Comprehension and Practice Patterns of Korean Urologists for Retractile and Gliding Testes

Jae Yeon Kim; Jae Min Chung

doi:10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e98

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Kim, Chung, and The Korean Society of Pediatric Urology: Comprehension and Practice Patterns of Korean Urologists for Retractile and Gliding Testes

Original Article

Urology

Journal of Korean Medical Science 2022; 37(12): e98.

Published online: 21 March 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e98

Comprehension and Practice Patterns of Korean Urologists for Retractile and Gliding Testes

Jae Yeon Kim¹

, Jae Min Chung^1,^2,³

; The Korean Society of Pediatric Urology

¹Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.

²Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.

³Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.

Address for Correspondence: Jae Min Chung, MD, PhD. Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea. busanuro@hanmail.net

Received 26 November 2021 Accepted 2 March 2022

The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

It is quite difficult to distinguish retractile testis from gliding testis, which requires different treatment planning in the clinic setting. We evaluated practice patterns of urologists in Korea regarding the diagnosis and management of retractile and gliding testes.

Methods

We mailed or e-mailed self-completion questionnaires consisting of 20 items to 106 urologists practicing in Korean hospitals concerning the diagnosis and treatment of cryptorchidism. We collected and analyzed the responses statistically.

Results

Responses were received from 62 urologists. The response rate was 58.5%. Thirty-seven urologists (59.7%) actually felt they had difficulty in distinguishing retractile testis from gliding testis in the clinic setting. This rate was higher for non-pediatric urologists (78.1%) than for pediatric urologists (40.0%) (P = 0.006). In cases of infant retractile testis, only five urologists (8.1%) said that they would perform orchiopexy immediately, with 54 (87.1%) urologists saying they would do follow-up. In cases of preschool-age children with retractile testis, 17 urologists (27.4%) said that they would perform orchiopexy immediately with 41 (66.1%) urologists saying they would do follow-up. In cases of infant gliding testis, 37 urologists (59.7%) said that they would perform orchiopexy immediately with 24 (38.7%) urologists saying they would do a follow-up.

Conclusion

More than half (59.7%) of Korean urologists revealed it challenging to distinguish retractile testis and gliding testis in the clinical setting. The more it was difficult to diagnose retractile testis with certainty, the more frequent surgical correction was chosen for treatment. Therefore, it is essential to prevent unnecessary surgical treatment by establishing a practical guideline.

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Graphical Abstract

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Keywords: Cryptorchidism, Child, Testis, Practice Patterns, Physicians, Surveys and Questionnaires, Practice Guideline

INTRODUCTION

Recently, parents have been increasingly concerned and anxious about their children’s testicles. Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis, is a common genital anomaly that is extensively studied yet incompletely understood. Orchiopexy, a treatment option for cryptorchidism, is a common operation in pediatric urology.

The normal scrotal position of the testis has been defined as the positioning of the testis at the midpoint, or at or below mid scrotum.1 Although “high scrotal testis” is not routinely considered undescended by most clinicians, this has been included in the definition of undescended testis in some epidemiologic studies.2 This is likely a heterogeneous group that includes stable descended “retractile” testis and undescended “gliding” testis.3 Retractile testis is scrotal testis that retract easily out of the scrotum but can be manually replaced in a stable scrotal position and remain there at least temporarily until there is a recurrent stimulation. On the other hand, gliding testis is not stable and include low undescended testicles.4

In prepubertal boys, what seems like an undescended testis is often a retractile testis that results from a brisk cremasteric reflex and does not require a surgical intervention. A retractile testis must be differentiated from an ascending testis that may require an orchidopexy. However, the management of retractile testis is still controversial. Recent articles have recommended that only observation in cases of retractile testis is needed.5 6 In more than 70% of patients with a retractile testis, the condition evolves favorably without the need for surgery.7 However, there is a 25% risk of these testis ascending and becoming acquired cryptorchidism in adolescence.8 In a Korean study, about 16.3% of patients with retractile testis required surgical correction during long-term follow-up.9

Retractile testis, in some cases, may be difficult to distinguish from the gliding testis that present as high scrotal testes in the clinic setting. In this case, some non-specialists often choose unnecessary surgery for defensive and preventive treatment. Therefore, it will be meaningful to understand the actual practice patterns of all urologists for retractile testis in order to develop proper clinical guidelines. Therefore, we evaluated the actual practice patterns of Korean urologists regarding the diagnosis and management of retractile and gliding testes and the difference between pediatric urologists and general urologists via a questionnaire survey.

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METHODS

We conducted a questionnaire survey of 106 urologists who worked in a Korean training hospital from March to July 2018. We distributed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 20 items on the diagnosis and treatment of retractile and gliding testes (Appendix 1) via email or via mail with letters.

The questionnaires dealt with cases of retractile and gliding testes in infants and cases of retractile testis in childhood. If errors were found in the retrieved questionnaire, they were corrected or supplemented by telephone or face-to-face interviews. Prior to the questionnaires, we checked the period of urologic practice and the rate of pediatric patient treatment at their hospital.

We received responses from 62 urologists. The response rate was 58.5%. We divided the urologists into two groups, according to the number of pediatric patients who had visited each hospital. If the urologist treated pediatric patients accounting for more than 25 percent of total patients, or if the individual was a member of the Korean Society of Pediatric Urology, this urologist was regarded as a pediatric urologist. Non-pediatric urologist was defined as treating pediatric patients less than 25 percent of total patients.

Thirty (48.4%) were pediatric urologists, and 32 (51.6%) were non-pediatric urologists. We compared and statistically analyzed the two groups’ distribution of responses.

Statistical analysis

We performed statistical analysis by using the IBM SPSS statistics software, version 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA), and the two groups were compared using the Fisher's exact test and the chi-squared test. A P value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Ethics statement

The present study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital (approval No. 05-2018-073). Informed consent was submitted by all subjects when they were enrolled.

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RESULTS

Fig. 1 shows the distribution of practice duration according to the duration of the urologists’ qualifications.

Fig. 1

Duration of urologist qualification.

Thirty-seven urologists (59.7%) had difficulty distinguishing retractile testis from gliding testis in the clinic setting. This rate was higher in non-pediatric urologists (78.1%) than in pediatric urologists (40.0%) (P = 0.006) (Fig. 2). The treatment planning varied among the respondents when they had difficulty distinguishing between retractile and gliding testes in the clinic setting. Each one-third of urologists preferred surgical correction (38.7%) or follow-up (33.9%) for when it was difficult to distinguish either a retractile or a gliding testis. The treatment planning showed various but statistically insignificant differences between pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.083) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2

Difficulty to distinguish between the retractile testis and the gliding testis in their clinic.

Fig. 3

Treatment plan when it was difficult.

GT = gliding testis, RT = retractile testis.

Most of the urologists (98.4%) agreed that cryptorchidism could cause infertility and testicular dysfunction in the future. Although 50 of these urologists (80.6%) agreed on the adverse effects of gliding testis, 13 of them (21.0%) agreed this was the case with retractile testis. The rate difference was especially notable among the urologists, with 31.2% of non-pediatric urologists (10 of 32) compared to 10.0% of pediatric urologists (3 of 30) (P > 0.05).

Case scenario of an infant with retractile testis

Of the 62 respondents, 54 urologists (87.1%) agreed with the diagnosis of retractile testis in this case scenario, and 22 urologists (35.5%) wanted to check an ultrasound study for further evaluation.

Only five urologists (8.1%) said that they would have performed orchiopexy immediately, but 54 (87.1%) urologists responded that they would do follow-up. None wanted to use hormone therapy. Three (4.8%) urologists said that they would no longer need to follow-up. This distribution of treatment decisions showed a statistically significant difference between the pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.030) (Table 1 and Fig. 4A).

Fig. 4

Practice pattern in an infant with retractile testis. (A) Timing of orchiopexy and (B) follow-up period if orchiopexy was not performed at diagnosis.

Table 1

Timing of orchiopexy

Questions		Pediatric urologist (n = 30)	Non-pediatric urologist (n = 32)	Total (n = 62)	P value
Infant with retractile testis					0.030
	At diagnosis	0 (0)	5 (15.6)	5 (8.1)
	If persisting condition during follow-up period	11 (36.7)	20 (62.5)	31 (50.0)
	If secondary testicular ascending	16 (53.3)	7 (21.9)	23 (37.1)
	Do not need F/U	3 (10.0)	0 (0)	3 (4.8)
	Hormonal treatment	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Child with retractile testis					0.010
	At diagnosis	1 (3.3)	16 (50.0)	17 (27.4)
	If persisting condition during follow-up period	15 (50.0)	7 (21.9)	22 (35.5)
	If secondary testicular ascending	12 (40.0)	7 (21.9)	19 (30.6)
	Do not need F/U	2 (6.7)	1 (3.1)	3 (4.8)
	Hormonal treatment	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	Others	0 (0)	1 (3.1)	1 (1.6)
Infant with gliding testis					0.108
	At diagnosis	20 (66.7)	17 (53.1)	37 (59.7)
	If persisting condition during follow-up period	7 (23.3)	14 (43.8)	21 (33.9)
	If secondary testicular ascending	2 (6.7)	1 (3.1)	3 (4.8)
	Do not need F/U	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	Hormonal treatment	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	Others	1 (3.3)	0 (0)	1 (1.6)
	Total	30 (100.0)	32 (100.0)	62 (100.0)

Values are presented as number (%).

Respondents had various opinions on the follow-up period. However, there was no statistical significance between pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.164) (Table 2 and Fig. 4B).

Table 2

Follow-up period if you do not perform at diagnosis

Follow-up period		Pediatric urologist	Non-pediatric urologist	Total	P value
In retractile testis					0.164
	Until 2 years	2 (7.4)	10 (37.0)	12 (22.2)
	Before school age	9 (33.3)	8 (29.6)	17 (31.5)
	Before puberty	8 (29.6)	2 (7.4)	10 (18.5)
	After puberty	6 (22.2)	7 (25.9)	13 (24.1)
	No response	2 (7.4)	0 (0.0)	2 (3.7)
	Total	27 (100.0)	27 (100.0)	54 (100.0)
In gliding testis					0.109
	Until 2 years	2 (22.2)	6 (40.0)	8 (33.3)
	Before school age	1 (11.1)	6 (40.0)	7 (29.2)
	Before puberty	3 (33.3)	0 (0.0)	3 (12.5)
	After puberty	1 (11.1)	2 (13.3)	3 (12.5)
	No response	2 (22.2)	1 (6.7)	3 (12.5)
	Total	9 (100.0)	15 (100.0)	24 (100.0)

Values are presented as number (%).

Case scenario of a 6-year-old child with retractile testis

Of the total 62 respondents, 53 urologists (85.5%) agreed with the diagnosis of retractile testis in this case scenario, and 29 urologists (46.8%) wanted an ultrasound study for further evaluation.

Seventeen urologists (27.4%) said that they would have performed orchiopexy immediately, and 41 (66.1%) urologists said that they would do a follow-up. None wanted to use hormone therapy, and three (4.8%) urologists said follow-up was no longer needed. This distribution of treatment decisions showed a statistically significant difference between pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.010) (Table 1 and Fig. 5).

Fig. 5

Timing of orchiopexy in a child with retractile testis.

Case scenario of an infant with a gliding testis

Of the 62 respondents, 49 (79.0%) agreed with the diagnosis of gliding testis in this case scenario, and 36 urologists (58.1%) wanted to do an ultrasound study for further evaluation.

Thirty-seven urologists (59.7%) responded that they would have performed orchiopexy immediately. Twenty-four urologists (38.7%) said they would do a follow-up. None wanted to use hormone therapy or to stop following up. This distribution of treatment decisions showed no statistically significant differences between pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.108) (Table 1 and Fig. 6A).

Fig. 6

Practice pattern in an infant with gliding testis. (A) Timing of orchiopexy and (B) follow-up period if orchiopexy was not performed at diagnosis.

Responses about the follow-up period showed various but statistically insignificant differences between pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.109) (Table 2 and Fig. 6B).

Summary

Scrotal ultrasound was chosen by 35.5% to 58.1% of respondents to establish a treatment plan. Immediate orchiopexy was selected by 8.1% to 59.7% of respondents. This imaging modality was frequently utilized in the order of infants with gliding testis, children with retractile testis, and infants with retractile testis. Immediate orchiopexy was frequently selected in the order of infants with gliding testis, children with retractile testis, and infants with retractile testis. Especially half of the non-pediatric urologists responded that they would have performed orchiopexy immediately even in the case of a child with retractile testis that generally does not require surgical treatment. In the case of an infant with retractile testis, 15.6% of non-pediatric urologists responded that they would have performed orchiopexy immediately.

None chose to use hormone therapy for either retractile or gliding testes. Opinions on the follow-up period for both retractile and gliding testes were inconsistent, and their responses varied.

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DISCUSSION

Although cryptorchidism is one of the most common diseases in pediatric urology, there have been no systematic investigations into the recognition and treatment of unstable high scrotal testis, such retractile or gliding testes.

Gliding testis should be clearly distinguished from retractile testis. There are many tips on how to distinguish gliding from retractile testis. Van Essen10 described that having a patient take a squatting position on physical examination is essential in distinguishing gliding from retractile testis. Wyllie11 stated that retractile testis could be brought into a low, stable scrotal position and that traction on the cord structures is not painful. In contrast, gliding testis can only be brought into a high unstable scrotal position, and further traction on cord structures is painful.11 Ferro et al.12 defines retractile testis as a phenomenon in which a testis can manipulated into the scrotum and remain in position without tension. A gliding testis is defined as when it can be manipulated into the upper scrotum, but then it retracts when released.12 However, both are two different and distinct non-scrotal entities, and each definition is so clear, but there are many cases where it is often difficult to apply it in practice.

In the beginning, both conditions were thought to be identical, and a gliding testis was therefore also called a “pathological retractile testis”.13 14 Many studies about retractile testis could have some bias because they include some cases of gliding testis in their studies. Often it was concluded that the course of retracted testis was similar to that of cryptorchidism. It should be realized that this can create vague fears about retractile testis. However, most urologists believe that a retractile testis is a physiological variant of a fully descended testis, and therefore active treatment and long-term follow-up are usually not indicated. In contrast to a retractile testis, a gliding testis belongs to the spectrum of undescended testis. Therefore, it should be noted that retractile testis do not need surgery but indicates careful physical examinations and periodic follow-ups. However, in this study, 59.7% of urologists felt they had difficulty distinguishing retractile testis from gliding testis in the clinic setting. This rate was higher for non-pediatric urologists (78.1%) than pediatric urologists (40.0%).

The treatment for retractile testis remains controversial, whereas treatment methods for undescended testis have been well established through many studies.15 16 17 The most typical indication for orchidopexy is when a retractile testis has any decrease in testicular volume and when it ascends because of increased spermatic cord tension. This makes it impossible to reposition the testis into its correct anatomic location. In this study, treatment planning varied among the respondents when they had difficulty distinguishing between retractile and gliding testes in the clinic setting. They recommended follow-up or orchiopexy at a similar rate.

A retractile testis is attributed to an overactive cremasteric reflex or to alterations within the contractile properties of the cremasteric muscle.18 It is especially common in boys around the school starting age (5–6 years).19 Some authors have suggested that retractile testis may not be as innocuous as has been widely believed.20 In addition, recent evidence suggests that a retractile testis may evolve into an acquired-undescended testis.8

It has been reported that retractile testis is accompanied by histological changes. Abnormalities on semen analysis have been found during follow-up when patients with retractile testis had become adults.21 22

In this study, most of the urologists (98.4%) agreed that cryptorchidism could affect infertility and testicular function in the future. Fifty urologists (80.6%) agreed that these adverse effects were also true with gliding testis, and selected surgical treatment. The distribution of treatment decisions shows no statistically significant differences between pediatric and non-pediatric urologists (P = 0.108). Meanwhile, 13 urologists (21.0%) agreed that retractile testis lead to adverse effects, including 31.2% of non-pediatric urologists and 10% of pediatric urologists. Regarding infant with retractile testis, treatment distribution varied among groups (P = 0.030). These differences show the result of a more conservative treatment trend among pediatric urologists than in non-pediatric urologists. To overcome such discrepancies in clinical practice, it is necessary to establish an appropriate guideline for the proper management of retractile testis.

La Scala and Ein7 reported that 150 boys with retractile testis needed periodic follow-up. In their series, only 22.7% of the patients required orchidopexy. They recommend that patients with retractile testis be attentively followed annually. They suggested that most patients with retractile testis can expect a spontaneously favorable resolution without surgical treatment, even after 14 years of age. In this study, the follow-up period in retractile and gliding testes is not clear. Half of the urologists wanted to follow-up before school age or until 2 years of age. Some urologists (12.5–24.1%) wanted to follow-up after puberty. Therefore, we need further evaluation about what is the proper follow-up period for retractile and gliding testes.

In this study, there are some limitations. This is a survey study of urologists. As a result of raising questions about the treatment trends of these urologists, we do not know if this occurs in the real clinical setting. However, we tried to elicit answers that are as realistic as possible, with scenarios for patients seen in the actual clinical field. Second, the number of respondents is small. We think it is likely that the urologists who seldom treat pediatric patients did not respond. However, we tried to include all pediatric urologists in the Korean Society of Pediatric Urology, and most members of our society participated in this survey study.

Moreover, we found some differences in practice patterns between pediatric urologists and non-pediatric urologists. Overall, non-pediatric urologists found it challenging to distinguish retractile testis from gliding testis. Compared to pediatric urologists, they had a higher tendency to agree with the statement that retractile testis could cause infertility and testicular dysfunction in the future and chose to perform orchiopexy as early as the time of the first detection. To overcome these differences, adequate education about retractile and gliding testes is essential. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for establishing a practical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of retractile testis in Korea.

In conclusion, more than half (59.7%) of Korean urologists revealed it challenging to distinguish retractile testis and gliding testis in the clinical setting. Among urologists, non-pediatric urologists had more difficulty than pediatric urologists, and this disparity was more pronounced in children compared to infants. The more it was difficult to diagnose retractile testis with certainty, the more frequent surgical correction was chosen for treatment. Therefore, it is essential to prevent unnecessary surgical treatment by establishing consistent management plans. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for making a practical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of retractile testis in Korea.

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Notes

Funding: The research was supported by the Korean Society of Pediatric Urology Grant 2018.

Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Author Contributions:

Conceptualization: Chung JM.
Data curation: Chung JM.
Formal analysis: Chung JM.
Funding acquisition: Chung JM.
Investigation: Chung JM.
Methodology: Chung JM.
Software: Chung JM.
Validation: Chung JM.
Visualization: Chung JM.
Writing - original draft: Kim JY.
Writing - review & editing: Kim JY, Chung JM.

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Appendix

Appendix 1

Case scenarios

Case scenario of infant with retractile testes

A 12-month-old boy was referred to your clinic for routine medical check because of abnormal location of testes. His mother said that they could be palpated only when bathing, however, usually she cannot find them well. On physical examination, both normal testes were found in the scrotum but when the child began to cry, both testes moved to the inguinal area. When you pulled them down again, they descended into the scrotum and stayed in the scrotum for a certain period.

Case scenario of 6-year-old child with retractile testes

A 6-year-old boy was referred to your clinic for routine medical check because of abnormal location of testes. His father said that they could be palpated only when bathing, however, usually he cannot find them well. The physical examination revealed a very strong cremasteric reflex and both normal testes were found in the scrotum. When he strained the abdomen, both testes moved to the inguinal area. When you pulled them down again, they descended into the scrotum and stayed in the scrotum for a certain period.

Case scenario of infant with gliding testes

A 12-month-old boy was referred to your clinic because of abnormal location of testes for routine medical check. His mother said that his right testicle was not palpated like his left testicle. When bathing, both testicles were seen in the scrotum. On physical examination, both testes were normal in size, but the left testicle was located outside the scrotum. When it was pulled down to the scrotum, it fell down into the scrotum, but when released it went up again outside the scrotum.

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References

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2. Sijstermans K, Hack WW, Meijer RW, van der Voort-Doedens LM. The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood: a review. Int J Androl. 2008; 31(1):1–11.

3. Hack WW, Sijstermans K, van der Voort-Doedens LM, Meijer RW, Haasnoot K. The high scrotal (“gliding”) testis revised. Eur J Pediatr. 2007; 166(1):57–61. PMID: 16896645.

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18. Bingöl-Koloğlu M, Tanyel FC, Anlar B, Büyükpamukçu N. Cremasteric reflex and retraction of a testis. J Pediatr Surg. 2001; 36(6):863–867. PMID: 11381413.

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