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INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide (1) and mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer screening in South Korea.(2) The Korean radiology committee recommends biannual screening mammography in asymptomatic women aged 40 to 69 years.(3) Symptomatic and high-risk women are offered complementary measures including ultrasonography (US) and clinical breast examination under clinical supervision. The pitfall of mammography is that it has low accuracy for predicting malignancy in patients with dense breasts.
US is an additional diagnostic tool for young women with dense breasts. US increases the accuracy of breast cancer detection by describing the shape of masses. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) was introduced by the American College of Radiology in 1993 to standardize US reports. The BI-RADS system is structured to assess malignancy risk and suggest follow-up steps, including biopsy or frequent radiology follow-ups. Criteria for assessing breast lesions includes: shape (round, oval, or irregular), contours (well-defined, ill-defined, angular, microlobulated, or spiculated), and echogenicity (non-echogenic, hyper-echogenic, isoechoic, or complex). There are seven BI-RADS categories. Among these categories, category 4 is suspected to have malignant changes, and biopsy is recommended. The risk of cancer is between 2 and 94% for patients within C4 category. BI-RADS category 4 lesions are further classified into 4a, 4b, and 4c subcategories.(4) Category 4a and 4b has a probability of malignancy ranging from 2% to 10% and 10% to 50%, respectively.(5) Therefore, histopathologic verification is necessary to determine the accuracy of BI-RADS category 4a and 4b classifications.
In this study, we investigated the predictive value of BI-RADS category 4a and 4b lesions and correlate with histopathologic results. We further assessed clinical features predictive of malignancy.
METHODS
1. Study population
From January 2017 to December 2019, patients with BI-RADS category 4a and 4b lesions on breast US who underwent subsequent core needle biopsy in our institution were included. Patients who underwent stereotactic biopsies or open surgical excisional biopsies with histopathologic confirmation were excluded. Finally, 314 BI-RADS category 4a and 4b lesions in 275 women were included in this study. Patients were characterized based on clinical characteristics such as age at diagnosis, menopausal status (premenopausal vs postmenopausal), method of detection (screen vs symptomatic such as palpability, breast pain, nipple discharge), previous history of breast cancer, and family history of breast cancer. This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (KBSMC2020-10-002).
2. US examination
US was performed using an IU22 (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, USA) or an Aixplorer (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur, France) equipped with a 12–5-MHz linear-array transducer. The longest diameter of mass on the longitudinal view of US was measured. BI-RADS category 4a and 4b lesions were assessed using Doppler US and elasticity scores. Doppler criteria including lesion size, presence or absence of blood vessels, and degree of vascularity compared with the surrounding normal tissue were evaluated. The same radiologist performed elastography followed by core needle biopsies. Elasticity scores were recorded according to the BI-RADS lexicon as negative, equivocal, or positive.(4,6) Masses were characterized based on their sonographic characteristics, such as size, site, location, margin, shape, elasticity, and increased vascular flow on Doppler US.
3. Ultrasonography-guided biopsy techniques
All BI-RADS category 4a and 4blesions were histologically evaluated using 14-gauge needle core biopsy (TSK Ace-cut, Surecut, Stericut; Create Medic Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan). At least five specimens from different areas of the lesion were obtained, and each specimen was at least 1 cm long. All core needle biopsies were performed by breast radiologists.
4. Histopathologic analysis
All specimens were obtained using core needle biopsies, fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, and embedded in paraffin. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were cut into 3-μm-thick sections for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining techniques. All results were based on postoperative histopathologic reports of core biopsy specimens. Noncancerous (benign) lesions were defined according to the 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the breast.(7) Cancerous lesions were characterized based on pathologic characteristics such as size of invasive tumor, size of in situ tumor, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM stage. H&E stained slides from all patients were reviewed by pathologists. Following biopsy of cancerous lesions, all patients underwent surgery of either mastectomy or wide excision with Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy. The invasive group also included cases of microinvasion.
5. Statistical analysis
Categorical data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. A Binary logistic regression test was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of malignancy. Results were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows 24.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Two hundred seventy five women with 314 breast lesions were included in analysis. The mean age attime of enrollment was 45.3 ± 9.9 years (range 21–78). Sixty-nine patients (22.0%) were postmenopausal, and most breast masses (72.9%) were asymptomatic detected by screening. Eight patients (2.5%) had a previous history of breast cancer, and 32 patients (10.2%) had family history of breast cancer (Table 1).
The histologic findings of the 314 breast lesions are summarized in Table 2. The mean size of BI-RADs C4a and C4b lesions was 1.24 ± 0.7 cm (range 0.4–7.5 cm). Among 314 breast lesions, 10 were invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and 21 were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Mean size of IDC and DCIS was 3.77 ± 3.7 cm (range 4–7.5 cm) and 2 ± 2.4 cm (range 0.3–7 cm), respectively. There were 283 benign lesions. Mean size of benign lesion was 1.28 ± 0.76 cm (range 0.4–7.2 cm). Of the 21 DCIS lesions, the most common architectural pattern was cribriform (66.7%, 14/21). Other typesincluded solid (23.8%, 5/21) and comedo (9.5%, 2/21).
Accuracy of BI-RADS C4a and C4b lesions are described in Table 3. Among 300 BI-RADSC4a lesions, 28 were confirmed as malignancy. Among 14 BI-RADS C4b lesions, 3 were confirmed as malignancy. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of Category 4a and 4b lesions are as follows. For C4a lesions, the values are 90.3%, 3.9%, 9.4% and 78.6%, respectively. For C4b lesions, the values are 9.7%, 96.1%, 21.4% and 90.6%, respectively.
The sonographic findings of the 31 breast malignant lesions are presented in Table 4. The most common type of margin was ill-defined (n = 20, 64.5%). Other types include well-defined (circumscribed) (n = 8, 25.8%) and microlobulated (n = 3, 9.7%). The most common type of shape was irregular (including spiculated) (n = 14, 45.1%). Other types were oval (n = 11, 35.5%) and round (n = 6, 19.4%). On elastography, most lesions showed negative elasticity (n = 20, 64.5%) and other lesions showed equivocal elasticity (n = 9, 20.0%) and positive elasticity (n = 2, 6.5%). On Doppler US, 96.8% of lesions (n = 30) showed negative vascular flow and only 3.2% (n = 1) showed increased vascularity. Size of mass was statisctically significant value between benign and malignancy. Sonographic features of BI-RADS 4a and 4b lesions are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Univariate analyses were performed to determine factors associated with malignancy risk (Table 5). Older age ( ≥ 50) and symptomatic detection of mass such as palpability, breast pain, nipple discharge, postmenopausal status, past or family history of breast cancer, large mass size (≥1 cm), margin and shape of mass, and increased vascular flow on US were not statistically significant risk factors for breast cancer (all P > 0.05). Compared to negative elasticity, equivocal elasticity was associated with risk of malignancy (OR 2.357, 95% CI 1.004-5.532, P = 0.049).
DISCUSSION
In this study, BI-RADS category 4a and 4b lesions were correlated with histopathologic results and US findings to determine predictive factors for breast cancer. The malignancy rate of BI-RADS category 4a and 4b lesions was 9.9% (31/314), and equivocal elasticity was significant risk factors for malignancy. Current guidelines recommend biopsy for BI-RADS category ≥4 lesions to rule out malignancy. However, these results yield high false positive rates and low positive predictive value (PPV). Category 4 lesions have a low probability of malignancy and are further subcategorized based on their shape, margin, and echogenicity. Three subcategories, 4A, 4B, and 4C have positive predictive values of 7.6% (range 2–10), 37.8% (range 10–50), and 81.9% (50–95), respectively.(8)
Assessment of sonographic features of BI-RADS category 4 lesions has been validated by several studies.(5,9) Elverici et al.(10) performed a study on 186 BI-RADS category 4 lesions and showed that malignancy rate in subcategory 4a, 4b, and 4c was 19.5%, 41.5%, and 74.3%, respectively. Yoon et al.(8) reported that PPV for malignancy in subcategory 4a, 4b, and 4c was 7.6%, 67.8%, and 81.9%, respectively.
There are known suspicious sonographic features predictive of malignancy such as mass size, elasticity, increased vascularity, shape of margin, and microcalcifi-cations.(11) In our study, equivocal elasticity was a predictor of malignancy. Real-time US elastography is an imaging technique to assess soft tissue strain and provide structural information.(12) It can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions based on their elasticity. Benign lesions have elasticity similar to that of the surrounding tissue, while malignant lesions are harder than adjacent tissue.(6) Mohamed and Abo-Dewan (13) reported that US elastography had sensitivity of 98.41%, specificity of 96.34%, PPV of 95.38%, NPV of 98.75%, and accuracy of 97.24% for detecting malignancy. Ikeda et al.(14) reported that US elastography had sensitivity of 93.9%, specificity of 88.3%, and accuracy of 90.6% for all breast lesions. In our study, 15.3% (46/300) and 7.3% (22/300) of category 4a lesions, 35.7% (5/14) and 7.1% (1/14) of category 4b lesions showed equivocal and positive elasticity, respectively. However, on univariate logistic regression analysis, positive elasticity was not a predictor of malignancy.
Discordant PPV result of BI-RADS 4a and 4b lesions for predicting malignancy exist due to interobserver-variability. (8,15,16) Even though BI-RADS category provides major and minor findings suspicious for malignancy, there are no specific guideline for which finding is included in which category. So there could be intra or interobserver variability for describing BI-RADS 4a and 4b lesions. To solve this problem, Stavros et al.(17) suggested that only two BI-RADS 4 subcategories needed to decrease interobserver varia-bility. Further investigations are needed to better discriminate BI-RADS C4a and C4b lesions.
The first limitation of the present study is associated with the retrospective nature of the data analyses. Second, a small number of subjects were included in the study population. Last, there might be false-negative results in the biopsied lesions.
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