress and patient beliefs regarding
medications were associated with non-adherence. Notably however, depression and
anxiety were not associated with medication adherence in our present study series.
Patient beliefs and attitudes about treatment were reported to be related to
medication adherence in other previous studies [22,32], but we did not
investigate these factors in our current investigations.
No significant correlation was found in our present study between disease-related
knowledge and medication adherence. Previously, Lim et al. [33] had reported that the patients with higher level of IBD
knowledge showed better adherence among Korean pediatric patients with IBD. In
addition, Ashok et al. [34] reported that a
higher disease-related knowledge led to a higher degree of medication compliance
among patients with IBD. However, other studies [18,35] reported no correlation
between disease-related knowledge and medication adherence, which is consistent with
our present study results. Hence, the relationship between disease-related knowledge
and medication adherence is not yet fully clear. The tool we used herein to assess
disease-related knowledge (IBD-KNOW) [27]
includes questions on anatomy, function, epidemiology, diet/lifestyle, general
knowledge, medication, complications, surgery, reproduction, and vaccination.
However, the ages of our current IBD subjects had a wide range, which led to
differences in the proportion of correct answers by field of interest. We contend
therefore that it is necessary to educate patients after confirming their knowledge
level in each of these fields.
We found no correlation between anxiety, depression and medication adherence in our
present analyses, consistent with the prior study results of Selinger et al. [18] However, Jackson et al. [14] reported that depression and anxiety do
affect medication adherence, and Nahon et al. [36] found that higher anxiety correlated with a lower medication
adherence among the patients with IBD. In addition, Park et al. [37] reported that patients with chronic disease
such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia have higher rates of depression and
lower medication adherence. As the effects of different variables on medication
adherence have been reported in a variety of ways, further studies are needed to
identify the factors that link depression/anxiety with medication adherence in
IBD.
The mean score for disease-related knowledge in our study- was 14.46 out of 24. This
is higher score that that described in previous studies. Kim et al. [15] reported a mean disease-related knowledge
score of 9.0 in patients with CD and 8.2 in patients with UC using the same
knowledge measurement tool [38]. Yoon et al.
[27] reported a disease-related knowledge
score of 13.3 in patients with IBD at the time in which the IBD-KNOW tool was
developed. Our present study had more frequent histories of IBD-related
hospitalizations (63.3% vs. 36.6%) and surgeries (36.7% vs.
4.9%) than was reported in a previous study [15]. We speculate that patients who experienced an IBD-related
hospitalization or an IBD-related surgery would take a greater interest in their
condition and thus make more of an effort to acquire disease-related knowledge. This
may underlie our current findings for this variable. In a previous study from the
United States, the disease-related knowledge score for patients with IBD was 14.8
[39], which is similar to the score in
our current study. The overall low disease-related knowledge scores in Korea for IBD
may be due to a lower prevalence of this disorder compared to other chronic disease
such as hypertension and diabetes. As a result of this however, even medical staff
in local community hospitals are commonly transferring IBD patients to tertiary
hospitals due to their lack of knowledge and experience, leading to an insufficient
amount of publicity and awareness of IBD among many Korean medical institutions.
The measure of self-efficacy in our present study (209 points out of 290 points) was
slightly higher than hat obtained by Keefer et al. [19] (194.9 points out of 290 points) using the same measurement tool
(IBD-SES). The IBD-SES can evaluate 4 areas, the scores of which can then be
expressed as a percentage. In our present study, managing medical care was
81.53%, managing stress and emotions was 68.23%, maintaining remission
was 65.52%, and managing symptoms and disease was 62.7%. This suggests
that strategies are needed in Korean patients with IBD to improve the management of
symptoms and disease and to maintain remission.
The mean scores for depression and anxiety in this study were 6.37 and 5.85,
respectively, with 77 of our patients (37.2%) showing mild to severe
depression, and 58 (28.0%) displaying mild to severe anxiety. In a previous
IBD cohort study [15], the prevalence of
depression and anxiety were measured at 19.7% and 42.9%, respectively,
using the same tool. Hence, more patients experienced depression and fewer
experienced anxiety among our study population. Of note in particular, 24
(11.6%) of our current IBD patients had severe depression. In a previous
Western study, Graff et al. [40] reported
that the rate of depression within 1 year of the diagnosis of IBD was about twice as
high as in patients without IBD, whereas anxiety did not show a difference, and that
about 17% of their IBD cases experienced a major depressive disorder.
Depression was less frequent in our current study, but it must be noted that we
excluded patients receiving psychotropic drugs.
This study had several limitations of note. First, the study subjects were enrolled
from a single tertiary center within a short period of time, which will likely have
caused some selection bias. Second, there is a possibility that medication adherence
was overestimated due to the use of a self-reported questionnaire. Third, although
valid questionnaires used in previous studies were used, there is no gold standard
for evaluating disease-related knowledge, depression and anxiety, or medication
adherence. It remains necessary to analyze a larger number of IBD patients over a
sufficient period in the future using more accurate measurement tools.
In conclusion, our present study is the first to investigate the relationship between
medication adherence and self-efficacy in Korean patients with IBD using previously
verified measurement tools [19,22,27-30] that enhanced the
reliability and validity of the data. Our findings indicate that reducing the number
of medication doses per day and improving self-efficacy will help to improve
medication adherence among patients with IBD. Our current results thus provide
useful basic data for the development of nursing interventions that can improve
medication adherence in this patient population.
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