PDF
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
The main principles in the treatment of unstable cervical spine injuries are reduction and stabilization of the injured segment. Early surgery offers the best chance to achieve optimal reduction, immediate stability, minimum external fixation, and direct decompression of the cord and the exiting roots, providing an opportunity for neurological recovery1). Moreover, surgery can enable early mobilization and avoid complications associated with prolonged bed rest, such as pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, or bed sore. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with plate stabilization is widely employed with a high success rate of reduction and good clinical results for unstable subaxial cervical spine injuries21). An anterior approach enables the surgeon to decompress the spinal canal by removing the disc and, thus, avoid neurologic deterioration by further disc displacement11,24).
Selection of appropriate graft substrate is essential to achieve bone fusion and an optimal clinical outcome. Although autograft has been considered the gold standard for ACDF, the immediate and long-term morbidity associated with iliac crest harvesting cannot be ignored. The incidence of donor site morbidity including chronic pain, hematoma, infection, injury to adjacent nerves, visceral herniation, and iliac crest fracture has been reported to be as high as 20–30%17). Recently, the use of synthetic cages for ACDF has become increasingly popular. However, the fusion rates for ACDF with additional plating compared with those using autograft to synthetic cages have not been adequately addressed for traumatic injury cases. This study aimed to identify the differences in the efficacy of the two commonly used fusion materials, namely tricortical iliac crest autograft and synthetic cage with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in patients who underwent single-level ACDF with plate fixation for traumatic subaxial cervical injury.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study was based on a review of hospital charts, operative notes, and clinical and radiographic follow-up data of outpatients. Patients or their guardians provided written informed consent to submit their medical information to the journal. Institutional review board/ethics committee approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Chonnam National University Hospital (IRB No.: CNUH-2016-261).
Patient population
The medical records of 70 patients who underwent one-level ACDF with plate fixation for post-traumatic subaxial cervical spinal injury and who underwent at least 24 months of follow-up in a single institution from January 2005 to December 2010 were retrospectively investigated. Patients with a single-level distractive or compressive subaxial spine injury with or without spinal cord injury were included. Patients with a history of neck surgery, acute infectious disease, osteoporosis, vertebral body injury, multiple level injuries and/or those requiring posterior cervical instrumentation were excluded.
Based on the type of the applied graft material, the patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 33 patients who underwent fusion using autologous iliac crest grafts between January 2005 and December 2007, while Group II consisted of 37 patients who underwent fusion using a polyetheretherketone (PEEK; Solis, Stryker Spine South Allendale, NJ, USA) cage with DBM (Grafton, Osteotech, Inc., Shrewsbury, NJ, USA) between January 2008 and December 2010.
C3–4 were affected in 2 patients, C4–5 were affected in 7 patients, C5–6 were affected in 13 patients, and C6–7 were affected in 11 patients from Group I. C3–4 were affected in 1 patient, C4–5 were affected in 9 patients, while C5–6 and C6–7 were affected in 15 and 12 patients, respectively, from Group II.
Preoperative management
All patients included in the study underwent reduction of their subluxation or dislocation in the emergency room. After clinical assessment and radiological evaluation, Gardner-Wells tongs were applied and traction was started with 10 pounds of weight. The traction weight was gradually increased under neurological monitoring and based on radiological assessments of the degree of subluxation, using lateral cervical spine radiographs, until reduction was achieved or a maximum of 40 pounds of traction was reached. Small doses of narcotics and muscle relaxants were administered when required. If there was any evidence of a spinal cord injury, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone was administered in accordance with the guidelines of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study II4). Reduction under general anesthesia was attempted in patients whose subluxation or dislocations could not be reduced with traction. If this was unsuccessful, reduction was completed after discectomy using a standard Smith-Robinson anterior approach. Preoperative skull traction for temporary external stabilization of the injured cervical spine and early surgical intervention was performed within 24 hours after admission in all patients.
Surgical procedure
Standard anterior transverse incision was performed to expose the involved segment. After discectomy and osteophyte excision under the microscope, the roots or the spinal cord was totally decompressed, and the superior and inferior endplates were prepared for fusion. Bone fragments obtained during resection of osteophytes were collected for grafting. In the autograft group, tricortical iliac bone was harvested from the anterior iliac crest of the patient, using a standardized bone graft harvest technique. The tricortical bone graft was remodeled to fit into the interspace, and inserted into the disc space using the distraction device. In the cage group, microchip bone material was saved as much as possible. PEEK cage was packed with DBM and the local osteophyte-derived bone chip, and inserted into the disc space. Percutaneous pedicle screws (Bk-Meditech, Hwa-sung, Korea) or Zephir (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN, USA) plate with unicortical titanium screws was used in all patients. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was performed to confirm appropriate positioning of the graft and to check the alignment of the cervical spine. All patients were instructed to wear the Philadelphia cervical collar for 8 weeks after the operation, and early ambulation or rehabilitation was encouraged.
Radiologic assessment
Simple plain cervical radiographs were obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery, at 8 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, and then annually. Segmental angle (SA) of the fusion level and overall cervical sagittal alignment (CSA, C2–7 angle) were measured using neutral lateral radiographs. To investigate the changes in the interbody height (IBH) of the fused segments, the length between the center of the superior end plate of the cranial vertebral body and the inferior end plate of the caudal vertebral body was measured (Fig. 1). Fusion was defined as less than 2-mm motion between the spinous processes on flexion–extension lateral radiographs, absence of radiolucent gap between the graft and end plate junctions, and the presence of continuous bridging trabeculae at the graft and end plate junctions on simple lateral radiographs or computed tomography (CT) images27). The development of radiologic adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) was investigated using simple lateral radiographs, at 24 months. ASD was defined as narrowing of the disc space with or without posterior osteophytes, new anterior osteophyte formation, or calcification of the anterior longitudinal ligament13). These measurements were performed by a single independent observer who was not involved in the surgery or care of the patients.
Clinical outcome assessment
Patient statuses were reviewed clinically at 8 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, and then annually. Clinical outcome was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) scores of neck pain (0=no symptom; 10=maximum pain). In Group I, the VAS score of inguinal pain related to bone harvesting was checked during the follow-up period. Neurologic assessment was performed using the Frankel scale: Grade A indicated no motor or sensory function; Grade B indicated sensory function but no motor function; Grade C indicated useless motor function with sensation; Grade D indicated useful motor function and sensation with some deficit; and Grade E indicated normal motor function and sensation10).
Statistical analysis
The demographic features, radiographic parameters, and clinical outcomes were compared between the groups. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program for Windows V17.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA); the independent t-test, paired t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analyses. Data are presented as the mean±standard deviation. For all analyses, a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Group I consisted of 7 men and 26 women, and Group II consisted of 10 men and 27 women. The mean ages of the patients in Group I and Group II were 46.0 years and 48.2 years, respectively. Cervical injury was caused by a car accident in 47 patients (Group I: 23, Group II: 24), fall from a height in 17 (Group I: 8, Group II: 9) patients, and slipping in 6 (Group I: 2, Group II: 4) patients. There was no difference in the demographic features between patients in the two groups. Plain lateral radiographs and cervical CT images with sagittal and coronal reconstruction were obtained in all patients, and they demonstrated subluxation or dislocation at C3–4 in 3 patients (Group I: 2, Group II: 1), at C4–5 in 16 patients (Group I: 7, Group II: 9), at C5–6 in 28 patients (Group I: 13, Group II: 15), and at C6–7 in 23 patients (Group I: 11, Group II: 12). The most common site of dislocation was C5–6. The mean follow-up period in Group I and Group II was 28.9 months and 25.4 months (range, 24–37 months), respectively (Table 1).
Clinical outcomes
A summary of neurologic outcomes is provided in Table 2. In Group I, 6 patients (24%) showed improvement by at least one Frankel grade on the last follow-up, compared with their preoperative status. In Group II, 6 patients (17%) showed improvement by at least one Frankel grade on the last follow-up, compared with their preoperative status. The improvement in Frankel grade between the groups was not statistically significant (p=0.58). The mean VAS scores of neck pain in Group I and Group II were 8.6±2.6 and 7.9±3.2, respectively, before surgery and 2.9±1.9 and 2.4±1.8, respectively, at the final follow-up. The postoperative difference was statistically significant compared with the preoperative score, in both groups (p<0.001 in both group, chi-square analysis). However, there was no statistical significance between the groups (p=0.48 between two groups, chi-square analysis). In Group I, the VAS score of inguinal pain was 7.8±3.9 after surgery, and the score decreased to 3.2±2.8 at 3 months after surgery. However, 8 out of 25 (32%) patients complained of inguinal pain until the last follow-up (Table 3).
Radiographic results
All 70 patients had undergone complete radiographic follow-up at 1 year after surgery, and solid fusion was evident in all cases, based on the absence of more than 2-mm motion and complete formation of a bony bridge between the graft and the vertebral body, as observed on simple dynamic lateral radiographs. No case of pseudarthrosis was observed in either group. A summary of the radiological outcomes is provided in Table 3. In Group I, the mean preoperative SA was 6.7±7.7°. The mean local lordosis immediately after surgery was −3.6±6.6°, and it was 0.6±7.1° at the final follow-up. The mean CSA was −6.7±14.9°, −11.7±11.4°, and −10.1±9.1° at the preoperative, postoperative, and last follow-up. The mean increase in the angle at the final follow-up was 6.1° and 3.4° in SA and CSA, respectively. The mean IBH was 36.6±4.7 mm, 40.4±5.2 mm, and 37.5±2.8 mm preoperatively, postoperatively, and at last follow-up, respectively. The mean increase of IBH at the final follow-up was 0.9 mm (Fig. 1).
In Group II, the mean preoperative SA was 5.7±8.1°. The SA immediately after surgery and at the final follow-up was −5.9±4.7° and −4.8±4.1°, respectively. The mean CSA was −8.7±10.1°, −13.9±12.0°, and −15.2±12.9° preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up. The mean increase in the angle at the final follow-up was 10.5° and 6.5° in SA and CSA, respectively. The mean IBH was 36.4±3.0 mm, 41.3±3.8 mm, and 40.4±3.3 mm preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up. The mean increase of IBH at the final follow-up was 4.0 mm. SA, CSA, and IBH were better maintained in Group II than in Group I; in particular, there were statistically significant differences in the maintenance of SA and IBH between the groups (Fig. 2, Table 4).
Nine patients from Group I and two patients from Group II developed radiologic ASD (p=0.021); however, no patient required additional surgery due to the symptomatic ASD (Table 5).
Procedure-related complications
No patient in our series developed a hematoma or wound infection after surgery. There were no incidents of vertebral artery injury, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, or esophageal or tracheal laceration. During the follow-up period, there were no cases of hardware failure such as migration or breakage. Therefore, no additional surgical procedures were required during the follow-up period.
DISCUSSION
Because of the high failure rates associated with conservative treatment, surgery is preferred to avoid delayed instability due to incomplete healing of the injured ligaments and prolonged immobilization with a halo vest. Surgical stabilization has been reported using an anterior, posterior or a combined approach; however, the optimal approach remains controversial7,9,26). Although posterior stabilization techniques have been employed with good results, they are associated with several risks such as neurovascular damages, infection, postoperative neck pain with extensive muscle dissection, and blood loss8,25). Moreover, the incidence of disc disruption may be as high as 40% in cases of unilateral facet dislocation and 80% in cases of bilateral cervical facet dislocation23). This could cause neurological deterioration, and the additional risk of anterior collapse of the disc space could lead to kyphotic deformity12). On the contrary, anterior fixation reduces the risk of catastrophic neurological complications and provides satisfactory stabilization for management of these injuries14,29). Additional plate fixation after ACDF could provide effective stabilization with the advantage of only one-motion segment fusion in cervical facet dislocation. If decompression of the spinal cord is required, it is typically best accomplished using an anterior approach3). We have almost always encountered grossly disrupted discs during anterior surgery; therefore, we prefer the anterior approach. Biomechanical investigations have demonstrated that ACDF with plating can effectively stabilize the non-osteoporotic cervical spine after complete posterior element injury19). In this study, all patients underwent successful reduction and stabilization through the anterior approach, and there was no instability at the last follow-up. Therefore, ACDF with additional plating could be an excellent treatment option for traumatic subaxial cervical injury.
The risk of autograft donor-site morbidity, especially donor site pain, has been widely reported, suggesting the need for an alternative fusion method that obviates iliac crest harvest. Allograft has been used as an alternative material, although it has less osteoinductive potential and is associated with lower fusion rates2,5). Synthetic interbody cages have been developed to achieve immediate stability and successful bone fusion6,22). Many of the complications associated with iliac crest harvest have been significantly reduced with the use of cages. The elasticity modulus is close to that of bone, resulting in minimizing subsidence and optimizing the interaction of compressive forces at the graft-host interface. In many studies, the cages were packed with autologous cancellous bone, which can be harvested via a smaller incision26). This may reduce donor site morbidity because of its minimal invasiveness and maintenance of the integrity of the iliac crest15). However, donor site pain still remains high and compromises the satisfactory clinical result of decompression20,28). Recently, DBM was introduced as an osteoinductive substance that contains bone morphogenic proteins. Moreover, some kinds of DBM not only have osteoinductive capability but also osteoconductive capability. Therefore, the use of DBM for fusion can obviate cancellous bone harvest of the iliac crest. In our study, 100% fusion rate was achieved by the use of PEEK cage with DBM (Group II) at 12 months after surgery. Although the fusion rate in patients in whom iliac crest autograft was used (Group I) was 100% at 12 months after surgery, 32% of the patients reported residual pain at the bone harvest site. Therefore, we speculate that PEEK cage with DBM was as effective as iliac autograft for anterior cervical fusion, while avoiding donor site morbidity.
To the best of our knowledge, few studies have compared the differences between autologous bone graft and synthetic cage in ACDF with plate system. In this study, we compared the surgical results with regard to clinical and radiologic findings. There was no difference in the clinical outcome between the groups. The improvement in Frankel grade did not differ between the groups before surgery and at the last follow-up. No differences were observed in the changes in the VAS score of neck pain between the groups. Chronic donor site pain could be eliminated using PEEK cage with DBM in group II.
With regard to radiologic results, the fusion rate, cervical alignment, and the development of ASD were considered. As previously mentioned, complete bone fusion was achieved in all 70 patients in this study at 12 months after surgery. Unfortunately, we did not calculate the exact time required for fusion in both the groups. However, another study reported that the time required for solid fusion from surgical fusion was similar in traumatic cervical injury between the autograft and synthetic cage groups26). In cervical alignment, the SA of fusion level and CSA were increased in both groups after surgery; however, the parameters were well maintained in Group II without significant correction loss, compared with Group I. The results may be associated with the subsidence or graft collapse in iliac autografts. In Group I, the IBH of the fused segment at the last follow-up was decreased by about 2.9 mm, compared with the value immediately after surgery. However, the IBH was decreased by only about 0.9 mm in Group II. This fact indicated that more graft collapse was observed in Group I compared with the subsidence of cage in Group II. Yamagata et al.30) advocated that cage or graft subsidence resulted in early or late deterioration of the local cervical angle and overall cervical alignment. Therefore, graft collapse might have more frequently developed in Group I than in Group II, and it might have been influenced by the negative effect to maintain the SA and CSA after surgery. Patients in Group I also frequently developed radiologic ASD. However, no patient required revision surgery to ASD until the last follow-up, because the symptomatic ASD went unnoticed. The development of radiologic ASD might be associated with graft collapse and loss of cervical alignment. The graft collapse in Group I can lead to impingement of the plating on the adjacent disc spaces, and it might promote or accelerate disc degeneration16). Further, SA and CSA were decreased during the follow-up period in Group I, which means that the loss of SA and CSA may lead to the loss of cervical lordosis and, consequently, cervical malalignment. Park et al.18) reported that malalignment of the cervical spine related with loss of cervical lordosis affects the radiologic or clinical outcomes related to adjacent segment pathology.
Although our clinical results regarding neck pain and Frankel grade did not significantly differ between the groups, patients from Group II showed better radiologic results in terms of cervical alignment and the development of ASD. Therefore, with advantages such as no donor site morbidity and no graft-related complications, synthetic cage filled with DBM and plate is a promising surgical option for fixation of single-level subaxial cervical spine injuries.
Our study had several limitations. First, it was designed retrospectively, which could introduce selection bias owing to poor record keeping. Second, the study population was relatively small. However, the majority of data showed normal distribution in statistical analysis, and non-parametric test was used for analysis of some data such as Frankel grade and VAS score. Finally, this study did not include a cost-effectiveness analysis. However, hospital stay and cost mostly depended on the severity of concomitant spinal cord injury and not on the surgical method used in traumatic cervical injury; therefore, the investigation of cost-effectiveness may be not important in this study.
CONCLUSION
ACDF using a PEEK cage with DBM followed by anterior plating in subaxial cervical injury showed high fusion rates and a satisfactory clinical outcome without any donor site morbidity. Radiologically, it showed more advantages in maintenance of IBH and cervical alignments than those shown by ACDF using autologous iliac bone grafts. Moreover, a higher incidence of radiologic ASD was observed among patients in whom autologous iliac bone grafts were used. Therefore, ACDF using a PEEK cage with DBM followed by anterior plating can replace the traditional interbody fusion with autologous bone graft in subaxial cervical spine injuries. Prospective randomized studies on a large number of patients are warranted to support the results of this study.
XML Download