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INTRODUCTION
The iliotibial band (ITB) is a dense fibrotic anatomic structure, originating in the iliac tubercle, and extending to the lateral aspect of the thigh, where the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius muscles, and fascia latae tensor insert, and contributing to the monopodal equilibrium and postural control [1,2]. ITB lesions are frequently confused with pathologic conditions which cause discomfort on the lateral aspect of the knee, thigh, and hip. Iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS) involves discomfort in the location of the lateral femoral condyle, that occurs after repetitive mechanical friction of the knee, typically in an athlete such as a runner or cyclist [3,4].
A diagnosis is typically made based on the physical examination and case history, even though in a few cases magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be indicated to rule out another disease in the location [5,6]. An important positive sign on physical examination is local tenderness superior to the joint line and lateral knee inferior to the epicondyle. Flato et al. [1] have insisted that MRI findings in ITBFS mean increased signal intensity with fluid sequences both deep and superficial to the iliotibial (IT) tract origin, representing an edematous signal about the IT tract enthesis. MRI can also demonstrate partial tearing (intrinsic hyperintense signal) and thickening of the proximal IT tract attachments [1]. Ultrasonography (US) is an accurate, rapid, and widely available image modality capable of evaluating a wide spectrum of ITB alterations. Previous studies assessed the ITB thickness (ITBT) using a measurement at the approximate “halfway” point of the ITB [3]. However, an asymmetrical tear and partial thickening of the ITB can occur at any time [5]. Thus, measurement mistakes could occur routinely. In contrast to the ITBT, measuring a cross-sectional area of the ITB does not risk such measurement mistakes because the ITB cross-sectional area (ITBCSA) measures a cross-sectional area of the whole ITB.
Therefore, to assess the hypertrophy of the whole ITB, we devised the ITBCSA as a new morphological imaging parameter. We assumed that the ITBCSA would be an excellent morphological imaging parameter for hypertrophied ITB. Thus, we used the knee MRI to compare the ITBCSA and ITBT between ITBFS patients and normal individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Patients
The Catholic Kwandong University institutional review board (IRB) approved this retrospective research protocol and waived the informed consent requirement (IRB approval number : IS20RISI0073). We performed a retrospective pilot study to investigate the role of the ITBCSA as a morphological parameter of the ITBFS. We reviewed ITBFS patients who visited International St. Mary’s Hospital with knee pain from April 2014 to April 2020, and who had undergone knee MRI within 6 months of the first visit.
The inclusion criteria of ITBFS group were as follows [7,8]: 1) tenderness on palpation of the lateral knee approximately 2-3 cm above the join line; 2) typically localized pain just above the lateral part of the knee; 3) swelling of the outside of the knee; 4) knee pain during flexing the knee to thirty degrees; 5) gradual onset of symptoms and signs which, if they persisted for more than 1 month, could cause interference in daily activities or in sports participation; 6) knee pain that worsens with repetitive activities or continuing to participate in running. We excluded patients if they had any of the following problems: 1) history of knee surgery; 2) osteosarcoma; 3) history of the femur or the tibial surgery; and 4) meniscus or lateral collateral ligament injury. Forty-three patients were enrolled. There were 21 (60.4%) males and 22 (39.6%) females with an average age of 47.5 ± 17.3 years (range, 16 to 66 yr) (Table 1). To compare the ITBCSA and ITBT between patients and normal individuals, we also enrolled a healthy group. The normal group was people who had a knee MRI examination due to knee discomfort, however, no structural problems were found in the MRI. In the normal group, 43 individuals (21 males and 22 females) were enrolled with an average age of 47.6 ± 14.3 years (range, 15 to 68 yr).
2. Imaging parameters
Magnetom Skyra MRI analysis was done using a 3.0-T MRI (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) and 3.0T Ingenia scanners (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Knee MRI examinations performed in standard supine position under non-weight-bearing conditions. For all MRI examinations, we acquired coronal and axial T1W images with a slice thickness of 3.0 mm, intersection gap of 0.9 mm, repetition time/echo time of 492 ms/15 ms, 160 × 160 cm field of view, 320 × 316 pixels of scanning matrix, and > 3 echo train length.
3. Image analysis
ITBCSA and ITBT measurements were performed by the same specialist. All images were reviewed blindly. We acquired axial T1W magnetic resonance images at the thickest visualization of the ITB. We measured the ITBCSA and ITBT on MRI using an image analysis system (INFINITT PACS; INFINITT Healthcare, Seoul, Korea) (Fig. 1). The ITBCSA was measured as the tendon cross-sectional area of the ITB at the thickest point. The cross-sectional area is automatically presented by the “Measure area free hand” tool in INFINITT PACS after drawing a line along the border of the ITB. The ITBT was measured at the most hypertrophied ITB.
4. Statistical analysis
We compared the ITBCSA and ITBT between the ITBFS and the control groups using independent t-tests. The validity of the ITBCSA and ITBT in the diagnosis of hypertrophy was measured by the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve with the area under the curve (AUC)-index. A probability value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were processed by using SPSS software, version 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY).
RESULTS
The mean ITBCSA was 25.2 ± 6.6 mm2 in the normal group and 38.8 ± 9.1 mm2 in the ITBFS group. The mean ITBT was 1.9 ± 0.4 mm in the normal group and 2.6 ± 0.5 mm in the ITBFS group. Patients in ITBFS group had significantly higher ITBCSA (P < 0.001) and ITBT (P < 0.001) than the normal group (Table 1). A ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the most suitable cut-off value of the ITBT was 2.29 mm, with 76.7% sensitivity and 79.1% specificity. The AUC of the parametric ROC curve was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-0.95) (Fig. 2, Table 2). The most suitable cut-off score for the ITBCSA was 30.66 mm2, with 79.1% sensitivity and 79.1% specificity, and the AUC index was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80-0.94) (Fig. 2, Table 3).
DISCUSSION
ITBFS is a very common overuse soft-tissue trauma of the knee that occurs as a result of mechanical repetitive injury [9-11]. The ITB is a thick fascia strip that originates from the iliac crest tubercle, continues to the lateral side of the thigh, and inserts into the lateral proximal fibular head and into the lateral tibial condyle [1]. ITBFS generates when friction occurs between the underlying lateral femoral epicondyle and the posterior edge of the ITB. When the knee is extended, the ITB moves anterior to this landmark; however, when the knee is flexed to an angle greater than thirty degrees, the ITB lies posterior to the lateral femoral epicondyle. Thus, friction occurs at slightly less than thirty degrees of knee flexion, when the ITB crosses over the lateral femoral epicondyle. The cumulative effect of mechanical friction causes an inflammatory disorder within the periosteum of the lateral femoral epicondyle, underlying bursa, and iliotibial tract, eventually inducing lateral knee pain [11-15]. However, several other diseases may also be observed in this area, both distally and proximally in relation to the usually affected location in the lateral knee [13]. Thus, exact diagnosis is very important.
Various diagnostic imaging technique, such as US, MRI, radiography, stress radiography, and computed tomography are available [3,6], however, the diagnosis of ITBFS is still not easy due to the lack of an exact morphological image parameter. The process of ITB thickening starts with continuous mechanical stress, which induces inflammation, structural damage, and finally thickening [2,16,17].
We assumed that the cross-sectional area of the ITB can predict hypertrophy of the ITB because the ITBCSA does not suffer from this measurement mistake since the ITBCSA measures the cross-sectional area of the whole ITB, in contrast to the ITBT [18]. We eventually concluded that the ITBCSA is better than the ITBT as a morphological image parameter of ITBFS. In this research, we found that the ITBCSA had 79.1% sensitivity and 79.1% specificity. The AUC-index for the ROC curve was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.81-0.95) to predict ITBFS. In contrast, the ITBT had 76.7% sensitivity and 79.1% specificity. The AUC-index for the ROC curve was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80-0.94). These results show that the ITBCSA is a better morphological predictor of ITBFS than the ITBT. To our knowledge, this is the first research evaluating the accuracy of ITBCSA in the diagnosis of ITBFS.
There are some limitations to the current research. First, alternative image modalities to assess ITBFS, such as US and radiography, have been proved to be effective at diagnosing ITBFS [3]. Especially, US is a rapid, and widely available image modality [19-22]. However, the current study only evaluated the measurement of the ITBCSA and ITBT on MRI. Second, the small sample size may have limited our conclusion to detect statistically meaningful differences. Third, ITBFS has multiple causes, including the swelling of the bursa, bowed legs, and alteration in activity levels. However, we only focused on ITBT and the ITBCSA. Fourth, this research is retrospective in nature.
In conclusion, ITBCSA is a new and sensitive morphological parameter for diagnosing ITBFS, and may even be more accurate than ITBT. When evaluating the ITBFS in patients with recurrent knee pain, physicians should carefully assess the ITBCSA rather than the ITBT. ITBCSA may be a new objective indicator of ITBFS.
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