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INTRODUCTION
Cervical radiculopathy symptoms are common in cervical spine disease. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is commonly regarded as the gold standard for surgical treatment7). However, as a motion-preserving technique, posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) has also been widely used as an alternative to ACDF18). With advances in surgical instrumentation, tubular retractor-assisted minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy (MI-PCF) in particular is advantageous for reducing blood loss, postoperative neck pain, and postoperative length of stay, compared to previous open techniques that were commonly used1,5,9).
Studies comparing mean preoperative and postoperative results have shown that the greatest advantage of PCF is in postoperative motion preservation8,9). However, Jagannathan et al.8) reported that postoperative instability at the surgical level was observed in 4.9% of patients who had undergone PCF, and 25% of these subsequently underwent further cervical fusion. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate postoperative motion preservation after PCF, and to identify correlations with clinical outcomes and the factors that most influence motion preservation.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study subjects
This was a retrospective analytical study of a cohort of patients who had cervical radiculopathy and had undergone single- or two-level MI-PCF from 2004 to 2012. The patients had cervical radicular pain or weakness due to degenerative disease at C3 to T1, were diagnosed with foraminal stenosis or soft disc herniation, and had undergone surgery. Patients who had undergone surgery for trauma or tumors, or who had previously undergone other cervical operations, including anterior approach surgery, were excluded from this study. A total of 62 patients were selected. Of these, 48 with a minimum 2-year follow-up were finally selected in order to evaluate motion outcomes. The mean follow-up duration was 43.19±17.19 months.
Surgical technique
Following general anesthesia, patients were placed in the prone position with 3-point Mayfield fixation. C-arm fluoroscopy was utilized to confirm the surgical level. Using a minimally invasive system (METRx; Medtronics, Memphis, TN, USA), a tubular retractor was positioned on the surgical area with the lamina facet junction at its center. The lateral lamina and medial facet joint were carefully drilled to the cortical bone using a cutting burr, and foraminotomy was performed using a curette to minimize bleeding. To prevent postoperative instability, no more than 50% of the facet joint was removed. Disc fragments are commonly found at the axillary nerve root, and any fragments between the medial dura and the root were carefully removed using a hook.
Radiological evaluation
To evaluate kyphotic change, we measured C2–7 plumb line, C2–7 Cobb angle, T1 slope, thoracic outlet angle, and neck tilt; to evaluate motion preservation, we measured disc height, distance between interspinous processes (DISP) and segmental angle (SA) changes; all measurements were made before and 24 months after surgery (Fig. 1). The ratios of the remaining facet joints after MI-PCF were calculated using computed tomography (Fig. 2).
C2–7 Cobb angle, C2–7 plumb line, T1 slope, thoracic inlet angle, neck tilt, and disc height were measured using plain radiography in the neutral position. C2–7 Cobb angle was defined as the angle between the lower edge of the vertebral body of C2 and the upper edge of the vertebral body of C7. C2–7 plumb line was defined as the distance between two lines dropped vertically from the center of C2 and from the posterior superior aspect of C717). T1 slope was defined as the angle between the horizontal plane and a line parallel to the superior T1 endplate. The thoracic inlet angle was defined as the angle between a line originating from the center of and perpendicular to the T1 endplate and a line from the center of the T1 endplate to the upper end of the sternum. Neck tilt was defined as an angle between 2 lines originating from the upper end of the sternum, one of which is vertical and the other connecting the center of the T1 endplate11).
Disc height was determined by measuring the distance between the midpoints of the upper and lower edges of the vertebral body of the surgical level on a neutral lateral radiograph. SA was determined by measuring the Cobb angle from the upper endplate of the upper vertebral body to the lower endplate of the lower vertebral body. DISP was defined as the distance between the adjacent spinous processes at the surgical level on flexion/extension radiographs.
Preservation of motion referred to a postoperative difference of less than 3 mm DISP and 2° SA in flexion/extension plain radiographs. A difference of more than 3 mm DISP and 2° SA was defined as instability8).
A preoperative and postoperative DISP gap decrease of more than 3 mm was classified into group A, a gap less than 3 mm was classified into group B, and a gap increase of more than 3 mm was classified into group C.
The images were saved in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format on the picture archiving and communication system. The C-spine images were enlarged by 100% before assessment. The radiographic measurements and evaluations were initially performed by one surgeon, and independently reviewed and confirmed by two other surgeons.
Clinical evaluation
For clinical outcome, preoperative and the latest postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores were compared, and the last postoperative clinical outcome was evaluated using the modified Odom criteria.
Statistical analysis
For the three groups, analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and the chi-square test were used for comparison of patient characteristics, and the degree of change in preoperative and postoperative radiological outcomes was compared using the paired t-test. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the relationship between cervical parameters and pre/postoperative motion change (SA and DISP). p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical anal yses were performed using SPSS software version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
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RESULTS
Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 55.13±9.47, and there were 25 male and 13 female patients; 52.1% had foraminal stenosis and 47.9% had soft disc herniation. Surgery was mostly performed on C5–6 and C6–7, with a similar ratio of left to right sides. The VAS score decreased from 7.64 before surgery to 1.91 after surgery, showing more than a “good” clinical improvement at 91.7% in the modified Odom criteria.
Table 1
Patient characteristics
Preoperative and last postoperative cervical parameters were compared (Table 2). Disc height, T1 slope, thoracic inlet angle, neck tilt, C2–7 plumb line, and C2–7 Cobb angle did not reveal a statistically significant difference. Therefore, preoperative cervical parameters were well maintained postoperatively. The last SA changed by 0.34±4.46°, from 7.75±5.44° before surgery to 8.09±5.80°, and DISP changed by 0.03±3.95 mm, from 5.58±3.62 mm to 5.61±4.81 mm, also indicating no statistical significance. The proportion of the facet joint remaining after MI-PCF was 65.04±0.12%, and there were no cases in which more than 50% of the facet joint was removed.
Table 2
Radiologic cervical parameters of patients who had undergone minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy
Based on preoperative and postoperative DISP, patients were divided into groups A, B, and C, and the characteristics of each group were compared (Table 3). Statistically significant differences between the three groups were found only for preoperative and postoperative disc height. Moreover, in a comparison between preoperative and postoperative SA and DISP changes using the Pearson correlation coefficient, only disc height showed a statistically significant correlation. Values for preoperative and postoperative DISP change and disc height were r=0.658 and p<0.001, and for SA change and disc height were r=0.258 and p=0.017 (Table 4). The optimal disc height for motion preservation was 5.63 mm (4.18–7.08 mm) based on DISP, and 5.31 mm (3.32–7.28 mm) based on SA (Fig. 3).
 | Fig. 3Correlation between pre-postoperative motion change and disc heights. Correlation coefficient (r) is 0.658 for pre-postoperative distance between interspinous processes (A) (p<0.001) and 0.258 for pre-postoperative segmental angle (B) (p=0.017).
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Table 3
Demographic and preoperative and postoperative data for each group according to motion change in patients who had undergone minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy
| Group A (n=16) | Group B (n=40) | Group C (n=14) | p-value | |
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| Age | 61.18±5.86 | 52.42±9.95 | 56.11±8.52 | 0.029 |
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| Sex (M: F) | 10: 6 | 26: 9 | 12: 1 | 0.181 |
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| OP level | 0.914 | |||
| C4–5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | |
| C5–6 | 5 | 16 | 4 | |
| C6–7 | 8 | 15 | 8 | |
| C7–T1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | |
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| Right: left | 7: 3 | 12: 16 | 3: 6 | 0.528 |
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| VAS | ||||
| Pre | 7.40±0.70 | 7.81±0.63 | 7.44±0.73 | |
| Post | 2.20±1.55 | 1.85±0.99 | 1.78±0.97 | |
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| Modified Odom criteria | 0.995 | |||
| Excellent | 7 | 19 | 6 | |
| Good | 3 | 7 | 2 | |
| Fair | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Poor | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
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| Disc height (mm)* | ||||
| Pre | 4.59±0.90 | 5.60±1.05 | 6.97±0.93 | <0.001 |
| Post | 4.57±0.85 | 5.60±10.5 | 6.29±1.30 | <0.000 |
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| T1 slope (°) | ||||
| Pre | 17.70±4.55 | 21.54±5.76 | 22.14±7.29 | 0.102 |
| Post | 18.46±8.26 | 22.07±7.44 | 23.01±5.05 | 0.527 |
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| Thoracic inlet angle (°) | ||||
| Pre | 73.92±11.90 | 70.66±10.65 | 73.08±9.28 | 0.591 |
| Post | 70.49±8.58 | 69.82±8.84 | 74.72±6.56 | 0.332 |
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| Neck tilt (°) | ||||
| Pre | 56.22±12.30 | 49.12±8.20 | 50.93±12.52 | 0.283 |
| Post | 52.02±7.20 | 47.75±7.80 | 51.71±8.05 | 0.318 |
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| C2–7 plump line (mm) | ||||
| Pre | 18.60±2.69 | 22.65.2±10.72 | 18.93±2.56 | 0.15 |
| Post | 15.75±9.44 | 23.12±11.87 | 24.96±9.90 | 0.097 |
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| C2–7 Cobb angle (°) | ||||
| Pre | 8.23±8.33 | 8.23±11.38 | 8.27±13.22 | 1 |
| Post | 5.90±9.27 | 8.07±11.30 | 8.87±11.98 | 0.856 |
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| Remnant of facet joint (%) | 0.62±0.11 | 0.68±0.13 | 0.61±0.12 | 0.131 |
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| Segmental angle (°) | ||||
| Pre | 8.48±4.66 | 9.66±5.87 | 7.19±5.27 | 0.805 |
| Post | 6.12±5.27 | 7.85±5.93 | 11.02±5.03 | 0.061 |
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| Interspinous process (mm) | ||||
| Pre* | 6.67±3.55 | 5.60±3.76 | 4.30±3.06 | 0.205 |
| Post | 1.83±2.96 | 5.55±4.58 | 10.07±3.20 | <0.001 |
Table 4
Correlation between pre-postoperative motion change and preoperative cervical parameters
| Best pre-post distance between interspinous processes | Best pre-post segmental angle | |||
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| Coefficient of correlation | p-value | Coefficient of correlation | p-value | |
| Disc height* | 0.658 | <0.001 | 0.258 | 0.017 |
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| T1 slope | 0.185 | 0.207 | 0.136 | 0.356 |
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| Neck tilt | −0.202 | 0.168 | −0.071 | 0.634 |
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| Thoracic inlet angle | −0.021 | 0.886 | 0.013 | 0.933 |
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| C2–7 plumb line | 0.237 | 0.106 | 0.19 | 0.196 |
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| C2–7 Cobb angle | −0.044 | 0.765 | −0.073 | 0.624 |
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DISCUSSION
PCF was first introduced for cervical radiculopathy by Scoville in 1966, and has been used with ACDF18). Along with PCF, MI-PCF has gradually evolved since 2000, and now shows results similar to those of open PCF9,16,19). Short- and long-term postoperative outcomes for pain, complications, and quality of life for PCF are similar to ACDF7,12,20). In addition, PCF possesses the advantages of motion preservation, potential avoidance of adjacent segment disease, and reduction in morbidity associated with a ventral approach and pseudarthrosis. PCF costs 52.7% less than ACDF14). In the present study, MI-PCF showed superior clinical outcomes at 91.7%, and overall motion was well preserved without changes in postoperative cervical parameters, including disc height, T1 slope, thoracic inlet angle, neck tilt, C2–7 plumb line, and C2–7 Cobb angle. This indicates that MI-PCF adequately preserves motion.
However, Jagannathan et al.8) reported that dynamic images showed postoperative instability in 8 of 161 patients (4.9%), one of whom required cervical fusion. Moreover, the reoperation rate after PCF was reported as 5.3–9.9%3,12,19). The present study showed a 2.1% reoperation rate. However, only 57.1% showed ideal motion preservation postoperatively. Moreover, when changes in segmental motion were measured using preoperative and postoperative SA and DISP, cervical parameters and clinical outcomes did not show any differences; only a statistically significant difference in disc height was observed. This indicates that a small size of disc height tends to decrease postoperative motion, while a large size of disc height tends to increase motion.
This study confirmed that a disc height of 5.63 mm would show optimal motion preservation after MI-PCF. Disc heights of more than 7.08 mm or less than 4.18 mm show different postoperative segmental motion and may be the reason why the adjacent segment is affected. This process mimics age-related degenerative change, which is believed to be caused by disc height and segmental motion decreases19). However, both motion decreases and increases were observed postoperatively, and there was a statistically significant correlation between disc height and segment motion. From a biomechanical perspective, PCF preserves normal segmental motion compared to ACDF, and is therefore predicted to reduce the onset of adjacent segment disease4,13,15). However, the mean rate of reoperation for clinical adjacent segment disease in ACDF was reported as 0.8% per year10), and 0.9% per year following MI-PCF19), indicating no difference in the onset of clinical adjacent segment disease. In other words, although adjacent segment disease could be due to age-related disc degeneration, segment motion preservation after PCF was seen in only 51.7% of cases, which may influence the onset of clinical adjacent segment disease.
Postoperative kyphosis is a radiographic complication that commonly occurs after a posterior cervical approach. Patients with postoperative kyphosis also show a lower quality of life after surgery8). Patient age, postoperative diagnosis, aggressiveness of posterior resection, and previous posterior surgery are known to be risk factors for post-laminectomy kyphosis; in particular, the extent of facetectomy resection is a well-known risk factor2,21). In the present study, we attempted to maintain the extent of facetectomy resection at less than 50%, and the proportion of the facet joint remaining was 65.04±0.12%. With single- or two-level MI-PCF, overall segmental angle and C2–7 Cobb angle did not show a correlation with postoperative kyphosis; according to motion changes, no group exhibited differences in postoperative kyphosis rates.
During the minimum 5-year follow up after cervical laminoplasty, range of motion loss at 18 months postoperatively reportedly decreased to 38.5% in a time-dependent manner, but remained constant after 18 months6). Unlike cervical laminoplasty, PCF did not show loss in range of motion. Well-preserved posterior tension bands may contribute to reduced changes in motion. Thus, cervical parameters in addition to disc height are well preserved, with no differences in clinical outcomes.
The major limitation of this study is the absence of a control group. This is also a retrospective study. In addition, although cervical motion was measured in dynamic views, the extent of the influence of pain on motion and multidirectional movement such as rotation were not considered. Moreover, a small number of subjects was included in the study, so the data showed a large standard deviation. Therefore, prospective studies involving larger numbers of patients and longer follow-ups are necessary to accurately measure motion after PCF.
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CONCLUSION
MI-PCF is a useful surgical method for cervical radiculopathy, with favorable preservation of cervical parameters, superior clinical outcomes, and low reoperation rates. However, only 55.7% of patients showed proper motion preservation after MI-PCF. Those with a preoperative disc height of 4.18–7.08 mm showed optimal motion preservation; thus, preoperative disc height measurement can predict preservation of motion after MI-PCF.
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