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Introduction
Neurogenesis is a complex sequence of coordinated events that involve specification, expansion and differen-tiation of distinct neuronal subtypes (1, 2). Generation of distinct neuronal subtypes in the developing spinal cord is regulated by signalling gradients originating from dorsal and ventral organizers (3, 4). Shh secreted from notochord and floor plate of the developing ventral neural tube plays a key role in generation of ventral neural subtype, including motor neurons (5-7). Consistently, genetic deletion of Shh leads to severe defects in the neural tube development, including the failure to generate many ventral neuronal subtypes (8). On the other hand, ectopic activation of Shh signalling pathway in dorsal region of neural tube triggers up-regulation of ventral neuronal gene expression accompanied by blocking of dorsal-specific gene expression (7, 9). Importantly, the graded activity of Shh signalling pathway regulates specification of ventral neuronal subtypes through regulation of key transcription factors (2, 10). Thus, tight regulation of Shh signalling pathway is critical for generation of specific neuronal subtypes. Neurons generated in more ventral regions of the neural tube, such as motor neurons require progressively higher concentration of Shh for their induction (2). In response to two- to three-fold changes in Shh concentration, five distinct neuronal subtypes in the spinal cord can be generated in vitro and the position at which each neuronal subtype is generated in vivo is predicted by the Shh concentration which is required for their induction in vivo (3, 5, 6). Shh signaling pathway is critical for the specification of Nkx2.2-positive neural progenitor, V3 in early developing neural tube and at later stage it is required for the maintenance of Olig2-positive motor neuron progenitors after their initial specification (11-13).
Shh signalling pathway is initiated by Shh binding to the primary receptor Patched-1 (Ptch1) and coreceptors that activate the 7-transmembrane protein, Smo and the downstream transcription factors such as Glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) transcription factors. This signalling activation then induces genes implicated diverse cellular processes including cell specification and differentiation. Cdo and Boc, members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, function as Shh coreceptors to induce full activation of Shh signalling pathway together with another coreceptor Gas1 (14-16). Cdo is transiently expressed in the critical organizing regions, such as the prechordal plate and notochord in central nervous system (CNS) development and more persistently in the dorsal region and the roof plate of the developing neural tube (14, 17). Cdo deficiency causes multiple defects in CNS, resulting in holoprosencephaly, hydrocephalus, reduced cortical thickness and reduced ventral neural fate patterning (15, 18). In Cdo-deficient mice, Shh signalling activity is decreased, leading to the defective specification of ventral neural cell fates in the developing spinal cord as well as holoprosencephaly (14, 17, 19). The double mutant mice for two Shh coreceptors Cdo and Gas1 exhibit a complete loss in the specification of progenitors for the floor plate, V3 interneuron and motor neurons that are dependent on Shh. In addition, Cdo and Boc double knockout mice have revealed that the specification of Olig2-positive motor neuron progenitors appears to be normal in developing neural tube at E10.5, while Cdo and Boc are required for the maintenance of Olig2-positive motor neuron progenitors after the initial specification (14). Coreceptors are required to activate the optimal Shh signal strength required for diverse neuronal subtypes. However, the discrete function of Cdo in motor neuron specification is not fully understood.
In this study, we took advantage of an in vitro differentiation system of Cdo-deficient ESCs to define the role of Cdo in motor neuron specification. Cdo was highly induced prior to the motor neuron specification markers Olig2 and Nkx6.1. In response to Shh, Cdo-deficient ESCs exhibited reduced expression of motor neuron specification genes while dorsal interneuron specification genes were significantly increased, compared to wildtype ESCs. Reactivation of Shh signalling with a Smo agonist SAG restored motor neuron specification in Cdo-deficient ESCs while suppressing dorsal interneuron markers. The electrophysiological analysis revealed that unlike wildtype neurons, Cdo-deficient neurons did not fire repetitive action potentials (APs), which was restored partially by the SAG treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that Cdo as a Shh-coreceptor is required for the specification of motor neurons and the efficient generation of motor neurons.
Materials and Methods
Mice
All mouse work was carried out as previously described (19, 20). The result of mouse genotyping for the current study is presented in Supplementary Fig. S1. The heterozygous Cdo mutant mice were maintained on a C57BL/6 background. Cdo−/− mice on the C57BL/6 background showed 80∼85% lethality and the remaining 15∼20% knockout mice died within 4∼12 weeks of birth. Cdo−/− mice that survived beyond the perinatal period, displayed the phenotype of a dome-shaped head, limb weakness and immobility. Cdo+/+and Cdo−/− mice were maintained at 23℃ with a 12h light/12h dark cycle. Food and water were freely available to mice. These animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Research Advisory Committee at Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Laboratory Animal Research Center and complied with the regulations by the institutional ethics committee.
ESC culture and in vitro differentiation into motor neurons
Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− mouse ESCs (mESCs) were cultured as previously described (18, 21, 22). Briefly, mESCs were maintained in ES cell growth medium containing 15% Fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM Glutamate, 0.1 mM Nonessential amino acids, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.3), 0.1 mM β-Mercaptoethanol, 1% Gentamicin and LIF (1,000 U/ml) on γ-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). To induce neural lineage (NI), MEFs were eliminated by trypsinization followed by incubation in the growth medium on 0.1% Gelatin-coated dish. mESCs were then incubated in neural induction medium containing 15% FBS, 1% Non-essential amino acids, 1% Gentamicin, 1 mM Monothioglycerol, 50 ng/ml Noggin, 20 ng/ml FGF-8 and 20 ng/ml bFGF for 2 days. To induce motor neuron specfication (MNS), embryoid bodies (EBs) were incubated in motor neuron differentiation medium; ES-culture basal medium-A, 10% Knockout serum replacement, 1% N-2 supplement, 1% ITS Supplement-B, 1% Ascorbic acid, 1% Gentamicin, 1% GlutaMax-I, 0.15% D-Glucose, 20 μg/ml Heparin, 0.1 mM β-Mercaptoethanol, 1 μM Retinoic Acid (RA) and 100 μM Shh for 5 days. To induce motor neuron elongation (Elong), EBs were dissociated into single cells using Accumax (Millipore, Massachusetts, USA) and then, 2×105/ml cells were replated on poly-DL-ornithine/laminin/matrigel-coated dishes with motor neuron differentiation medium, which contains 10 ng/ml of BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, and NT-3 instead of 1 μM RA and 100 μM Shh for additional 4 days.
Cryosection of EBs and immunostaining
Immunostaining of EBs was carried out as previously described (22). Briefly, EBs were fixed and dehydrated with 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) and followed by sequential Sucrose incubation. After cryo-embedding, 7 μm-thickness of sectioning was performed with a cryostat microtome (Leica, Vetzlar, Germany). For immunostaining, EB sections were fixed with 4% PFA for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.5% Trinon X-100 for 5 min, blocked with 3% BSA for 30 min and probed with the following antibodies; Nkx6.1 (F55A12, DSHB, Iowa, USA, 1：300), Olig2 (ab109186, Abcam, UK, 1：300), Islet1 (Isl1) (ab20670, Abcam, 1：300) or Hb9 (PA5-23407, Invitrogen, Massachu-setts, USA, 1：300). After over-night incubation with primary antibodies at 4℃, cells were labeled with appropriate secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit or Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-mouse antibody (Life technologies, California, USA, 1：300). Cells were counterstained with 4’,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, Roche) to show the nuclei. Confocal images were obtained with a LSM-710 Meta confocal fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberhochen, Germany).
Quantitative RT-PCR and RNA sequencing
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed as previously described (23). Total RNAs were isolated by using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) following manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA synthesis was obtained using with PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit (TaKaRa, Japan) and analyzed by qRT-PCR using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa). The values were normalized to the level of L32. Primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1. For RNA sequencing analysis, RNA quality was assessed by Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer using the RNA 6000 Nano Chip (Agilent Technologies, Amstelveen, Netherlands) and RNA quantification was performed with ND-2000 Spec-trophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). For control and test RNAs, the library was constructed by using QuantSeq 3’ mRNA-Seq Library Prep Kit (Lexogen, Inc., Vienna, Austria) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. High-throughput sequencing was carried out as single-end 75 sequencing using NextSeq 500 (Illumina, Inc., California, USA). QuantSeq 3’ mRNA-Seq reads were aligned using Bowtie2 (24). Differentially expressed genes were determined based on the counts from unique and multiple alignments using coverage in Bedtools (25). The RT (Read Count) data were processed based on Quantile normalization method using Bioconductor-edgeR within R (R development Core Team, 2016) (26). Gene classifica-tion was based on the searches done by DAVID (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) and Medline databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
Electrophysiology
Coverslips were transferred to a recording chamber mounted to a microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for electrophysiological recordings. Experiments were perfor-med on DIV 3 neurons in culture using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Data were collected using a Multi-Clamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices, California, USA), data acquisition system (Digidata 1550, Molecular Devices), and Igor Pro analysis software (Wavemetrics). The cells were superfused at 2∼3 ml/min with solution of the following composition; 143 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 5 mM HEPES, 0.5 mM NaH2PO4, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 1.8 mM CaCl2 and 11.1 mM Glucose (pH 7.4, 300∼305 mOsmol/kg). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made at room temperature using micropipettes (3∼5MΩ, Sutter Instru-ment, Califormia, USA) filled with an internal solution containing 143 mM K-Gluconate, 15 mM HEPES, 7 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EGTA, 4 mM Mg-ATP, 0.3 mM Na-GTP and 4 mM Na-Ascorbate (pH 7.3, 290∼295 mOsmol/kg). The following parameters were measured: (1) the resting membrane potential (RMP), (2) the input resistance (IR, membrane potential changes (V) for given hyperpolarizing current (−30 pA, 500 min) input), (3) after-hyperpolari-zation (AHP), (4) AP threshold current (current threshold for single action potential generation, 30 min duration), (5) AP amplitude, (6) AP incidence. Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels were detected in voltage-clamp mode at a holding potential of −70 mV. The holding potential was changed in a stepwise fashion from −60 to +50 mV in 10 mV increments for 1 sec and the voltage-gated peak inward current and sustained outward current (between 800 and 900 min) were measured for each step.
Results
Cdo was induced at motor neuron specification stage prior to Olig2 and Nkx6.1 induction
Using a standard protocol as illustrated in Fig. 1a, we induced differentiation of ESCs into motor neurons. To confirm the sucessful motor neuron differentiation, we have analized the differentiation-associated gene expre-ssion at subdivided time points for 2 days of NI (NI1, NI2), 5 days of MNS (MNS-1, MNS-3, MNS-5) and Elong. The expression of stemness genes, such as Nanog and Oct4 was blunted at MNS-1 (Fig. 1b). The motor neuron specification markers, Olig2, Nkx6.1, Hb9 and Isl1 were robustly elevated at MNS and sharply reduced at Elong (Fig. 1c). The Olig2 expression peaked at MNS-3 and decreased gradually thereafter, while Nkx6.1, Hb9 and Isl1 levels were highest at MNS-5. In addition, the levels of Shh signalling components were examined during the differentiation (Fig. 1d). The level of Shh increased gradually during neuronal differentiation and robustly elevated at Elong. The expression of the primary Shh receptor gene, Ptch1 was progressively elevated during neuronal differentiation and slightly decreased at Elong. In contrast, Gli1 and Gli2 expression decreased continuously and almost diminished at Elong. The expression of Gli3 gradually increased until MNS-3 and decreased thereafter. Shh coreceptor genes, Cdo and Boc were elevated at MNS-1 and stayed at a high level during MNS. Cdo expression was blunted at Elong, while Boc expression further increased at Elong. This increase of Boc might be associated its role in axon guidance (27). Furthermore, the expression of Cdo during motor neuron differentiation was confirmed by immunoblot analysis showing a similar expression pattern as shown in qRT-PCR data (Supplementary Fig. S2). In contrast, the expression of another coreceptor, Gas1 was greatly elevated at MNS-5. Among Shh coreceptors, Cdo appeared to be the earliest to be induced at MNS-1 prior to Shh signalling component genes, Shh and Ptch1. These data indicate that Cdo is the earliest acting Shh coreceptor that might correlate with motor neuron specification.
Cdo deficiency altered gene expression in motor neuron specification of ES cells
Before gaining insights into Cdo’s functions in motor neuron specification, we decided to demonstrate clearly that among Shh coreceptors, Cdo is essentially required to motor neuron specification. For that we examined the levels of Boc and Gas1 in Cdo-deficient cells at G stage by performing qRT-PCR (Supplementary Fig. S3). The result showed that the levels of Boc and Gas1 in Cdo−/− cells were almost similar to those in Cdo+/+ cells. Then, Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− cells at MNS-3 were harvested for gene expression profiling by RNA-sequencing analysis. The scatter plot images showed that 649 genes were up-regulated while 808 genes were down-regulated with 1.5-fold changes in Cdo−/− cells, relative to Cdo+/+ cells (Fig. 2a). The global gene expression was assessed by the reactome with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA, http://software.broadinstitute.org) using MSigDB database v6.1 (≥1.5-fold, p<0.05). The normalized enrichments score (NES) obtained from Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− cells revealed that the gene sets of the processes that contribute to neuronal development including proliferation, differentiation, synapse formation and fate commitment were greatly enriched (Fig. 2b). The heat maps for genes related to dorsoventral patterning of the neural tubes showed that the expression of dorsal interneuron-related genes was higher in Cdo−/− cells than in Cdo+/+ cells, whereas the expression of the genes that are related to ventral interneuron and spinal cord moter neuron was reduced in Cdo−/− cells compared to that in Cdo+/+ cells (Fig. 2c). To confirm the RNA-sequencing data, motor neuron specification-induced Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− cells were subjected to qRT-PCR (Fig. 2d). The result revealed that the levels of dorsal interneuron regulators (Pax3, Daam2 and Uncx) were increased and the level of motor neuron specific gene (Nkx6.1) was reduced in Cdo−/− cells compared to Cdo+/+ cells. Taken together, Cdo deficiency causes alteration in global gene expression related to motor neuron specfication, and dorsal and ventral interneuron specfication.
Cdo deficiency reduced the expression of ventral neuron markers with a concomitant increase in dorsal interneuron markers
Based on the results of RNA-sequencing, we defined the effect of Cdo deficiency on motor neuron specification further. Total RNAs from Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− EBs at MNS-5 and Elong were subjected to qRT-PCR for the expression of genes implicated in ventral and motor neuron specification (Pax6, Olig2, Nkx6.1, Hb9, Isl1, Chx10) and dorsal interneuron specifiation (Brn3a, Pax2, Lbx1, Pax3). Cdo−/− cells expressed significantly lower levels of Pax6, Olig2, Nkx6.1, Hb9, Isl1, and Chx10 at both time points, compared to Cdo+/+ cells (Fig. 3a). Especially, the expression of Nkx6.1, Isl1 and Chx10 was greatly blunted in Cdo−/− cells. In contrast, the dorsal interneuron regulators, Brn3a, Lbx1 and Pax3 were greatly elevated in Cdo−/− cells at both MNS-5 and Elong, compared to those in Cdo+/+cells, while the expression of Pax2 was only mildly increased at MNS-5 (Fig. 3b). These data suggest that Cdo is required for adequate specification of ventral neurons in response to Shh.
To further confirm the result, Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− EBs at MNS-5 were cryosectioned and immunofluorescent stained for Olig2 and Nkx6.1 (Fig. 3c and 3d). Similarly to the data obtained from qRT-PCR analysis, Cdo−/− EBs had greatly diminished numbers of Olig2-(4.8-fold reduction, Cdo+/+; 9.08% vs Cdo−/−; 1.88%) or Nkx6.1-positive cells (12.4-fold reduction, Cdo+/+; 30.74% vs Cdo−/−; 2.47%), compared to Cdo+/+ EBs. Furthermore, Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− cells at MNS-5 were dissociated and proceeded to elongation by culturing on the matrigel-coated coverslips for 3 days, followed by coimmunostaining for Hb9 or Isl1 together with Neurofilament (NF) as a neuronal marker (Fig. 3e and 3f). Similarly to the marker analysis, significantly less Hb9-(5.9-fold reduction, Cdo+/+; 81.86% vs Cdo−/−; 13.8%) or Isl1-positive cells (8.3-fold reduction, Cdo+/+; 80.1% vs Cdo−/−; 9.66%) were found in the Cdo-deficient culture, compared to Cdo+/+ culture. In addition, analysis of protein levels for Hb9 and Isl1 also revealed that each level of motor neuron markers was reduced in Cdo-deficient cells (Supplementary Fig. S4). Taken together, Cdo deficiency results in impaired motor neuron specification.
The administration of a Shh agonist SAG restored motor neuron specification in Cdo-deficient ESCs
In an effort to uncover the role of Cdo as a coreceptor in the regulation of Shh signalling pathway during motor neuron specification, we reactivated Shh signalling pathway in Cdo-deficient ESCs by adding 1 μM SAG insted of Shh for the whole 5 days of MNS stage. SAG binds to Smo directly and leads to circumvent receptor-mediated activation. The reduced expression of Pax6, Nkx6.1 and Hb9 in Cdo−/− cells (Fig. 3a) was nearly restored similarly to the level of Cdo+/+cells when SAG was treated (Fig. 4a). Additionally, the expression of Chx10 was even higher in Cdo−/− cells at MNS-5 and Olig2 was significantly eleva-ted in Cdo−/− cells at Elong, compared to that of Cdo+/+ cells. Even though the level of Pax2 and Lbx1 was still higher in Cdo−/− cells at MNS-5 compared to Cdo+/+ cells, the expression of Brn3a and Pax3 was significantly reduced in Cdo−/− cells at MNS-5 (Fig. 4b). To gain insights further, SAG-treated Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− EBs at MNS-5 were cryosectioned and immunostained for Olig2/Nkx6.1 or Hb9/Isl1 (Fig. 4c and 4d). Cdo−/− EBs contained greatly elevated Olig2- and Nkx6.1-expressing cells, compared to the data shown in Fig. 3c and d. In addition, the expression of Hb9 and Isl1 was also restored in Cdo−/− EBs, relative to the Cdo+/+ EBs. Furthermore, cells at the Elong stage were immunofluorescent stained for Isl1/NF or Hb9/NF (Fig. 4e and 4f). SAG treatment restored the motor neuron specification in Cdo-deficient cells to the similar level of Cdo+/+cells. However, the numbers of NF-immunostained cells were still fewer in Cdo−/− cells compared to Cdo+/+cells, indicating that Cdo-mediated Shh signalling activation seems to regulate neuronal differentiation in a different way from SAG-induced activation of Shh signalling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that Cdo as a Shh coreceptor contributes to ventral neuron specification via Shh signalling activation.
SAG treatment restored functional maturation of Cdo−/− ESCs-derived neurons
To examine the electrophysiological properties of neurons derived from Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− ESCs, we carried out whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. We found that action potential firing patterns of Cdo−/− ESCs-derived neurons were quite immature, judged by inability to fire repetitively upon depolarizing current injection (Fig. 5a and 5b), the broad AP, small AHP, and increased threshold current (Fig. 5d∼f). All of Cdo+/+ ESCs-derived neurons fired APs in response to a prolonged (1 sec) depolarizing current injection in current-clamp recordings while none of Cdo−/− ESCs-derived neurons fired more than a single AP. SAG treatment restored an ability to fire repetitive APs in respone to depolarizing current injecion in Cdo−/− ESCs-derived neurons (Fig. 5c) with a concomitant rescue of AP half width, AHP, and threshold current (Fig. 5d∼f). RMP, IR and AP amplitudes were not affected by Cdo deficiency (Fig. 5g∼i). Taken together, these data suggest that Cdo is required for the functional maturation of ESCs-derived neurons as a Shh coreceptor.
Discussion
The requirement of Shh signalling activity for the efficient generation of ventral neurons has been demonstrated by several previous studies (10, 28, 29). In this study, we attempted to address the defined function of Cdo as a Shh coreceptor in motor neuron generation. Multiple studies have underlined the importance of Cdo in Shh signalling pathwary and neural tube patterning (13, 17, 30). In spite of distinct requirements of three coreceptors, Cdo, Boc, and Gas1 for Shh signalling pathway in a developmental process, the defined function of each coreceptor is still imcompletely understood. Cdo single and Cdo/Boc double mutant mice exhibit defects in neural tube patterning related to impaired Shh signalling pathway (13, 14). However, these coreceptors are not required for other Shh signalling-controlled developmental processes (14). Cdo/Boc/Gas1 triple knockout mice exhibit almost equivalent phenotype of mice lacking Shh, suggesting that these coreceptors are essential for Shh signal transduction. The expression of all three coreceptors in motor neuron generation of ESCs is consistent with their expression pattern in the neural tube development (31, 32). Our data suggest that there is a temporal difference of gene induction which might reflect their action in the multiple stages of motor neuron generation. Cdo expression was induced and stayed high during mortor neuron specification, while Boc expression was progressively increased in motor neuron generation. Gas1 was induced later than Cdo and Boc in this process. Thus, it is likely that Cdo might be the earliest acting Shh coreceptor that might be critical for motor neuron specifi-cation.
Shh signalling pathway has been proposed to play a stage-specific function in the specification of ventral neuronal subtypes (5, 12, 31, 33). In the early stage, Shh signalling pathway is critical for the specification of the most ventral cell type Nkx2.2-positive V3 interneuron and later, it is required for the maintenance of Olig2-positive motor neuron progenitors (34). This is consistent with the current data showing that Olig2 levels were mildly decreased in Cdo-deficient cells at MNS-5 while subsequently at Elong stage, the levels were significantly affected. Unlike Olig2, the expression of Nkx6.1 together with Isl1 and Chx10 was greatly reduced in Cdo-deficient cells at MNS-5. Our data is consistent with the reported role of Nkx6.1 in motor neuron specification. Nkx6.1 is expressed in motor neuron, V2 and V3 interneuron progenitors. Also, mice lacking Nkx6.1 display an impairment in motor neuron and V2 interneuron specification with diminished expression of Hb9 and Isl1 (35). Previous studies have reported that weakened Shh signalling activity causes a shift of ventral to dorsal neuronal patterning (8, 31, 32). Consistently, Cdo-deficient cells express significantly elevated dorsal interneuron markers, such as Brn3a, Pax2, Lbx1 and Pax3 in response to Shh addition. The ventral to doral shift in Cdo-deficient cells was alleviated by the reactivation of Shh signalling pathway by SAG treatment. Among ventral markers, Olig2, Isl1 and Chx10 were expressed higher in Cdo-deficient cells in response to SAG, relative to the wildtype cells. Especially the level of Olig2 was still slightly reduced in Cdo-deficient cells at MNS-5 which was greatly elevated at the late stage of differentia-tion, likely reflecting a delayed motor neuron specfication. In addition, the dorsal neuron marker, Brn3a expression was greatly decreased while the level of Pax2 and Lbx1 was not fully suppressed in Cdo-deficient cells at MNS-5 in response to SAG treatment. These data suggest that Cdo might regulate a Shh-independent mechanism to suppress dorsal cell fate. RA and Shh signallings are essential for motor neuron specification (28, 36) and the inhibition of Notch signalling has been shown to provide a permissive signal for the motor neuron specification. Especially the forced expression of a Notch effector, Hes5 inhibits motor neuron differentiation (37). The residual ventral to dorsal shift observed in Cdo-deficient cells likely reflects deregulated Notch signalling pathway. Consistently, the close examination of RNA sequencing result reveals that the level of Hes5 was elevated in Cdo-deficient cells relative to the wildtype cells (date not shown). Currently it is unkown whether Cdo regulates Notch signalling pathway. Other possibility is that Cdo might suppress Wnt signalling pathway critical for dorsal cell fate specification (4, 38). We have previously shown that Cdo inhibits Wnt signalling pathwat by interaction with a Wnt signal corece-ptor, Lrp6 in the control of forebrain development (39). Cdo-deficiency causes hyperactive Wnt signalling resulting in expansion of dorsal cell fate. Considering the graded activity of Wnt signalling pathway is critical for dorsal ventral patterning, Cdo deficiency causes dysregulation of Wnt signalling contributing to ventral to dorsal shift. Our data further refine the function of Cdo in motor neuron specification, providing the mechanisms regulating differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into motor neurons. Discoveries along these lines would facilitate pluripotent stem cell-based regenerative medicine applications.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary data including one table and four figures can be found with this article online at http://pdf.medrang.co.kr/paper/pdf/IJSC/IJSC-13-s20037.pdf.
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