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Introduction
The effects of mesenchymal stem cells on cancer cells in vitro or in vivo are controversial (1). Previous studies reported that human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promoted the growth of pancreatic cancer cells (2) and human adipose stem cells induced metastasis of breast cancer cells through secretory proteins (3). In contrast, human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells showed anti-cancer effects on human epithelial ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through paracrine factors (4), and human adipose mesenchymal stem cells suppressed proliferation of ovarian cancer cells through exosomal miRNA in vitro (5) and inhibited glioblastoma in the brain of xenograft (6).
Furthermore, there has been research to enhance the anti-cancer effects of mesenchymal stem cells, such as by overexpression of anti-cancer genes (7) or engineered delivery systems with an anti-cancer drug (8). However, these methods can reduce the viability of mesenchymal stem cells, modify endogenous genes, or exert toxicity on normal cells, and such negative effects limit the clinical application of cell therapy.
It has been reported that mesenchymal stem cells in hypoxic culture condition showed increased cell proliferation (9) and survival (10), maintenance of stemness (11) and reduced senescence (12) together with metabolic changes (13) and increased secretion of paracrine factors (14, 15). These paracrine factors showed enhanced beneficial effects on recovery from injury or disease in some experimental models (16–20). In addition, hypoxia conditioned human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promoted the growth, motility, and invasion of breast cancer cells through secretion of TGF-β1 (21).
Based on this knowledge, we investigated whether conditioned medium from hypoxic human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) showed enhanced anti-cancer effects on HeLa cells compared with hDFs as non-cancer cells, and performed protein profiling analysis to associate intracellular signaling in both cell types with secretory proteins from hypoxic hUC-MSCs.
Materials and Methods
Cell culture
hUC-MSCs (PromoCell GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.1% antibiotics (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator (APM-30D; ASTEC, Fukuoka, Japan). From passage 4, hUC-MSCs were cultured at 21% O2 as a normoxic condition or at 1% O2 as a hypoxic condition. For analysis of proliferation of normoxic and hypoxic hUC-MSCs, 2×105 cells were cultured in 100-mm culture plates for 5 days. When cell confluency reached 90%, the cells were passaged using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco). At passage 6 of both kinds of cells, cell count was measured using Trypan blue 0.5% solution (Biowest, Riverside, MO, USA) and a hemocytometer. Cell viability was measured by addition of 100 μl of Cell-Titer-Glo assay 2.0 reagents (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) to cells and incubation for 10 minutes. Luminescence as a value of cell viability was measured with GLOMAX Multi Detection System (Promega BioSystems Sunnyvale, CA, USA). HeLa cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and hDFs (Gibco) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.1% antibiotics (Gibco) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Cells were used for experiments at passage 6.
Phenotyping of hUC-MSCs
Normoxic and hypoxic hUC-MSCs at passage 6 were harvested, fixed with BD Cytofix Fixation Buffer (BD Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA) for 10 min at room temperature and washed with Perm/Wash buffer (BD Biosciences). Cells were stained with V450 mouse anti-human CD31 (1:20), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) mouse anti-human CD34 (1:20), phycoerythrin (PE)-Cy™7 mouse anti-human CD44 (1:20), V500 mouse anti-human CD45 (1:20), PerCP-Cy™5.5 mouse anti-human CD73 (1:20), PE mouse anti-human CD90 (1:20), APC mouse anti-human CD105 (1:20), or V450 mouse anti-human CD144 (1:20) (BD Biosciences) antibodies for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were washed with Stain Buffer (BD Biosciences), and analyzed with a Caliber flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) using CellQuest program (BD Biosciences) and Flowjo software (Treestar, San Carlos, CA, USA).
Differentiation of hUC-MSCs
Normoxic and hypoxic hUC-MSCs at passage 6 (1.5×105 cells) were seeded in 12-well culture plates with complete medium. After overnight incubation, cells were treated with adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation medium (CEFO, Seoul, Rep. of Korea). At day 28, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation was analyzed with Oil Red O and Alizarin red (CEFO, Seoul, Rep. of Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantification of differentiation was analyzed by measuring absorbance at 550 nm with a GLOMAX multi detection system. After 14 days of chondrogenic differentiation, cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 30 min, stained with 1% Alcian blue (Sigma-Aldrich) at room temperature overnight, and washed with 0.1 N HCl (Sigma-Aldrich) and distilled water. To elute Alcian blue from cells, 8 M guanidine HCl solution (Sigma-Aldrich) was added. After incubation at 4°C overnight, cell supernatant was transferred to 96-well plates and absorbance of released Alcian blue was measured at 600 nm with a GLOMAX multi detection system. Images of differentiated cells were acquired with a CKX41 inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and Infinity Analyze 6.1.0 software (Lumenera Corporation, Ottawa, ON, Canada).
Preparation of CM from hUC-MSCs
Normoxic or hypoxic hUC-MSCs (2×105 cells) were seeded in 100-mm culture plates with complete medium. At day 5, when cell confluency reached approximately 90%, cells were washed with 1× PBS and added to 6 ml of DMEM medium without FBS or antibiotics. After incubation for 24 hours, CM from both cell lines was harvested and centrifuged at 300 g for 5 minutes. Supernatants were harvested and stored at −80°C. DMEM without FBS or antibiotics was used as control CM (C-CM). The pH of all CM was measured using a PH meter PC 440 (Corning, NY, USA).
Cell viability assay
HeLa cells or hDFs (1×104 cells) were cultured overnight in 96-well white plates. The next day, the culture medium was removed and 100 μl of C-CM, N-CM, or H-CM was added to the cells. After 48 hours, 100 μl of CellTiter-Glo assay 2.0 reagents (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was added to the cells and incubated for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured with GLOMAX Multi Detection System. Cell viability of normoxic and hypoxic hUC-MSCs was analyzed with CellTiter-Glo assay 2.0 reagents after incubation of 1,000 cells in 96-well white plates for 5 days.
Apoptosis assay
HeLa cells or hDFs at passage 6 (1.5×105 cells) were seeded in 6-well culture plates containing complete medium. After overnight incubation, cells were treated with 2 ml of C-CM, N-CM and H-CM for 48 hours. Cells were harvested with 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) and stained with FITC Annexin V apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Stained cells were analyzed with a Caliber flow cytometer using CellQuest and data were analyzed using Flowjo software.
Caspase 3/7 activity assay
HeLa cells or hDFs (1×104 cells) were incubated overnight in 96-well white plates. The next day, the culture medium was removed and 100 μl of C-CM, N-CM or H-CM was added to the cells. After incubation for 12 or 24 hours, 100 μl of Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay reagent (Promega) was added to the cells and incubated for 1 hour. Luminescence as a value of caspase 3/7 activity was measured with the GLOMAX Multi Detection System.
Mitochondrial membrane potential assay
HeLa cells or hDFs (1×104 cells) were seeded in 96-well white plates and incubated overnight. The next day, the culture medium was removed and 100 μl of control serum-free medium, N-CM, or H-CM was added to the cells. After incubation for 12 or 24 hours, the cells were assayed with the Orange Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay Kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Fluorescence (Ex/Em=540/590 nm) as a value of mitochondrial membrane potential was measured with Mithras2 LB 943 Multimode Reader (Berthold Biotechnologies, Bad Wildad. Germany).
Cell cycle assay
HeLa cells or hDFs at passage 6 were seeded in 6-well culture plates containing complete medium at a concentration of 1.5×105 cells/well. After overnight incubation, cells were treated with 2 ml of C-CM, N-CM, or H-CM for 24 hours. Cells were harvested with 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA and fixed in 70% alcohol and 30% PBS at 4°C for 1 hour. Cells were stained with 20 μg/ml propidium iodide (PI; Abcam) and 1% RNase A (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) for 30 minutes at 37°C. Stained cells were suspended in PBS and analyzed using a FACSVerse™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and Flowjo software.
Analysis of secretory protein by antibody-based protein array
Secretory proteins in N-CM or H-CM were analyzed using a RayBio® Label-based (L-Series) Human L1000 Antibody Array (Raybiotech, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) by E-biogen (Kyung Hee business center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea). Briefly, the Human L1000 Array slide was incubated with blocking solution at room temperature for 30 minutes and then with 400 μl of sample for 2 hours at room temperature. The slide was then incubated with 1× biotin-conjugated anti-cytokine antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature before addition of 1× Cy3-conjugated Streptavidin stock solution and incubation for a further 2 hours at room temperature. After washing, the slide was scanned using a GenePix 4100A Scanner and quantified with GenePix 7.0 Software (Axon Instrument, USA). The data were analyzed using Genowiz 4.0TM (Ocimum Biosolutions, India) and proteins that were upregulated or downregulated in H-CM compared with N-CM (>1.5 fold) were annotated using UniProt DB and examined with GO and KEGG pathways of the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) (p<0.01).
Signal pathway analysis by antibody-based protein array
Intracellular proteins in HeLa cells or hDFs treated with N-CM or H-CM for 24 h were analyzed with a Signaling explorer antibody array (Full Moon BioSystems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Briefly, 50 μg of protein sample was added to a microarray slide with 1,358 antibodies and the slide was treated with Cy3-streptavidin (GE Healthcare, Chalfont St. Giles, UK). The slide was washed with washing solution and rinsed with Milli-Q grade water. For data acquisition and analysis, the array slide was scanned with a GenePix 4100A scanner and the image was quantified with GenePix 7.0 Software. The data were analyzed using Genowiz 4.0TM) and protein information was annotated using the UniProt DB. Up- and down-regulated proteins (>1.5 fold) were identified and analyzed with tools in DAVID (p<0.01).
Results
H-CM induced anti-cancer effects in HeLa cells
Hypoxic hUC-MSCs showed increased cell proliferation and cell viability compared with normoxic hUC-MSCs (Supplementary Fig. S1A, S1B). Adipogenesis and chondrogenesis were significantly increased in hypoxic hUC-MSCs compared with normoxic hUC-MSCs (Supplementary Fig. S1C, S1E), whereas osteogenesis was significantly decreased in hypoxic hUC-MSCs (Supplementary Fig. S1D). There was no change in phenotype markers in both cell types (Supplementary Fig. S1F, SG). Conditioned medium was prepared from both cell lines. There was no difference in pH between CM from normoxic hUC-MSCs (N-CM), hypoxic hUC-MSCs (H-CM), or DMEM without FBS or antibiotics as control (C-CM) (data not shown).
Treatment of HeLa cells with H-CM for 48 hours significantly decreased the viability of HeLa cells compared to treatment with N-CM or C-CM (Fig. 1A). Consistent with cell viability, the proportion of cells that stained Annexin-V(−)/PI(−) as live cells was significantly decreased, and the proportion that stained Annexin-V(+)/PI(+) as late apoptotic cells was increased by treatment with H-CM (Fig. 1B, 1C). In addition, after treatment with CM for 12 or 24 hours, caspase-3/7 activity was dramatically increased (Fig. 1D) and mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased (Fig. 1E) in the presence of H-CM. Furthermore, treatment with H-CM induced cell cycle arrest with increased G0/G1 phase and decreased S and G2/M phase at 24 hours compared to treatment with C-CM or N-CM (Fig. 1F, 1G).
Fig. 1
H-CM induced enhanced anti-cancer effects in HeLa cells. Cell viability of HeLa cells was strongly decreased at 48 hours in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or control medium (A). The proportion of live cells [Annexin(−)/PI(−)] was decreased, and that of late apoptotic cells [Annexin(+)/PI(+)] at 48 hours was strongly increased, in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or control medium (B, C). Caspase-3/7 activity was strongly increased at 12 and 24 hours in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or control medium (D). Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased at 12 and 24 hours in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or control medium (E). Cell cycle was arrested with an increase in G0/G1 and decrease in S and G2/M phases at 24 hours in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or control medium (F, G). Results are expressed as mean±S.E.M. from three independent experiments (n=3, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, t-test). C-CM: serum-free medium as control, N-CM: conditioned medium from normoxic hUC-MSCs, H-CM: conditioned medium from hypoxic hUC-MSCs.
H-CM does not influence cell viability of hDFs
Next, we investigated the effect of H-CM on hDFs as non-cancer cells. After treatment of hDFs with CM for 48 hours, there was no significant difference in cell viability and apoptosis between H-CM, N-CM, and C-CM (Fig. 2A ~C). Caspase-3/7 activity was significantly decreased at 24 hours after treatment with H-CM (Fig. 2D), whereas mitochondrial membrane potential was not significantly different among the CMs (Fig. 2E). Regarding cell cycle, in contrast to HeLa cells, the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase was decreased, and that of S and G2/M phase was increased, at 24 hours after treatment with N-CM and H-CM compared to C-CM (Fig. 2F, 2G). However, there was no significant difference in cell cycle distribution only between treatment with N-CM and H-CM (Fig. 2F, 2G).
Fig. 2
H-CM did not affect cell viability of hDFs. Cell viability of hDFs at 48 hours was not significantly different in the presence of H-CM, N-CM, or C-CM (A). Apoptosis at 48 hours was not significantly different in the presence of H-CM, N-CM, or C-CM (B, C). Caspase-3/7 activity at 12 and 24 hours was decreased in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or C-CM (D). Mitochondrial membrane potential was not changed at 12 and 24 hours in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM or control medium (E). The proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was decreased, and S and G2/M phases were increased, after 24 hours in the presence of H-CM or N-CM compared with control medium (F, G). There was no significant difference in cell cycle distribution only between cells treated with N-CM and H-CM, (F, G). Results are expressed as mean±S.E.M. from three independent experiments (n=3, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, t-test). C-CM, serum-free medium as control; N-CM, conditioned medium from normoxic hUC-MSCs; H-CM, conditioned medium from hypoxic hUC-MSCs.
Up- and down-regulated secretory proteins in H-CM compared with N-CM
To investigate anti-cancer-related factors in H-CM we performed protein antibody array on secretory proteins in H-CM and N-CM. Proteins with greater than 1.5-fold upregulation (red) or downregulation (green) in H-CM compared with N-CM are shown in a cluster image (Fig. 3A, Supplementary Table S1). Among 10,000 proteins in the array, five proteins were upregulated and 33 proteins were downregulated in H-CM (>1.5 fold). Activin A (4.2656), Beta IG-H3 (3.6006), TIMP-2 (1.7886), RET (1.6723), and IGFBP-3 (1.5519) were upregulated more than 1.5-fold in H-CM compared with N-CM (Fig. 3A, Supplementary Table S1). Using GO analysis of DAVID, upregulated or downregulated proteins in H-CM (>1.5 fold) compared with N-CM were categorized as biological process or molecular function of GO terms (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched) and the data were presented as the –log10 p value (Fig. 3B~D, Supplementary Table S2, S3). Upregulated proteins were represented by biological processes of response to drug (3.0140), negative regulation of cell proliferation (2.7856), and positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand (2.6022) (Fig. 3B, Supplementary Table S2), but not by molecular function. Downregulated proteins were represented by biological processes of cell-cell signaling (6.5980), cytokine-mediated signaling pathway (4.0818), positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity (4.0562), positive regulation of gene expression (2.9381), signal transduction (2.4329), inflammatory response (2.3569), immune response (2.1968), and positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation (2.0279) (Fig. 3C, Supplementary Table S3), and by molecular functions of growth factor activity (2.5785), receptor binding (2.5297), and cytokine activity (2.4769) (Fig. 3D, Supplementary Table S3).
Fig. 3
Protein profiling of H-CM compared with N-CM. Proteins that were upregulated (red) and downregulated (green) in H-CM compared with N-CM were analyzed using protein antibody array (>1.5 fold) (A). Biological process of GO analysis for upregulated proteins in H-CM compared with N-CM (B). Biological process of GO analysis for downregulated proteins in H-CM compared with N-CM (C). Molecular function of GO analysis for downregulated proteins in H-CM compared with N-CM (D). GO data were represented by the –log10 p value (p<0.01) and top 10 enriched terms, and single sample analysis was performed.
H-CM induced signal transduction in HeLa cells compared with N-CM
Based on our results showing enhanced anti-cancer effects of H-CM compared with N-CM, we investigated intracellular signal transduction in HeLa cells induced by H-CM and N-CM using protein antibody array. Among 1,358 proteins in the array, 53 proteins were upregulated (Fig. 4A, Supplementary Table S4) and 46 were downregulated (Fig. 4D, Supplementary Table S4) in HeLa cells (>1.5 fold) by treatment with H-CM compared with N-CM. In GO analysis of upregulated proteins (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), for terms of biological process the highest –log10 p value was for cell cycle arrest (3.1233) (Fig. 4B, Supplementary Table S5). In addition, apoptosis processes such as collagen catabolic process (3.0663), extracellular matrix disassembly (2.8497), negative regulation of cell growth (2.2772), and positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process (2.1562) were represented. Transcription activity, including negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated (2.4999) and negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter (2.3345), cell proliferation (2.3812), protein sumoylation (2.3178), and intracellular signal transduction (2.2059) were also represented (Fig. 4B, Supplementary Table S5). In KEGG pathway analysis of upregulated proteins (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), the highest –log10 p value was for cell cycle (3.9167) (Fig. 4C, Supplementary Table S5). Cancer-related terms were chronic myeloid leukemia (3.7360), pathways in cancer (3.1183), pancreatic cancer (2.6575), viral carcinogenesis (2.0550), and proteoglycans in cancer (2.0922) (Fig. 4C, Supplementary Table S5). The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (2.6591) was also represented (Fig. 4C, Supplementary Table S5). In GO analysis of downregulated proteins, in terms of biological process (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), response activity including response to stress (3.2650), response to drug (2.9408), and response to heat (2.1542), calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell-adhesion molecules (2.8648), activation of MAPK activity (2.5599), positive regulation of gene expression (2.3171), retina homeostasis (2.3086), and cytoskeleton organization (2.0659) were represented (Fig. 4E, Supplementary Table S6). In KEGG pathway analysis of downregulated proteins (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (2.9139), TGF-beta signaling pathway (2.3865), and TNF signaling pathway (2.1049) were represented (Fig. 4F, Supplementary Table S6). In addition, hepatitis C (3.8517), proteoglycans in cancer (3.0326), leukocyte transendothelial migration (2.9802), and pertussis (2.5259) were also represented (Fig. 4F, Supplementary Table S6).
Fig. 4
Intracellular signaling induced by H-CM in HeLa cells. Upregulated proteins (red) involved in intracellular signaling of HeLa cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM according to protein antibody array (>1.5 fold) (A). Biological process of GO analysis for upregulated intracellular proteins in HeLa cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (B). KEGG pathway analysis of upregulated intracellular proteins in HeLa cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (C). Downregulated proteins (green) involved in intracellular signaling of HeLa cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM according to protein antibody array (>1.5 fold) (D). Biological process of GO analysis for downregulated intracellular proteins in HeLa cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (E). KEGG pathway analysis of downregulated intracellular proteins in HeLa cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (F). GO and KEGG pathway results were represented as the –log10 p value (p<0.01) and top 10 enriched terms, and single sample analysis was performed.
Signal pathways in hDFs induced by H-CM compared with N-CM
Based on our in vitro experimental data, we investigated induction of intracellular signal transduction in hDFs by H-CM compared with N-CM. Among 1,358 proteins in the protein antibody array, 276 proteins were upregulated (Fig. 5A, Supplementary Table S7) and 35 were downregulated (Fig. 5D, Supplementary Table S7) in hDFs (> 1.5 fold) by treatment with H-CM compared with N-CM. In GO analysis of upregulated proteins, in terms of biological process (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), protein phosphorylation activity including peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation (17.0101), protein phosphorylation (16.2848), peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation (12.7318), transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway (10.8164), protein autophosphorylation (10.7996), and cell survival or proliferation activity including negative regulation of apoptotic process (8.7986), regulation of cell proliferation (7.6297), negative regulation of cell proliferation (6.7512), and innate immune response (7.3604), and extracellular matrix organization (7.2778) were represented (Fig 5B, Supplementary Table S8). In KEGG pathway analysis of upregulated proteins (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), the highest –log10 p value was for PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (11.9321) (Fig 5C). For signal pathway activity, pathways in cancer (11.0537), HIF-1 signaling pathway (8.3131), FoxO signaling pathway (8.0767), NF-kappa B signaling pathway (7.1376), and T cell receptor signaling pathway (7.1131) were represented (Fig 5C, Supplementary Table S8). In addition, hepatitis B (9.2258), Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) (8.8724), HTLV-I infection (8.5068), and prostate cancer (7.0768) were also represented (Fig 5C, Supplementary Table S8). In GO analysis of downregulated proteins (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), for biological processes (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), the highest –log10 p value was for activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process (4.6386) (Fig. 5E, Supplementary Table S9). In addition, apoptosis or proliferation activity, such as DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest (2.1565), Sertoli cell proliferation (2.0928), and regulation of apoptotic process (2.0450), response to hypoxia (3.4114), response to unfolded protein (2.4872), cytoskeleton organization (2.3806), response to lipopolysaccharide (2.3582), and collagen catabolic process (2.1298) were represented (Fig. 5E, Supplementary Table S9). In KEGG pathway analysis of downregulated proteins (p<0.01, Top 10 enriched), pathways in cancer (3.4454), proteoglycans in cancer (2.2720), and leukocyte transendothelial migration (2.0711) were represented (Fig. 5F, Supplementary Table S9).
Fig. 5
Intracellular signaling induced by H-CM in hDFs. Upregulated proteins (red) involved in intracellular signaling of hDF cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM according to protein antibody array (>1.5 fold) (A). Biological process of GO analysis for upregulated intracellular proteins in hDFs treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (B). KEGG pathway analysis of upregulated intracellular proteins in hDFs treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (C). Downregulated proteins (green) involved in intracellular signaling of hDFs treated with H-CM compared with N-CM according to protein antibody array (>1.5 fold) (D). Biological process of GO analysis for downregulated intracellular proteins in hDFs treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (E). KEGG pathway analysis of downregulated intracellular proteins in hDFs treated with H-CM compared with N-CM (F). GO and KEGG pathway results were represented by the –log10 p value (p<0.01) and top 10 enriched terms, and single sample analysis was performed.
Discussion
In this study, we demonstrated enhanced anti-cancer effects of hypoxic conditioned medium compared with normoxic conditioned medium from hUC-MSCs. Although H-CM strongly induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of HeLa cancer cells followed by increased caspase-3/7 activity and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, it did not affect the viability of hDFs as non-cancer cells; in fact, caspase-3/7 activity as an apoptosis marker in hDFs was decreased by treatment with H-CM compared with N-CM. This suggests that H-CM would be an effective tool against cancer cells without affecting the viability of normal cells.
There have been controversial reports concerning whether mesenchymal stem cells show pro-cancer or anti-cancer effects (1). In addition, some research groups reported that hypoxic mesenchymal stem cells induced proliferation or enhanced the survival of cancer cells (21). In our experimental system, we treated HeLa cells with conditioned medium from hUC-MSCs in hypoxic or normoxic culture condition and with serum-free medium as control, and showed enhanced anti-cancer effects of H-CM. Activin A (4.2656), Beta IG-H3 (3.6006), TIMP-2 (1.7886), RET (1.6723), and IGFBP-3 (1.5519) were highly expressed in H-CM compared with N-CM. Previous studies reported that Activin A suppressed proliferation of HeLa cells (22), promoted metastatic growth of breast cancer (23), and stimulated cardiac fibroblasts (24). Beta IG-H3 was reported as a cancer suppressor or cancer promoter depending on the cancer microenvironment (25) and shown to promote adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts (26). TIMP-2 was reported to support survival of cancer cells (27), play a role in suppressing cancer promotion (28), and suppress collagen synthesis in fibroblasts (29). RET has been reported as a cancer suppressor gene (30) and oncogene (31). IGFBP-3 suppressed growth of melanoma (32) and modulated proliferation of fibroblasts (33). Even though some molecules appear to have a dual function in cancers based on previous reports, the proteins that are upregulated in H-CM may be critical factors for the enhanced anti-cancer effects of H-CM. As terms of biological process in GO analysis of intracellular proteins in HeLa cells that were upregulated in the presence of H-CM compared with N-CM, cell cycle arrest, collagen catabolic process, extracellular matrix disassembly, negative regulation of cell growth, and positive regulation of neural apoptosis were represented, and would be associated with the enhanced anti-cancer effects of H-CM. Regarding biological process terms of upregulated intracellular proteins in hDFs, negative regulation of apoptotic process, regulation of cell proliferation, and negative regulation of cell proliferation were represented. Furthermore, among downregulated proteins in hDFs, the most significant term of biological process was activation of cysteine endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process (34). These results for intracellular signaling would be associated with the similar in vitro cell viability of hDFs treated with H-CM or N-CM. In KEGG pathways of cancer cells treated with H-CM compared with N-CM, the most significant pathway was cell cycle, which would be associated with the observed cell cycle arrest of cancer cells in the presence of H-CM. In particular, p53 (Acetyl-Lys386) was the most common molecule in biological process of GO analysis for proteins that were upregulated in HeLa cells by H-CM (Supplementary Table S5). In addition, p53 (Acetyl-Lys386) showed the highest expression in cell cycle and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway of KEGG pathways for upregulated proteins in HeLa cells treated with H-CM (Supplementary Tables S4, S5). Previous studies identified p53 as a cancer suppressor (35) with a role in cell cycle arrest (36). Based on this knowledge, p53 appears to be the main player in signal transduction that mediates the enhanced anti-cancer effects of H-CM in HeLa cells. In KEGG pathways of downregulated proteins in HeLa cells treated with H-CM, MARK 11 was included in all terms of KEGG pathway except TGF-beta signaling pathway (Supplementary Table S6). It has been reported that MAPK 11 is involved in cell survival (37). Enrichment of MARK11 in KEGG pathways of downregulated proteins of HeLa cells would be consistent with the reduced survival of HeLa cells exposed to H-CM in the present study.
In the case of KEGG pathways in hDFs treated with H-CM, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was the most highly enriched. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is related to maintenance of survival of fibroblasts (20, 21). Furthermore, for downregulated proteins of hDFs, terms related to apoptosis or cell cycle arrest such as activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process, DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest, and regulation of apoptotic process were categorized among biological processes, and CASP3 (p17, Cleaved-Asp175) was included in terms such as Pathways in cancer and Proteoglycans in cancer in KEGG pathway analysis (Supplementary Table S9). These results would be related to maintained cell survival or decreased caspase-3/7 activity of hDFs treated with H-CM compared to N-CM. These different effects of H-CM compared with N-CM on cell viability, apoptosis, and intracellular signaling between cancer cells and human fibroblasts may be due to differences in expressed receptors and signal pathways between the two cell types.
Contrary to our results, a previous study reported that hypoxic conditioned medium from human bone marrow stem cells promoted progression of breast cancer cells through paracrine factors such as TGF-β1 (21). These contradictory results may be due to differences in the sources of mesenchymal stem cells or cancer cells, experimental conditions for preparing CM such as hypoxic culture duration of cells, induction time of CM, and addition or non-addition of serum to prepare CM. A limitation of this research is that we only profiled secretory proteins in H-CM compared with N-CM. According to a previous study (5), exosomal miRNA from mesenchymal stem cells may also mediate enhanced anti-cancer effects of H-CM and this warrants further study.
In conclusion, in the current study we demonstrated that conditioned medium from hypoxic human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells showed enhanced anti-cancer effects on HeLa cells without influencing the cell viability of non-cancer dermal fibroblasts, and profiled paracrine factors present in H-CM and the intracellular signaling pathways related to apoptosis of HeLa cells and survival of hDFs. Our results suggest the potential of culturing mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxic conditions in the development of alternative approaches to anti-cancer therapy.
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