PDF
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
Posture-induced common peroneal neuropathy (CPNe) is a clinical presentation caused by a prolonged body position that leads to acute foot drop with sensory disturbances of the anterior or lateral compartments of lower leg. We previously reported the clinical characteristics of posture-induced CPNe and summarized eight helpful diagnostic points for differential diagnosis [11]. In Asians, kneeling and squatting are the postures that are most often induce CPNe. However, we could not identify a compatible compression site of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) during hyper-flexion of knees, except for the fibrous-osseous band (fibular tunnel), which was a stretching or direct compression site of the nerve during prolonged and habitual leg crossing and lying down. Masakado et al. [6] described this tunnel as a compression site of the CPN during hyper-flexion of knee posture, but could not explain the detailed mechanism. Though CPNe is caused by various conditions, the etiology of idiopathic or posture-induced neuropathy remains unclear [1,2,5,6,11].
Masakado et al. [6] investigated the course of the CPN between popliteal muscles, including the short head of biceps femoris muscle (SHBFM) and the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (LGCM) using T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) [8]. They proposed the possibility of anatomical variations on these muscles related to the CPNe by entrapment or compression. We hypothesized that the popliteal fossa is an anatomical region where the CPN could be compressed, rather than the fibular tunnel, and assumed the “popliteal tunnel” formed between the SHBFM and the LGCM could compress the CPN during knee flexion posture.
Presently, we evaluated the course of the CPN at the popliteal area related with compressive neuropathy. We also investigated the incidence of anatomical variation associated with CPN and the morphological characteristics on the basis of comprehensive MRI scans of healthy Koreans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From 2014 January to 2016 December, 1.5-Tesla knee MRI scans were obtained from 849 patients using a Gyroscan Intera machine (Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). These images were retrospectively reviewed. We excluded 756 patients with traumatic lesions (fracture, dislocation, ligament injury, and contusion), post-surgery (total knee arthroplasty and arthroscopic guided procedures), and tumors (cystic and solid) after searching medical records. The remaining 93 normal subjects were included in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the anatomical course of the CPN. Type I included subjects with the CPN situated superficial to the LGCM. Type II included subjects with the CPN between the SHBFM and the LGCM. All measured parameters were evaluated on conventional T1-weighted axial images (TR, 500-800 ms; TE, 10-20 ms). We calculated the thickness of the SHBFM and posterior elongation of this muscle, and the LGCM at the level of femoral condyles (Fig. 1). In the type II group, the length of popliteal tunnel where the CPN passes was measured on coronal T2-weighted Dixon MRI images of knee joints. The thickness of the SHBFM and LGCM, which each comprised popliteal fossa, was determined in each group. All measurements were reviewed independently by a neurosurgeon and an orthopedic surgeon. This study involves no prospectively collected data so there is no access to patients or opportunity to seek informed consent and was performed in accordance with our institutional guidelines that comply with all international laws and policies. This study was performed in accordance with Hallym University College of Medicine guidelines (IRB No.2012-71) that comply with all international laws and policies.
Statistical analyses
Inter- and intraobserver reliabilities were obtained for all radiographic parameters using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). As defined [4], ICCs of 0.81–1.00, 0.61–0.80, 0.41–0.60, 0.21–0.40, and 0.00–0.20 were interpreted as excellent, good, moderate, fair, and poor, respectively. After identifying the normal distribution of baseline characteristics between type I and type II, the Mann-Whitney test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare baseline characteristics and radiologic measurements such as thicknesses and ratios of examined muscles. The null hypothesis of no difference was rejected at p<0.05. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics of type I and type II
Analysis of the CPN course on conventional T1-weighted axial images as described above at the level of femoral condyles revealed that the CPN separated from the sciatic nerve descended along the medial side of the SHBFM on the popliteal fossa and passed through the popliteal tunnel formed between the SHBFM and the LGCM in 36 subjects (38.7% type II). In 57 subjects (61.3% type I) the CPN pathway traveled superficially without passing through the popliteal tunnel. The overall median age of the enrolled subjects was 42 years (mean, 40.2 years; range, 10–73 years). The median age of the type I and type II group was 45 years (mean, 41.3 years; range, 11–73 years) and 38 years (mean, 38.6 years; range, 10–73 years), respectively. More than 50% of patients 40–60 years of age in both groups and showed a normal age distribution (p=0.446). Overall, male subjects were more common than females (34 males and 23 females in type I; 23 males and 13 females in type II). The groups were statistically similar significant (p=0.684).
Comparisons of measured thickness in each type
The SHBFM is located at the distal and lateral side of the popliteal fossa, and the CPN typically runs along the medial side of this muscle. The median thickness was 30.2 mm (mean, 31.0 mm; range, 19.8–45.6 mm) in the type I group and 34.6 mm (mean, 35.9 mm; range, 21.8–53.0 mm) in the type II group. The muscle was significantly thicker in type II subjects (ICC, 0.82; p=0.005) (Fig. 2A).
The LGCM is located on the bottom of the popliteal fossa and the CPN usually runs to the superior surface of the muscle. The median thickness was 18.9 mm (mean, 20.0 mm; range, 9.6–34.0 mm) in type I subjects and 20.3 mm (mean, 20.2 mm; range, 9.2–31.9 mm) in type II subjects. The muscle thickness was comparable in both groups (ICC, 0.86; p=0.508) (Fig. 2B).
From the baseline, the median lengths of the SHBFM muscle are 9.0 mm (mean, 9.3 mm; range, 1.0–19.8 mm) in type I subjects and 15.7 mm (mean, 16.2 mm; range, 6.0–30.4 mm) in type II subjects. The posterior portion of this muscle was statistically significantly increased in type II subjects (ICC, 0.74; p=0.005) (Fig. 2C).
The ratio of the lengths of the two short head of the biceps femoris and lateral gastrocnemius muscles involved in the course of CPN was calculated in each type. The median ratios were 1.8 (mean, 1.9; range, 1.2–2.8) in type I subjects and 2.1 (mean, 2.2; range, 1.4–3.3) in type II subjects. The difference was significant (p=0.005) (Fig. 2D).
Frequencies of popliteal tunnel length in type II (Table 1)
Almost 54% of subjects in type II had a tunnel length from 21–30 mm, and there was no subject with tunnel below 10 mm. Over 27% of subjects had a tunnel length exceeding 31 mm and maximum length was 52 mm. This subject with maximum tunnel length had 41.1 mm on the SHBFM, 18.7 mm on the LGCM, and 23.7 mm on posterior elongated SHBFM. These outcomes were more than the average, except LGCM length.
Case illustration
A 52-year-old male farmer presented with right ankle drop. Two days prior to presentation, he had experienced sensory disturbance on right lateral side of lower leg, followed by ankle dorsiflexor muscle weakness. On admission, neurological examination revealed right ankle dorsif lexion (G2/5), big toe dorsif lexion (Gr3/5), ankle eversion (Gr3/5), ankle inversion (G5/5), and ankle plantarflexion (G4/5) with decreased sensation on lateral compartment of lower leg. Conventional knee MRI demonstrated the CPN ran between the SHBFM and the LGCM at the level of femoral condyle, which was classified as type II. Significantly high signal changes on the SHBFM and the LGCM and muscles of anterolateral compartment were observed. The changes were compatible with his clinical presentation (Fig. 3). An electromyography examination performed 17 days after the initial symptom of sensory disturbance showed signs of abnormal spontaneous activity in the right tibialis anterior muscle, peroneus longus muscle, and extensor digitorum brevis muscle with diminished recruitment (Table 2). He was diagnosed with incomplete fibular neuropathy and was managed with physiotherapy. A follow-up 1.5 months later, his affected muscles were improved to over grade 4.
DISCUSSION
The common peroneal nerve branches from the sciatic nerve and descends obliquely along the lateral side of popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle laying between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, and then winds around the neck of the fibula [1,2,5,6]. MRI findings have demonstrated that the common peroneal nerve descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa, posterior to the short head of biceps femoris muscle, and then laterally and superficially to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. More inferiorly, it winds around the neck of the fibula (fibular tunnel), enters the anterior and lateral muscle compartments of the leg, and divides into the superficial and deep peroneal nerves [3,5]. Anatomical variations of peroneal nerve occur in humans. Deutsch et al. [2] studied the relevant regional anatomy of common peroneal nerve and reported three distinct patterns of division in the common peroneal nerve with respect to the deep and superficial branches: division distal to fibular neck (81.4%), division proximal to joint line (10%), division distal to joint line and proximal to fibular neck (8.6%). The authors demonstrated the potential risk for nerve injury during repair of lateral meniscus tears according to these types of variations [2]. In another cadaveric study, Arora et al. [1] also reported an anormalous variation of the common peroneal nerve at the level of the middle of popliteal fossa and emphasized its clinical importance. Nevertheless, these anatomical variations of peroneal nerve could not fully explain all possible causes or mechanisms of the CPNe.
Previously, we reported the clinical characteristics of peroneal nerve palsy that developed after maintaining a certain posture for a long time and suggested that this entrapment syndrome was related to the seating habits of Asians [11]. Posture-induced CPNe with neurologic deficit can be caused by impaired blood supply to the nerve due to direct compression or stretching injury after prolonged posture [7]. In some cases of external direct compression to the CPN while lying down in the lateral decubitus position, the fibular tunnel or the fibular head seemed to be an entrapment of the compression site, leading to the CPNe. Postures that commonly induce CPNe are squatting (54%), sitting cross-legged (25%) and are affected by maintaining the same posture for an average of 124.2 minutes [11]. Masakado et al. [6] mentioned that habitual leg crossing may repetitively injure the peroneal nerve at the fibular neck and, similarly, repetitive stretching from squatting has also been associated with CPNe. However, we could not fully understand the mechanism of the CPNe in these postures and also could not find related literature. Since these postures involve f lexion of knees with hip f lexion, the popliteal fossa would be the most affected area, where the peroneal nerve could be injured rather than the fibular tunnel. Therefore, we suggest that kneeling or prolonged squatting positions may affect the CPN on the lateral side of the popliteal fossa composed of the SHBFM and the LGCM.
The anatomical features or variations of the SHBFM were first reported by Vieira et al. [8]. They investigated the correlation of the CPN with the SHBFM at level II of the CPN [5], and from the apex of popliteal triangle to proximal fibular tunnel by 1.5T MRI. The authors described the presence of this variation as a narrow fatty tunnel formed between the SHBFM and the LGCM as a possible entrapment area. The tunnels formed by the posterior elongation of the SHBFM at the position where the fat pad of LGCM should be existed consisted of f loor by the LGCM and roof by the SHBFM and these two muscles are anatomical landmarks related to the pathways of the CPN in the popliteal area. For this reason we use this term, popliteal tunnel, to describe the anatomical variations located in the level II of the CPN course, though this is not officially used. The study had a low incidence (23%) of this variation compared to our study (almost 40%). The frequency of length of tunnel also differed from our study. In 45.8% of patients, a length <20 mm was confirmed, while in our study, 19.4% of subjects showed a similar length. In 50% of subjects, a length of 21 mm to <40 mm was measured, while 78.8% of subjects displayed this range in our study.
We found that the proportion of the SHBFM and the LGCM was higher in type II, and the length of the LGCM was not statistically different between two types. Therefore, it could be assumed that the existence of the popliteal tunnel is related to the development or thickness of the SHBFM. The SHBMF is the most lateral component of the hamstring muscle on the posterior thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts. One is the long head, which arises from the tuberosity of the ischium and the other is the short head that arises from the lateral lip of the linea aspera. Both heads of the biceps femoris muscle perform knee flexion and the long head is involved in hip extension. Visser et al. [9] studied the effect of changing the hip angle on the length of biceps femoris muscle and reported the change of angulation of hip joint has much larger elongation effect on the length of biceps femoris than the change of knee angulation by cadaveric experiment. In Asian culture, repetitive squatting position and habitual legcrossing feature knee flexion with change of hip angulation. Athletes also use the biceps femoris muscle frequently [10]. We suggest that the culture of sitting on the floor and an environment (like sports) that features repetitive squatting position are important in the induction of the development of the biceps femoris muscle. In circumstances requiring maintained motion of knee flexion, patients with popliteal tunnel because of development of biceps femoris muscle may be easily exposed to opportunities for the CPN to be squeezed. We assume that racial difference and sedentary or leg-crossing cultures may be the reasons for the existence of popliteal tunnel, but detailed prospective analyses of the physical characteristic, occupations, and life styles are needed to prove why the popliteal tunnel exists.
Study limitations include potential biases due to the retrospective MRI study design and single institution involvement, small number of populations. The results of our analysis cannot be generalized to all populations.
XML Download