Shingles is an infection caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Although the virus lies dormant in individuals who have had chickenpox, it sometimes reactivates several years later, causing shingles. The infection is known to affect 1.5-3 individuals per 1,000 annually [123].

The known risk factors include old age, malignant neoplasm, organ transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapy. A higher incidence rate is also observed among individuals with diabetes, women, and those being treated for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [4]. Dopico et al. [5] reported that there is a change in immune function according to the season. According to Miller et al. [6], chickenpox most frequently occurs in the spring and winter months, but cases of shingles do not vary by season. However, Toyama and Shiraki [7] reported that a surge of the cases was noted in the summer, which dropped in the winter.

The present study was designed based on the hypothesis that the occurrence of shingles in the rural communities of Cheonan might be affected by seasonal factors.

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Of the individuals who visited the Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013, a total of 1,498 patients diagnosed with shingles were selected for a retrospective investigation of clinical records. Approval was obtained from the hospital's Institutional Review Board prior to the start of the investigation. Based on the following criteria, 393 patients were excluded: (1) individuals who contracted the illness before the investigation period; (2) individual exhibits no blisters, but complains of pain; (3) individual diagnosed with suspected shingles; and (4) insufficient clinical record. Data on the final 1,105 patients, pertaining to gender, age, time of occurrence, affected site (dermatome, left/right of body), underlying diseases, and place of residence, were collected. The subjects were classified into groups based on age (in increments of 5 years, beginning at 0 years), location of dermatome (trigeminal ganglion, cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra, lumbar, or sacrum), time of occurrence (month in which rash appeared), underlying diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cerebropathy, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, renal diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, liver diseases, endocrinal diseases, cancers, exhaustion and stress, pregnancy, and miscellaneous), and by place of residence (as recorded at the time of the initial hospital visit).

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Through a retrospective analysis of clinical records, the present study was conducted to examine the association between shingles and seasonal factors.

It is known that older individuals and those undergoing immunotherapy for HIV infection, malignant neoplasm, organ transplantation, and steroid treatment are at a higher risk of developing shingles because of the increased likelihood of the virus reactivating. Additionally, psychological and physical stress has been reported to have an impact [8].

In general, shingles are known to affect 1.5-3 individuals per 1,000 annually [123]. However, shingles affect 15-16 individuals per 1,000 in the U.S. each year, which is attributed to the fact that most have had chickenpox as a child [8]. In Korea, shingles are known to affect 0.88-4.8 individuals per 1,000 annually [91011].

Hope-Simpson [12] reported that the rate of occurrence among individuals under the age of 10 is extremely low at 0.74 per 1,000 individuals, in contrast to 7.8 per 1,000 among individuals over the age of 60. Donahue et al. [1] reported an even higher rate of occurrence among individuals 75 years and older, at 18.4 per 1,000. In the present study, the highest incidence was observed in the 50-64 years age group, and the incidence among individuals aged 50 years and older (770 cases) was more than twice that of their younger counterparts (335 cases). In our study, the incidence was lower in the group of individuals 75 years and older. However, this appears to be due to the demographic characteristics of the study area, namely, the decline in the number of individuals in the age group (Fig. 1).

In terms of shingles and gender, Gialloreti et al. [13] reported the most significant risk factors of shingles included being female, being 55 years of age or older, and possessing a weak immune system. However, the influence of gender was not so clear [14]. A study supports the potential association between the female gender and elevated risk of shingles [15]. The study, which analyzed a total of 14,532 subjects, found a significantly higher rate of incidence among female subjects, which was attributed to differences in the immune systems between the genders. Due to the biological differences between the genders, the virus is more likely to reactivate in the female body than in the male body. The study also cited the higher exposure rate of females to children with chickenpox as one of the reasons behind the higher incidence rate [15161718]. The present study also found a higher proportion of female patients with shingles (M:F = 1:1.42). Higher rates of shingles were observed in the spring and summer months among female subjects.

Dopico et al. [5] reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor and C-reactive protein - risk biomarkers for cardiovascular, psychiatric and autoimmune diseases - have peak incidences in winter. Nelson [19] reported that exposure to short day lengths affects several parameters of the immune system. Toyama and Shiraki [7] analyzed a total of 48,388 shingles cases and found that occurrence of shingles increased in the summer and decreased in the winter. The study also reported a higher rate of occurrence among females and individuals in the 50-70 years age group. On the other hand, Hope-Simpson [12] reported high rates of occurrence in the summer and fall. Zak-Prelich et al. [20] reported that exposure to UV rays increased the rates of shingles affecting the face among the male subjects. Other studies, however, found no correlation between shingles and seasons [22122]. The present study found that shingles had a higher rate of occurrence in the spring and summer months among female subjects than in male subjects.

In terms of the affected site and time of occurrence, no correlation was found, with the exception of the thoracic vertebrae, which showed a greater incidence in the spring and summer, similar to the overall trend. Similar incidence rates were observed in the left and right sides of the body throughout the seasons.

The places of residence of the study subjects were mostly in Cheonan and neighboring areas, such as Asan, and the incidence during the study period was not affected by weather conditions such as temperature, daily temperature range, humidity, or duration of daylight.

Based on these findings, it is plausible that immunization in the winter months may reduce the incidence of shingles in Cheonan and neighboring areas.

This study has several limitations. Since the study subjects were limited to the patients diagnosed with shingles at the hospital, the area incidence rate could not be identified. As a retrospective study, only data regarding the places of residence could be incorporated, and therefore, the findings do not reflect the potential influence of socioeconomic factors on shingles, such as occupation and residential environment. Finally, data collection regarding underlying diseases may have been inadequate as it relied only on the existing clinical record. For a more detailed investigation of the influence of seasons on the occurrence of shingles, changes in the natural, living, and occupational environment need to be examined.

In the present study, a higher incidence rate was observed in females than in males, and the rate was higher in the spring and summer. Based on our findings, shingles immunization in the winter months could be beneficial for residents in the neighboring area.

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