Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Results
References
Table 1
Variables |
All (N=5,305) |
P |
18-24 (N=170) |
P |
25-34 (N=437) |
P |
35-44 (N=1,014) |
P | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | OE | All | OE | All | OE | All | OE | |||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||||||
100 | 53.5 | 46.5 | 100 | 54.1 | 45.9 | 100 | 59.7 | 40.3 | 100 | 61.5 | 38.5 | |||||
Age group | *** | |||||||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 39.1 | 56 | 44 | ** | 32.9 | 48.2 | 51.8 | 31.4 | 55.5 | 44.5 | 37.1 | 64.4 | 35.6 | |||
Female | 60.9 | 51.8 | 48.2 | 67.1 | 57 | 43 | 68.6 | 61.7 | 38.3 | 62.9 | 59.9 | 40.1 | ||||
Education† | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school | 25.4 | 40.4 | 59.6 | *** | 0.5 | 0 | 100 | 0.6 | 50 | 50 | * | |||||
Middle or high school | 46.4 | 55.1 | 44.9 | 23.5 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 27.6 | 57.9 | 42.1 | 49.4 | 57.7 | 42.3 | ||||
College ≤ | 28.2 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 76.5 | 51.5 | 48.5 | 71.9 | 60.8 | 39.2 | 50 | 65.5 | 34.5 | ||||
House Income‡ | ||||||||||||||||
1st quintile | 15.7 | 42.9 | 57.1 | *** | 3.5 | 50 | 50 | 3.2 | 21.4 | 78.6 | * | 3.6 | 55.6 | 44.4 | ** | |
2nd quintile | 20.1 | 49 | 51 | 16.4 | 53.6 | 46.4 | 17.6 | 62.3 | 37.7 | 14.6 | 56.8 | 43.2 | ||||
3rd quintile | 21.4 | 54.1 | 45.9 | 21.8 | 54 | 46 | 26.1 | 61.4 | 38.6 | 24.8 | 54 | 46 | ||||
4th quintile | 21.6 | 57.4 | 42.6 | 27.1 | 58.7 | 41.3 | 25.2 | 57.3 | 42.7 | 30.9 | 63.6 | 36.4 | ||||
5th quintile | 21.2 | 60.9 | 39.1 | 31.2 | 50.9 | 49.1 | 27.9 | 63.1 | 36.9 | 26.1 | 69.8 | 30.2 | ||||
Economic activity | ||||||||||||||||
Yes | 59.5 | 54.2 | 45.8 | 17.6 | 50 | 50 | 64.3 | 60.8 | 39.2 | 69.9 | 62.8 | 37.2 | ||||
No | 40.5 | 52.4 | 47.6 | 82.4 | 55 | 45 | 35.7 | 57.7 | 42.3 | 30.1 | 58.7 | 41.3 | ||||
Type of health coverage | ||||||||||||||||
NHIS | 95.9 | 53.8 | 46.2 | * | 97.1 | 53.3 | 46.7 | 98.6 | 60.3 | 39.7 | * | 98.4 | 61.7 | 38.3 | ||
Medical aid | 4.1 | 46.3 | 53.7 | 2.9 | 80 | 20 | 1.4 | 16.7 | 83.3 | 1.6 | 50 | 50 | ||||
Chronic disease | ||||||||||||||||
With | 74 | 53.3 | 46.7 | 33.5 | 63.2 | 36.8 | 35.7 | 62.2 | 37.8 | 53.3 | 64.1 | 35.9 | ||||
Without | 26 | 53.8 | 46.2 | 66.5 | 49.6 | 50.4 | 64.3 | 58.4 | 41.6 | 46.7 | 58.6 | 41.4 | ||||
Self-reported health | ||||||||||||||||
Good | 42.4 | 55.4 | 44.6 | * | 58.8 | 55 | 45 | 50.8 | 59.5 | 40.5 | 49.2 | 61.1 | 38.9 | |||
Moderate | 41.5 | 52.5 | 47.5 | 34.7 | 54.2 | 45.8 | 41.4 | 58.6 | 41.4 | 43.1 | 61.8 | 38.2 | ||||
Poor | 16.1 | 50.7 | 49.3 | 6.5 | 45.4 | 54.6 | 7.8 | 67.6 | 32.4 | 7.7 | 62.8 | 37.2 | ||||
Chewing discomfort | ||||||||||||||||
With | 31.9 | 52.2 | 47.8 | 20 | 70.6 | 29.4 | * | 20.4 | 70.8 | 29.2 | * | 18.4 | 70 | 30 | ** | |
Without | 68.1 | 54 | 46 | 80 | 50 | 50 | 79.6 | 56.9 | 43.1 | 81.6 | 59.6 | 40.4 | ||||
Frequency of tooth brushing | ||||||||||||||||
≥ 3/day | 47.8 | 60.1 | 39.9 | *** | 54.7 | 57 | 43 | 63.6 | 64.4 | 35.6 | ** | 63.1 | 65.9 | 34.1 | *** | |
< 3/day | 52.2 | 47.4 | 52.6 | 45.3 | 50.6 | 49.4 | 36.4 | 51.6 | 48.4 | 36.9 | 54 | 46 | ||||
Unmet dental care needs | ||||||||||||||||
Yes | 18.1 | 48.5 | 51.5 | *** | 8.2 | 71.4 | 28.6 | 18.1 | 65.8 | 34.2 | 15.8 | 58.1 | 41.9 | |||
No | 81.9 | 54.6 | 45.4 | 91.8 | 52.6 | 47.4 | 81.9 | 58.4 | 41.6 | 84.2 | 62.2 | 37.8 |
†Education level was categorized into two groups (middle or high school grade, college grad and above) for 18-24; ‡Average annual household income is divided by the square of the number of household members, and stratified into 1st quintile (min; 20%), 2nd quintile (40%), 3rd quintile (60%), 4th quintile (80%), 5th quintile (maximum; 100%).
Table 2
Variables |
45-54 (N=1,090) |
P |
55-64 (N=1,208) |
P |
65-74 (N=1,072) |
P |
75 ≤ (N=314) |
P | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | OE | All | OE | All | OE | All | OE | |||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||||||
100 | 54.7 | 45.3 | 100 | 52.9 | 47.1 | 100 | 46 | 54 | 100 | 41.7 | 58.3 | |||||
Sex | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 40.2 | 58.7 | 41.3 | * | 40.4 | 57.4 | 42.6 | * | 42 | 49.3 | 50.7 | 40.4 | 44.1 | 55.9 | ||
Female | 59.8 | 52 | 48 | 59.6 | 49.9 | 50.1 | 58 | 43.6 | 56.4 | 59.6 | 40.1 | 59.9 | ||||
Education | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school | 11.2 | 42.6 | 57.4 | ** | 34.4 | 43.5 | 56.5 | *** | 55.1 | 39.6 | 60.4 | *** | 66.2 | 35.1 | 64.9 | ** |
Middle or high school | 61.8 | 53.6 | 46.4 | 54 | 56.9 | 43.1 | 36.3 | 50.1 | 49.9 | 27.4 | 54.7 | 45.3 | ||||
College ≤ | 27 | 62.2 | 37.8 | 11.6 | 62.1 | 37.9 | 8.6 | 69.6 | 30.4 | 6.4 | 55 | 45 | ||||
House Income† | ||||||||||||||||
1st quintile | 7.4 | 51.9 | 48.1 | 13.3 | 50.9 | 49.1 | 34.6 | 37.4 | 62.6 | *** | 51.6 | 42 | 58 | |||
2nd quintile | 14.8 | 45.3 | 54.7 | 21.2 | 50 | 50 | 29.4 | 46.7 | 53.3 | 24.8 | 33.3 | 66.7 | ||||
3rd quintile | 22.3 | 55.6 | 44.4 | 20.8 | 50.2 | 49.8 | 18.3 | 53.6 | 46.4 | 13.7 | 51.2 | 48.8 | ||||
4th quintile | 25.1 | 58.8 | 41.2 | 21.6 | 53.6 | 46.4 | 11.7 | 49.6 | 50.4 | 5.8 | 33.3 | 66.7 | ||||
5th quintile | 30.4 | 55.9 | 44.1 | 23.1 | 58.4 | 41.6 | 6 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 4.1 | 69.2 | 30.8 | ||||
Economic activity | ||||||||||||||||
Yes | 76.2 | 54.9 | 45.1 | 62.7 | 53.1 | 46.9 | 43.8 | 41.9 | 58.1 | * | 25.5 | 32.5 | 67.5 | |||
No | 23.8 | 54.1 | 45.9 | 37.3 | 52.6 | 47.4 | 56.2 | 49.2 | 50.8 | 74.5 | 44.9 | 55.1 | ||||
Type of health coverage | ||||||||||||||||
NHIS | 96 | 54.9 | 45.1 | 96.6 | 53.2 | 46.8 | 94.1 | 46 | 54 | 86.3 | 41.3 | 58.7 | ||||
Medical aid | 4 | 50 | 50 | 3.4 | 43.9 | 56.1 | 5.9 | 46 | 54 | 13.7 | 44.2 | 55.8 | ||||
Chronic disease | ||||||||||||||||
With | 70.1 | 57.3 | 42.7 | ** | 89.3 | 53.4 | 46.6 | 95.1 | 46.2 | 53.8 | 99 | 41.8 | 58.2 | |||
Without | 29.9 | 48.5 | 51.5 | 10.7 | 48.8 | 51.2 | 4.9 | 42.3 | 57.7 | 1 | 33.3 | 66.7 | ||||
Self-reported health | ||||||||||||||||
Good | 41.9 | 56.5 | 43.5 | 38 | 53.2 | 46.8 | 37.4 | 53.4 | 46.6 | *** | 34.7 | 34.9 | 65.1 | ** | ||
Moderate | 44.2 | 53.3 | 46.7 | 42.1 | 52.1 | 47.9 | 39.6 | 43.6 | 56.4 | 36.3 | 37.7 | 62.3 | ||||
Poor | 13.9 | 53.6 | 46.4 | 19.9 | 54.2 | 45.8 | 23 | 38.1 | 61.9 | 29 | 54.9 | 45.1 | ||||
Chewing discomfort | ||||||||||||||||
With | 24.8 | 58.5 | 41.5 | 34.8 | 54.3 | 45.7 | 46.7 | 41.9 | 58.1 | * | 61.2 | 36.5 | 63.5 | * | ||
Without | 75.2 | 53.4 | 46.6 | 65.2 | 52.2 | 47.8 | 53.3 | 49.6 | 50.4 | 38.8 | 50 | 50 | ||||
Frequency of tooth brushing | ||||||||||||||||
≥ 3/day | 52.7 | 59.9 | 40.1 | *** | 38.9 | 60.6 | 39.4 | *** | 35.4 | 52.2 | 47.8 | ** | 32.5 | 41.2 | 58.8 | |
< 3/day | 47.3 | 48.8 | 51.2 | 61.1 | 48 | 52 | 64.6 | 42.6 | 57.4 | 67.5 | 42 | 58 | ||||
Unmet dental care needs | ||||||||||||||||
Yes | 19.5 | 50 | 50 | 18.7 | 47.8 | 52.2 | 18.7 | 36.5 | 63.5 | ** | 21.7 | 33.8 | 66.2 | |||
No | 80.5 | 55.8 | 44.2 | 81.3 | 54.1 | 45.9 | 81.3 | 48.2 | 51.8 | 78.3 | 43.9 | 56.1 |
Table 3
Variables |
All (N=5,305) |
P |
18-24 (N=170) |
P |
25-34 (N=437) |
P |
35-44 (N=1,014) |
P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dental cost | Dental cost | Dental cost | Dental cost | |||||
1,532 | 1,347 | 1,022 | 1,049 | |||||
Age group | *** | |||||||
Oral examination | ||||||||
Yes | 1,544 | 1,348 | 977 | 1,006 | ||||
No | 1,520 | 1,345 | 1,088 | 1,117 | ||||
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 1,616 | * | 1,320 | 944 | 1,081 | |||
Female | 1,480 | 1,360 | 1,058 | 1,030 | ||||
Education† | ||||||||
Primary school | 1,705 | *** | 2,163 | 795 | ||||
Middle or high school | 1,601 | 1,551 | 991 | 1,111 | ||||
College ≤ | 1,266 | 1,284 | 1,026 | 990 | ||||
House Income‡ | ||||||||
1st quintile | 1,241 | ** | 3,001 | 1,125 | 745 | |||
2nd quintile | 1,511 | 2,015 | 730 | 1,038 | ||||
3rd quintile | 1,627 | 1,158 | 1,117 | 997 | ||||
4th quintile | 1,599 | 947 | 1,034 | 999 | ||||
5th quintile | 1,608 | 1,287 | 1,094 | 1,204 | ||||
Economic activity | ||||||||
Yes | 1,566 | 1,282 | 1,036 | 1,063 | ||||
No | 1,485 | 1,361 | 997 | 1,017 | ||||
Type of health coverage | ||||||||
NHIS | 1,564 | *** | 1,348 | 1,035 | 1,052 | |||
Medical aid | 811 | 1,308 | 114 | 858 | ||||
Chronic disease | ||||||||
With | 1,631 | *** | 1,489 | 1,051 | 1,203 | ** | ||
Without | 1,253 | 1,275 | 1,006 | 873 | ||||
Self-reported health | ||||||||
Good | 1,503 | 1,363 | 1,157 | 972 | ||||
Moderate | 1,543 | 1,305 | 834 | 1,171 | ||||
Poor | 1,587 | 1,430 | 1,137 | 855 | ||||
Chewing discomfort | ||||||||
With | 1,914 | *** | 2,367 | ** | 1,332 | 1,455 | ** | |
Without | 1,354 | 1,092 | 942 | 957 | ||||
Frequency of tooth brushing | ||||||||
≥ 3/day | 1,409 | *** | 1,659 | * | 1,036 | 1,025 | ||
< 3/day | 1,647 | 970 | 997 | 1,089 | ||||
Unmet dental care needs | ||||||||
Yes | 1,818 | *** | 2,568 | * | 1,263 | 1,213 | ||
No | 1,470 | 1,237 | 969 | 1,018 |
†Education level was categorized into two groups (middle or high school grad, college grad and above) for 18-24; ‡Average annual household income is divided by the square of the number of household members, and stratified into 1st quintile (min; 20%), 2nd quintile (40%), 3rd quintile (60%), 4th quintile (80%), 5th quintile (maximum; 100%).
Table 4
Variables |
45-54 (N=1,090) |
P |
55-64 (N=1,208) |
P |
65-74 (N=1,072) |
P |
75 ≤ (N=314) |
P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dental cost | Dental cost | Dental cost | Dental cost | |||||
1,659 | 1,899 | 1,739 | 1,361 | |||||
Oral examination | ||||||||
Yes | 1,666 | 1,994 | 1,854 | 1,461 | ||||
No | 1,651 | 1,791 | 1,641 | 1,290 | ||||
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 1,852 | 1,969 | 1803 | 1,226 | ||||
Female | 1,530 | 1,850 | 1692 | 1,453 | ||||
Education | ||||||||
Primary school | 2,334 | *** | 1,893 | 1,584 | * | 1,328 | ||
Middle or high school | 1,656 | 1,885 | 1,900 | 1,402 | ||||
College ≤ | 1,387 | 1,976 | 2,055 | 1,531 | ||||
House Income† | ||||||||
1st quintile | 1,074 | * | 1,287 | * | 1,332 | *** | 1,125 | * |
2nd quintile | 1,227 | 1,830 | 1,669 | 1,899 | ||||
3rd quintile | 1,648 | 2,194 | 2,147 | 1,270 | ||||
4th quintile | 1,957 | 2,000 | 2,290 | 1,083 | ||||
5th quintile | 1,774 | 1,954 | 2,121 | 1,770 | ||||
Economic activity | ||||||||
Yes | 1,729 | 1,953 | 1,796 | 1,285 | ||||
No | 1,436 | 1,806 | 1,694 | 1,387 | ||||
Type of health coverage | ||||||||
NHIS | 1,680 | 1,943 | ** | 1,805 | *** | 1,444 | * | |
Medical aid | 1,161 | 627 | 681 | 839 | ||||
Chronic disease | ||||||||
With | 1,663 | 1,904 | 1,727 | 1,355 | ||||
Without | 1,650 | 1,852 | 1,963 | 2,034 | ||||
Self-reported health | ||||||||
Good | 1,670 | 1,857 | 1,853 | 1,295 | * | |||
Moderate | 1,521 | 1,975 | 1,738 | 1,649 | ||||
Poor | 2,069 | 1,816 | 1,556 | 1,080 | ||||
Chewing discomfort | ||||||||
With | 2,295 | *** | 2,267 | ** | 1,875 | 1,346 | ||
Without | 1,450 | 1,702 | 1,620 | 1,385 | ||||
Frequency of tooth brushing | ||||||||
≥ 3/day | 1,534 | 1,677 | * | 1,783 | 1,275 | |||
< 3/day | 1,798 | 2,039 | 1,715 | 1,403 | ||||
Unmet dental care needs | ||||||||
Yes | 2,307 | *** | 2,207 | 1,591 | 1,306 | |||
No | 1,503 | 1,827 | 1,773 | 1,563 |
Table 5
Variables (reference) | All | 18-24 | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | 65-74 | 75 ≤ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N=5305 | N=170 | N=437 | N=1014 | N=1090 | N=1208 | N=1072 | N=314 | ||||||||
β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | ||||||||
Oral examination (no) | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 0.014** | ―0.016 | 0.013 | ―0.004 | 0.02 | 0.023* | 0.005 | 0.021 | |||||||
Age group (18-24 years) | |||||||||||||||
25-34 | ―0.013 | ||||||||||||||
35-44 | ―0.012 | ||||||||||||||
45-54 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||
55-64 | 0.032* | ||||||||||||||
65-74 | 0.036* | ||||||||||||||
75 ≤ | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||
Sex (male) | |||||||||||||||
Female | 0.01 | 0.037 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.027* | 0.011 | ―0.002 | 0.035 | |||||||
Education (college ≤)† | |||||||||||||||
Primary school | 0.002 | 0.107 | 0.03 | 0.043* | ―0.018 | ―0.023 | ―0.009 | ||||||||
Middle or high school | 0.007 | 0.003 | ―0.003 | 0.023* | 0.006 | 0.002 | ―0.029 | 0.01 | |||||||
House income‡ (1st quintile) | |||||||||||||||
2nd quintile | 0.027** | ―0.106 | ―0.039 | 0.026 | ―0.017 | 0.048** | 0.03 | 0.031 | |||||||
3rd quintile | 0.042*** | ―0.182* | ―0.012 | 0.034 | 0.047 | 0.049** | 0.052** | 0.036 | |||||||
4th quintile | 0.05*** | ―0.173* | 0.001 | 0.047 | 0.064** | 0.053** | 0.056** | ―0.041 | |||||||
5th quintile | 0.052*** | ―0.203* | ―0.014 | 0.071 | 0.067** | 0.05** | 0.031 | 0.036 | |||||||
Economic activity (yes) | |||||||||||||||
No | 0.006 | 0.059 | 0.034 | 0.015 | ―0.007 | ―0.002 | 0.003 | 0.02 | |||||||
Type of health coverage (medical aid) | |||||||||||||||
NHIS | 0.16*** | 0.03 | 0.506*** | 0.048 | 0.069* | 0.196*** | 0.221*** | 0.143** | |||||||
Chronic disease (without) | |||||||||||||||
With | 0.016* | 0.046 | 0.011 | 0.028* | ―0.007 | 0.021 | 0.023 | ―0.076 | |||||||
Self-reported health (good) | |||||||||||||||
Moderate | ―0.002 | 0.01 | ―0.017 | 0.007 | 0.004 | ―0.006 | ―0.007 | 0.026 | |||||||
Poor | ―0.006 | ―0.043 | ―0.001 | ―0.012 | 0.01 | ―0.012 | ―0.005 | 0.0003 | |||||||
Chewing discomfort (without) | |||||||||||||||
With | 0.021*** | 0.059 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.026* | 0.034** | 0.016 | ―0.023 | |||||||
Frequency of tooth brushing (≥ 3/day) | |||||||||||||||
< 3/day | 0.008 | ―0.046 | ―0.021 | 0.01 | 0.022* | 0.032** | ―0.014 | ―0.016 | |||||||
Unmet dental care need (no) | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 0.008 | 0.115* | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.011 | ―0.009 | ―0.007 | 0.047 |
†Education level was categorized into two groups (middle or high school grad, college grad and above) for 18-24; ‡Average annual household income is divided by the square of the number of household members, and stratified into 1st quintile (min; 20%), 2nd quintile (40%), 3rd quintile (60%), 4th quintile (80%), 5th quintile (maximum; 100%).