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INTRODUCTION
Since a series of reports published in 2015, endovascular treatment (EVT) has been considered a safe and effective treatment modality for large vessel occlusion in the anterior cerebral circulation in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) [1,4,9]. Studies at that time were primarily performed using stent-retrievers, but with the development of newer thrombectomy devices, aspiration thrombectomy with large-bore aspiration catheters has recently emerged as another therapeutic option in treating patients with AIS. The ACE68 reperfusion catheter (Penumbra Inc., Alameda, CA, USA), a new large-bore flexible reperfusion catheter used for vessel recanalization, was launched in July 2016. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the ACE68 reperfusion catheter in comparison to that of prior Penumbra catheters in patients with AIS related to internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patient enrollment
The Institutional Review Board of Chonbuk National University Hospital approved this retrospective study. Clinical and radiological records of patients with acute ICA occlusion treated with EVT using Penumbra aspiration catheters between January 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 488 patients with AIS were treated with EVT over the study period. Among them, we included patients whose initial occlusion site was between the proximal ICA and the ICA terminus. Patients with middle or anterior cerebral occlusion who did not show ICA occlusion were excluded from the study. Patients who did not use the penumbra aspiration catheters as first-line EVT were also excluded. Our final sample consisted of 75 patients with ICA occlusion treated with EVT using Penumbra reperfusion catheters as firstline therapy. All patients were initially evaluated by brain computed tomography (CT), and angiographic status of patients was routinely assessed by 3-dimensional CT angiography or magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Inclusion criteria for EVT were an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≥4, no evidence of intracerebral hemorrhage, and a large vessel occlusion, including ICA, on CT or MR angiography. A brain CT scan was routinely performed immediately after the EVT.
EVT
All eligible patients received 0.9 mg/kg of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. After femoral artery puncture, a 100-cm 8 Fr guide catheter (Guider Softip; Stryker, Natick, MA, USA) was introduced to the cervical portion of ICA through a coaxial system, which was assembled by combining the outermost 80-cm 8 Fr shuttle sheath (Shuttle-SL; Cook, Bloomington, ID, USA). After the ICA occlusion site was defined by angiography, a Penumbra aspiration catheter was introduced to the face of the clot triaxially over a Rebar 18 microcatheter (EV3, Irvine, CA, USA) and Synchro 0.014-inch guidewire (Stryker, Freemont, CA, USA) under roadmap guidance. Before February 2018, the 5MAX, 4MAX or 054 reperfusion catheters were used; subsequently, ACE68 reperfusion catheter was used as the first option for ICA occlusion. The microcatheter and wire were removed and a 20-mL syringe was connected to the proximal hub of the reperfusion catheter. Continuous manual aspiration was performed, maintaining the vacuum state between the tip of catheter and the thrombus, while gently withdrawing the Penumbra catheter through the guide catheter. If recanalization was not achieved applying this technique 3–5 times, a Solitaire stent retrieval system (Covidien, Irvine, CA, USA) was used.
Clinical and radiologic analysis
Patients demographic, clinical, and angiographic data were retrospectively analyzed. The NIHSS and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were assessed on admission and a favorable functional outcome was defined as a mRS score of ≤2 at 3 months. Initial Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scores (ASPECTS) were collected and the degree of vessel occlusion after EVT was defined by the thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale; successful recanalization was defined as TICI ≥2b. Procedure-related symptomatic hemorrhage was defined as the presence of hemorrhage after EVT with any increase in the NIHSS compared to baseline on admission.
Statistical analysis
SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. All patients were divided into two groups according to use of ACE68 reperfusion catheter. Continuous variables were expressed as means with standard deviation or medians with interquartile range (IQR), while categorical data were expressed as counts and percentages. Independent t-test was used to analyze differences in continuous variables and Pearson's chi-squared test was used for categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of favorable functional outcome. Statistically significant differences were defined by p<0.05.
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RESULTS
The study sample included 33 male (44%) (mean age, 72.9±11.6 years). The median NIHSS score at admission was 13 (range, 4–20) and median ASPECTS score was 8 (range, 2–10). Twenty-nine patients (39%) were treated with EVT using the ACE68 reperfusion catheter and 46 patients (61%) with 5MAX, 4MAX, or 054 reperfusion catheters. The median onset to door time was 97 minutes (range, 10–752 minutes).
The baseline characteristics of included patients are described in Table 1. No significant differences were found in any baseline data, including NIHSS score, ASPECTS score, and onset to door time, between patients who were treated with ACE68 reperfusion catheter and the rest of patients. Table 2 shows the EVT-related parameters and clinical outcome. Significant differences were detected in puncture to recanalization time (20 minutes [IQR, 15–25] vs. 35 minutes [IQR, 22–48], p=0.011) and the number of switches to the stent-retrieve as a second-line therapy (1 of 29 [3%] vs. 9 of 40 [20%], p=0.046) between ACE68 reperfusion catheter group and other Penumbra catheters group. Other parameters, such as onset to puncture time, rate of TICI ≥2b, rate of symptomatic hemorrhage after EVT, and favorable functional outcome, did not show significant differences. In multivariate logistic analysis ASPECTS score ≥8 and successful recanalization were identified as independent predictors of favorable functional outcome (Table 3). Although the use of ACE68 reperfusion catheter had no statistical significance as an independent predictor, more patients showed favorable functional outcome in ACE68 reperfusion catheter group (14/29 [48%] vs. 14/46 [30%]).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to using the ACE68 reperfusion catheter
Table 2.
Imaging and clinical outcomes according to using ACE68 reperfusion catheter
Table 3.
Variable associated with favorable functional outcome (mRS 0–2 at 3 months)
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DISCUSSION
Since several randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of EVT in patients with AIS caused by large vessel occlusion, this treatment modality has played an important role in the treatment of AIS [1,2,4,9]. Early EVT studies were mainly based on stent-retrievers, such as Trevo and Solitaire; subsequently, equivalent safety and efficacy of EVT have been reported in studies using aspiration catheters [5,10,11]. However, in EVT using aspiration catheters, the catheter should have sufficient inner diameter of the lumen for suction, and the navigation of catheter to the occlusion site may be more difficult than that of the stent-retriever, especially in tortuous vessels. Recently, better recanalization rate and a shorter procedure time have been achieved by using new generation of easy-to-track and large-bore aspiration catheters [3,6].
The Penumbra ACE68 reperfusion catheter, a new large bore aspiration catheter available for vessel recanalization, was launched in July 2016. The ACE68 reperfusion catheter has an distal inner lumen diameter of 0.068, which is 0.012 in more than that of its predecessors, such as 5MAX or Penumbra 054, and translated to a gain in cross sectional area of approximately 58% [6]. Besides, The ACE68 reperfusion catheter has several features to improve trackability. Its triple wire coil reinforcement on proximal shaft advances pushability for navigation while maintaining kink resistance. Distal portion of the catheter, it has 16 transitions to enable smooth force transmission and minimize kinking. And the beveled catheter tip also imiproves navigation.
In our study, EVT using ACE68 reperfusion catheter group showed a significantly shorter procedure time (20 mintutes [IQR, 15–25] vs. 35 minutes [IQR, 22–48], p=0.011) and lower rate of switch to stent retriever as second-line therapy (1 of 29 [3%] vs. 9 of 46 [20%], p=0.046) compared with other Penumbra catheters group. These results are presumed to be related to the larger distal lumen diameter of ACE68 reperfusion catheter in order to aspirate ICA thrombus and, despite its size, superior trackability compared with prior versions, especially at the tip [3,6].
In previous studies, an initial high ASPECTS, the presence of successful recanalization, short time interval from symptom onset to recanalization were found to be independent predictors of favorable functional outcome [7,8,12]. In our study, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that successful recanalization (odd ratio [OR], 10.20; 95% confidence ratio [CI], 1.13–92.46, p=0.039) and initial ASPECTS score ≥8 (OR, 9.74; 95% CI, 1.72–54.99; p=0.010) were independent predictor of favorable functional outcome. Moreover, although not statistically significant, we found a tendency to more favorable functional outcome in the group treated by EVT with ACE68 reperfusion catheter (14 of 29 [48%] vs. 14 of 46 [30%], p=0.120; OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 0.85–9.22; p=0.091).
The ultimate goal of EVT in patients with AIS is to improve the clinical outcome. For that, first and foremost, rapid and sufficient recanalization of the occluded vessel is essential. Our study demonstrated that EVT using ACE68 reperfusion catheter can achieve rapid recanalization. Additionally, the successful recanalization rate (24 of 29 [83%]) was comparable to that of previous studies using stent-retrievers [1,2,4,9]. Furthermore, the frequency of conversion to stent-retriever is significantly reduced, which could be a cost saving as well as a time saving effect. Considering these observations, EVT using ACE68 reperfusion catheter as a first-line option may be a reasonable choice for achieving ultimate goal of EVT in patients with AIS related to ICA occlusion.
Our study has several limitations. First, it lacks a prospective design. Second, the relatively small sample size precluded the attainment of statistical significance. Third, we lack another treatment modality, such as stent retriever, to be used in the control group. Finally, we used intravenous tPA only patients within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. The use of tPA may have affected successful recanalization rate.
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CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, ACE68 reperfusion catheter may be considered as a first-line option when planning aspiration thrombectomy in patients AIS related to ICA occlusion. It can provide rapid revascularization with satisfactory recanalization rate and reduce the frequency of conversion to stent-retriever. Moreover, it may provide more opportunities to get a favorable outcome.
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