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INTRODUCTION
The efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) as compared to medical treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) has been well documented [1,2,6,7]. According to previous studies, EVT in patients with acute LVO in the anterior circulation results in high rates of successful recanalization (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score 2b or 3; 72.4–86%). Nevertheless, even with such high recanalization rates, only 33 to 54% of patients show good clinical outcomes (modified Rankin scale [mRS] score 0–2), and 12 to 30% of patients may have resultant severe disability or death (mRS 5, 6) [1,2,6,7].
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI) may negate the efficacy of EVT in patients with anterior circulation LVO. Therefore, identifying the predictors for sICH or MMCAI after EVT may help predict prognosis and guide early patient management. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is the modality used to confirm vessel occlusion prior to EVT. As compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CTA can identify the occluded vessel and can exclude hemorrhagic stroke in a timely manner.
The aim of our study was to develop a prediction score to determine who would not benefit from EVT using easily assessable CTA parameters in patients with AIS caused by anterior circulation LVO.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Jeonbuk National University Hospital.
Derivation and validation Cohort
We used a prospectively collected clinical and radiological database to enroll patients at our institution who presented with AIS treated with EVT between January 2015 and September 2018. Our study targeted patients who received CTA at the time of admission with a documented anterior circulation LVO caused by an internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. After establishing the score, we validated it in eligible patients with AIS treated with EVT at our institution between October 2018 to April 2019. All eligible patients received 0.9 mg/kg of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 4.5 hours of symptom onset.
Image acquisition
After excluding hemorrhagic stroke through noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT), CTA was performed with a multislice CT scanner (SOMATOM Sensation 16; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with images acquired from the vertex to the aortic arch. Nonionic contrast media (80–120 mL) was administered into the antecubital vein at 3–5 mL/s. The images were autotriggered by the appearance of contrast media in the superior sagittal sinus, and the CTA source image was reconstructed in 1 mm thickness slices in the axial planes at 0.7 mm thickness intervals. NCCT was performed immediately after EVT and on follow-up at 24 hours.
Clinical and image analysis
The initial neurological status of patients was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission. The mRS was checked on admission and at 3 months after presentation. A favorable functional outcome was defined as a 3-month mRS score of ≤2. Image review was independently performed on a wide-screen highresolution monitor with adequate window and level settings using 3 scores previously described in the literature. The CTA Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (CTA ASPECTS) is calculated by subtracting the number of diminished contrast enhancement regions from a total score of 10 on the CTA source image. The clot burden score (CBS) is a quantified assessment of the extent of the clot in the anterior circulation. Starting at 10, points are deducted based on the loss of contrast opacification on CTA. Two points are subtracted for contrast opacification within the supraclinoid ICA, the proximal M1 branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and the distal M1 of the MCA. One point is subtracted for the infraclinoid ICA, both M2 branches of the MCA, and the A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery [11]. The leptomeningeal collateral status score is assessed on a scale of 0–3. A score of 0 indicates absent collateral supply; a score of 1 indicates collateral supply filling ≤50%; a score of 2 indicates >50% but <100% collateral supply filling, and a score of 3 indicates ≥100% collateral supply filling as compared to the non-occluded side [13].
Definition of MMCAI and sICH
An MMCAI was defined as having the following : 1) NIHSS score >18; 2) large space-occupying MCA infarction on follow-up CT or MRI with at least two-thirds of the MCA territory demonstrating compression of the ventricle or midline shift; and 3) no other clear cause for neurological deterioration [14]. The sICH was defined as an intracranial hemorrhage associated with an NIHSS ≥4 between the postprocedural assessment and the 24-hour follow up [15].
Statistics analysis
We performed a univariate comparison of groups in both cohorts using an independent t-test for continuous variables and a Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables. We used multivariate regression to estimate the predictive value of the CTA parameters associated with MMCAI or sICH after EVT in the derivation cohort. The scoring system was developed according to the magnitude of regression coefficients.
The multivariate model used in our study was as follows : 1) selection of independent variables. We included those CTA variables determined to have been associated with sICH or MMCAI from previous studies [3,5,15]. We analyzed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) to determine the best cut-off point of the CTA parameters to identify patients with sICH and/or MMCAI after EVT in the derivation cohort. 2) CTA-ABC score. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we confirmed that the CTA parameter cut-off values were independent predictors for sICH and/or MMCAI. We then developed the CTA-ABC score (which combined the CTA ASPECTS, the CBS, and the leptomeningeal Collateral score) according to the magnitude of the logistic regression coefficients. And 3) the score was validated in the validation cohort using an AUC-ROC.
We considered an AUC-ROC >0.75 as an acceptable value with statistical significance defined as a p<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver. 23.0 (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
During the study time period, 488 AIS patients were treated with EVT. Of this number, 373 patients were ineligible for the study; this included 252 patients that did not have a related ICA occlusion, 52 patients without an available baseline CTA of adequate quality to evaluate the CTA parameters, and 69 patients without an initial CTA. The final CTA-ABC derivation cohort was therefore composed of 115 patients. Our validation cohort consisted of 40 eligible patients with AIS treated with EVT.
The demographics and baseline characteristics of patients in the derivation (n=115) and validation (n=40) cohorts are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups. The prevalence of sICH and/or MMCAI infarction in the derivation cohort was 36%. The baseline characteristics, including CTA parameters and clinical outcomes, of the patients classified according to the occurrence of sICH and/or MMCAI are presented in Table 2. The patients presenting with sICH and/or MMCAI showed statistically significantly lower ASPECTS, CBS and collateral circulation scores on baseline CTA. The AUC-ROC analysis was performed to find the best cutoff value of CTA parameters to predict occurrence of sICH and MMCAI. The CTA parameters with good performance for prediction of patients with sICH and MMCAI were as follows : 1) CTA ASPECTS of 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96–100; p<0.001) and 2) collateral score of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87–0.97; p<0.001) and a CBS of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–89; p<0.001). The best cut-off values for the AUC-ROC analysis were 6 for the CTA ASPECTS score, 2 for the collateral score, and 4 for the CBS (Table 3). Based on these cutoff values, the CTA parameters identified as independent predictors through multivariate analysis for occurrence of sICH and/or MMCAI after EVT were a CTA ASPECTS ≤5, a collateral circulation score ≤1 and a CBS ≤3 (Table 4). Based upon these statistical results, we developed a CTA-ABC score (CTA ASPECTS, CBS and leptomeningeal Collateral score) score with a scale ranging from 0 to 6 according to the magnitude of logistic regression coefficients. Table 5 describes the score in more detail.
The absolute risk for sICH and/or MMCAI after EVT in patients based on the CTA-ABC score is shown in Fig. 1. The proportions of patients with sICH and/or MMCAI in the derivation cohort were 96%, 73%, 17%, 17%, 6%, and 0% for 6, 5, 3, 2, 1, and 0 points, respectively. The performance of the score as estimated with the AUC-ROC for the derivation cohort was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94–0.99; p<0.001). In the validation cohort, the proportions of patients with sICH and/or MMCAI were 90%, 100%, 67%, 25%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, for 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 points, respectively. The performance of the score for the validation cohort was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90–1.00; p<0.001) based on the AUC-ROC analysis. The best cutoff value of the CTA-ABC score to predict sICH and/or MMCAI after EVT in the validation cohort was 4 points, with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 94.9%.
DISCUSSION
In recent years, EVT has been considered a safe and effective treatment modality for LVO in the anterior circulation in patients with AIS [1,2,6,7]. Nevertheless, in some cases, the neurologic status of a patient is worse after treatment. The majority of patients with poor prognoses are those who eventually progress to have an MMCAI or who develop a sICH after the procedure. Therefore, identifying the predictors for MMCAI or sICH after EVT may help identify optimal candidates for EVT. Our study developed a score to help predict such patients who would not benefit from EVT in cases of acute anterior circulation AIS.
Previous studies have demonstrated that the CTA ASPECTS determined using CTA source images is reliably correlated with the ischemic volume and final infarction size identified on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging [4,8]. Davoli et al. [3] reported that the CTA ASPECTS is an independent predictor of MMCAI evolution in patients with AIS undergoing mechanical thrombectomy; a CTA ASPECTS ≤5 predicted MMCAI evolution with a remarkably high sensitivity (97.14%). Similarly, in our study, a CTA ASPECTS of 6 was the best cut-off value to predict patients who did not have a subsequent MMACI and sICH with a high sensitivity (94.9%). A CTA ASPECTS ≤5 was independent predictor of MMCAI and/or sICH evolution after EVT (odds ratio [OR], 36.39; 95% CI, 6.39–207.29; p<0.001).
Previous studies have demonstrated that a noninvasive leptomeningeal collateral circulation (CC) scoring system using CTA is well correlated with clinical outcomes in patients with AIS [9,10,12]. Flores et al. [5] reported that the CC score assessed by multiphase CTA independently predicts MMCAI progression. We used a scale of 0–3 with a scoring system proposed by Tan et al. [13] to calculate the CC score. In our study, a CC score of 3 was the best cut-off value to predict patients who did not have a subsequent MMACI and sICH (sensitivity, 75.9%; specificity, 97.2%). A CC score ≤1 was an independent predictor of MMCAI and/or sICH evolution after EVT (OR, 11.13; 95% CI, 1.02–121.86; p=0.048).
Puetz et al. [11] developed the CBS scoring system based on the presence of contrast opacification on CTA. The CBS was not only correlated with the final infarction size and hemorrhagic transformation rate, but was also an independent predictor of clinical outcomes and mortality. Recently, Yogendrakumar et al. [15] reported that post EVT intracranial hemorrhage was associated with a CBS ≤3 (sensitivity, 41%; specificity, 82%; OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.36–7.15), which robustly predicted hemorrhage. Our results were consistent with these prior findings. In our study, a CBS ≤3 was an independent predictor of MMCAI and/or sICH evolution (OR, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.01– 23.17; p=0.049).
Based on these statistical results, we developed the CTAABC score (Table 5). The score reliably predicted risk in our sample for sICH and/or MMCAI in patients with anterior circulation LVO treated with EVT (Fig. 1). Moreover, the performance of the score as estimated with the AUC-ROC was 0.97 (0.94–0.99) in the derivation cohort and 0.96 (0.90–1.00) in the validation cohort.
Our study has a number of limitations. Although we controlled for CTA parameters that were known to be predictors of stroke outcomes, we cannot rule out the possibility that other excluded baseline variables may have had an impact on the development of subsequent MMCAI or sICH. In addition, we were limited by the small size of the derivation cohort used to develop our score. The validation cohort was also small and collected from our institution and therefore may have restricted the generalizability of the performance of the score. Despite these limitations, we believe that this scoring system may be useful in aiding the decision-making process for selection of future EVT candidates, especially considering its performance based on the AUC-ROC of 4 points or more. At this time, although the CTA-ABC score cannot be used to completely exclude candidates for EVT, it may aid in predicting the prognosis after EVT or guide the clinician in the choice of conservative management versus aggressive EVT, especially in cases of uncertainty.
CONCLUSION
CTA is useful for confirmation of vessel occlusion for EVT, and the CTA-ABC score using CTA parameters is a simple way to predict patients who may not benefit from EVT. Although further external validation of the CTA-ABC score is warranted, it may provide useful information to neurointerventionists about the potential utility of EVT in individual cases. Future research is needed on larger samples to help further evaluate the predictive value of the CTA-ABC score.
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