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Introduction
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are special cells, which can be isolated from the bone marrow aspirates and many other tissues, and can be expanded in vitro as well as differentiate into various kinds of mesoderm-lineages (1). When cultured in specific inducing medium, MSCs reveal its osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic potential. Since MSCs were proved to be a major source of adipocyte, the adipogenesis of MSCs affects the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in various ways, and therapies based on MSC aiming to treat obesity and its commodities are raising increasing concern (2). For instance, Lee CW et al. developed several MSC-based therapies which reduced obesity and metabolic disorders on rodents (3).
Although IL6 is a well-known pleiotropic cytokine, its receptor is expressed only in limited types of cells, including hepatocytes, leukocytes megakaryocytes and so on, and its function varies when expressed in different cells or activated in different time phase or pattern (4). Its effects on regulating inflammation and activity of immune cells have received much attention in previous studies, while its hormone-like influence on many other cells is revealed recently as well. IL6/IL6R and its downstream signaling pathways play an important role in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. High level secretion of cytokines such as IL6 is a sign of chronic inflammation, which is an essential mechanism of obesity and metabolic syndrome (5). IL6 level is found elevated among the patients with lipid metabolic disorders and insulin resistance (6). Pradhan et al. (7) proved that high serum IL6 level was significantly correlated to higher relative risk of diabetes mellitus in female. Theurich et al. (8) described that IL6R highly expressing NK cell is correlated with systemic low-grade inflammation and higher level of insulin resistance. As for MSCs, IL6R was found expressed on MSCs and contributed to various biological behaviors of MSCs, such as self-renewal (9), osteogenic differentiation (10) and chondrogenic differentiation (11). Our previous study has reported that IL6/IL6R pathway promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, which is mediated by stat3-dependently downstream (10). And the connections between the regulation of MSC adipogenic differentiation and other pathways were more or less revealed, such as Wnt, Hedgehod, NELL-1, BMP and IGF (12), but the connection between IL6/IL6R pathway and MSC adipogenic differentiation, and the related downstream signals remain unknown.
This study is to explore the correlation between IL6/IL6R pathway and MSC adipogenic differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether IL6R facilitates adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and made a preliminary exploration on the downstream pathway that involves the regulation. We firstly induced adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and detected both the generation of triglycerol by Oil Red dyeing and the expression of PPAR-γ and CEPB-α, the significant trancription factors of adipogenesis, by Western blotting, to determine the effect of the induction. During the induction, IL6R was knocked down or overexpressed, and at the same time the effect of adipogenic differentiation was observed and compared to the negative control group. Also, the activation of P38, JNK and ERK pathways were monitored by Western blotting, in order to locate the downstream pathway of IL6R regulating the adipogenesis of MSCs. This study demonstrates that IL6R contributes to the adiogenic differentiation of MSCs by activating P38 pathway.
Materials and Methods
MSCs isolation and culture
MSCs were isolated and purified as previously reported from the fresh bone marrow aspiration samples from healthy donors (13), and seeded in 12-well plates and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Gibco) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sijiqing Biological Engineering Material Company) at 37℃/5% CO2. Medium was replaced every 3 days. MSCs were passaged at about 90% confluence and the fourth passages were used for the experiments. Informed consent was signed by each healthy donors before participation. This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Flow cytometric analysis
MSCs were harvested and incubated with anti-CD29, CD44, CD105 or CD14, CD45, HLA-DR antibody (BD Biosciences, New York, USA) for 30 minutes at 4℃. Then the cells were washed through centrifugation and analyzed by flow cytometry Coulter Flow Cytometer system (BD Biosciences, New York, USA).
Triple differentiation potentials assay
Adipogenic differentiation: MSCs were maintained in adipogenesis differentiation medium (DMEM, 10% FBS, 10 mg/ml insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mM dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 IU/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 100 IU/ml penicillin (Sigma-Aldrich)) for 0∼14 days. Adipogenesis differentiation was evaluated by Oil Red O staining.
Osteogenesis differentiation: MSCs were cultured in osteogenesis differentiation medium (DMEM, 10% FBS, 50 μM ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 μM dexamethasone, 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate, 100 IU/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 100 IU/ml penicillin (Sigma-Aldrich)). Osteogenesis differentiation was assessed by Alizarin Red staining on day 14.
Chondrogenic differentiation: MSCs were grown in chondrogenic differentiation medium (high-glucose DMEM, 1% ITS Premix (Corning Life Sciences, Wisconsin, USA), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 nM dexamethasone, 50 mg/L ascorbic acid and 10 ng/ml recombinant human TGF-β3 (R&D Systems, Minnesota, USA). Adipogenesis differentiation was detected by Alcian Blue staining on day 21.
Oil Red O staining and quantification
After washed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), MSCs were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with Oil Red O working solution for 30 min and then were washed by PBS for three times again. At last, the stained cells were observed under microscope. Lipid droplets were extracted with isopropanol from the stained cells and the optical density was measured with a spectrophotometer at 490 nm.
Western blotting
MSCs were lysed, extracted and then boiled with loading buffer. Equal amounts of protein were loaded into 10% SDS-PAGE for seperation and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore). The membranes were blocked in skimmed milk powder and incubated with primary antibodies against GAPDH, IL6R, CEBP-α, PPAR-γ, P38 MAPK, phosphorylated P38 MAPK, ERK, phosphorylated ERK, JNK and phosphorylated JNK (each diluted 1：1,000; Cell Signaling Technology) at 4℃ overnight. After washing for 3 times, the membranes were treated with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–conjugated secondary antibody (diluted 1：3,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Specific antibody–antigen complexes were detected and visualized by Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (Millipore). The intensities of all bands were quantified by ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Cell culture supernatants were collected when changing medium at the indicated time points. Expression of IL6 in culture supernatants was detected using Human IL-6 QuantikineELISA Kits (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Lentivirus construction and infection
The IL6R siRNA was designed and synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). One siRNA with the best knockdown efficiency was selected to build the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and construct the lentivirus with a target sequence of 5ʹ-GGAAGACAATGCCACTGTTCA-3ʹ. The IL6R overexpression lentiviruses were generated by co-transfecting pGLVH1/GFP/Puro (Gene Pharma) and packing plasmids (pGag/Pol, pRev, and pVSV-G) into 293T cells. Culture supernatants containing lentiviruses were strained and concentrated 72 h after transfection. Each lentivirus (109 transducing units/ml) and polybrene (5 mg/ml) were added into the medium and incubated with MSCs for 24 h at a multiplicity of infection of 50. Then the medium was replaced with the adipogenic differentiation medium. The differentiated MSCs were used for the related experiments.
Results
Immunophenotype investigation and induced differentiation of MSCs
To determine the purity and phenotypic features of MSCs used in our study, we invsetigated specific cell surface markers of MSCs by flow cytometer analysis. Cultured in self-renewal medium without induced differentiation, MSCs highly expressed positive markers CD29, CD44 and CD105 and were negative for CD14, CD34, and CD45 (Fig. 1A). After treated with adipogenesis, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis medium at day21, day14 and day14 respectively, differentiation degree of MSCs were assessed by Alizarin Red, Alcian blue and Oil Red O staining (Fig. 1B). These data indicated that MSCs display unique immunophenotype (CD29＋CD44＋CD105＋CD14−CD34−CD45＋) and are multipotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes.
Correlation between MSCs adipogenesis differentiation and IL6/IL6R
MSCs were maintained in adipogenesis medium to induce adipogenesis differentiation. At day7, day10 and day14, differentiation status of MSCs was evaluated by Oil Red O staining. As shown in Fig. 2A, lipid accumulation was visualizing increasedly with extension of culture time, which was confirmed by comparing the quantification of Oil Red O staining. Simultaneously, the protein expression of IL6R of adipogenesis MSCs was detected. The result of Western Blot analysis demonstrated IL6R level was steadily upregulated (Fig. 2B). Of note, we found a significant correlation between the levels of lipid accumulation and IL6R during adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs (r=0.9173, p<0.001) (Fig. 2C). The levels of IL6 in cell culture supernatants exhibited the same trend as IL6R protein expression (Fig. 2D), which also positively correlated with Oil Red O quantification result (r=0.8803, p<0.001) (Fig. 2E).
SiRNA knockdown of IL6R inhibited adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs
To analyze the role of the IL6R during adipogenesis differentiation, gene knockdown of IL6R was performed in MSCs. MSCs were cultured in adipogenesis medium to induce adipogenesis differentiation for 10 days. The ability of adipogenesis differentiation was assessed by visualizing lipid accumulation. The microscopic observation and quantification results of Oil Red O staining revealed that downregulation of IL6R by its specific siRNA could significantly suppress the process of adipogenesis differentiation. The total lipid accumulation was largely reduced to 50% in the knockdown group when compared with the normal control and induction group (Fig. 3A, 3B). At the same time, these cells were harvested to detect the protein expression levels of pivotal adipogenesis transcription factors. Consistent with lipid accumulation levels, in the siRNA group, the protein levels of PPAR-γ and CEBP-α were descending to roughly half of that in the control groups (Fig. 3C∼E).
Overexpression of IL6R enhanced adipogenesis differentiatability of MSCs
Conversely, gene overexpression of IL6R was performed in MSCs by transfecting with lentiviral plasmid. At day10 of adipogenesis induction, Oil Red O staining revealed that lipid accumulation level of MSCs in the upregulation group significantly ascended compared with adipogenesis MSCs without treatment (Fig. 4A, 4B), which indicated upregulation of IL6R could foster adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs. It was furthermore confirmed that expression of PPAR-γ and CEBP-α were enhanced to more than two fold of control groups in overexpression group (Fig. 4C∼E).
Involvement of P38 phosphorylation in the adipogenesis differentiation-enhancing effect of IL6R
To figure out whether IL6R could activate MAPK pathways during adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs, we examined the expression and phosphorylation levels of P38, ERK and JNK in the control groups , siRNA group and overexpression group of IL6A respectively. As shown by Fig. 5A and he expression levels and phosphorylation levels of ERK and JNK showed no significant difference in all groups, while P38 was significantly decresed when IL6R was knocked down compared with the control groups. On the contrary, in the overexpression group, only P38, especially p-P38, was obviously increased (Fig. 5B, 5D).
These results imply that the phosphorylation of P38 plays an important role in the adipogenesis differentiation-boosting effects of IL6R.
Discussion
In the present study, we firstly found that increased IL6 secretion and IL6R expression during adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs, which had positve correlation with lipid accumulation. By performing knockdown and overexpression of IL6R, we observed that adipogenesis differentiation was correspondingly repressed and promoted accompanied by decrease and increase of lipid accumulation and significant trancription factors, PPAR-γ and CEPB-α (14). Moreover, we noticed P38 MAPK pathway showed the same trend of activation and inactivation when knockdown and overexpression of IL6R, and that the specific P38 inhibitor SB203580 apparently suppressed the adipogenesis differentiation potential of MSCs. Therefore, our results indicate that IL6R facilitates adipogenic differentiation by activating P38 pathway.
IL6R is a type I cytokine receptor that binds IL6 to exert pleiotropic effect (15). Previous studies mainly foucus their role on the immune cells, but now they are appreciated to have hormone-like influence on many other cells as well (4). MSCs have great differentiation capacity and can differentiate into diverse cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes (16). In our study, these cells are characterized by distinct immunophenotype (CD29＋CD44＋CD105＋CD14−CD34−CD45−), which is consistent with previous report (16, 17). Xie et al. (10) reported that IL6/IL6R expression level ascends during differentiation and can accelerate osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. Of note, MSCs can spontaneously generate abundant amounts of IL6 in the culture supernatant, which maintains their stemness and skews to self-renewal without differentiation (9). In addition, Kondo et al. (11) demonstrated that IL6Rα expression increases in the progression of differentiation and positvely regulates the chondrogenesis differentiation. In our study, we revealed that the IL6 and IL6R produced by MSCs were upregulated during adipogenesis differentiation, which further enhanced adipogenesis differentiation. These results were mainly in compliance with above-mentioned reports. We conclude that different culture conditions might give rise to the different effect of IL6/IL6R.
MAPK signaling constitutes three major subfamilies, including ERK, JNK and P38, which are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cell and tissue growth, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation (18). Legendre et al. (19) proved that IL6/IL6R activated ERK1/2 MAPK in bovine chondrocytes. Besides, Chen et al. (20) demonstrated that ICAM-1 facilitated adipogenesis of murine MSC cell line by activating P38 pathway. Of note, Pricola et al. (21) reported that IL6 promoted MSCs proliferation and inhibited differentiation depending on ERK1/2 activation. Based on the above reports, we found regulation of IL6R to adipogenesis differentiation was dependent on phosphorylation of P38, instead of ERK and JNK in the present study, which is consistent with the report by Aouadi et al. (22) that p38MAP Kinase activity is required for human primary adipocyte differentiation. There ara many reports that inhibition of p38MAPK increases adipogenesis in mouse embryonic fibroblast and preadipocytes (23, 24). But the mouse embryonic fibroblast and preadipocytes are of great differnece from the cells, bone MSCs donating by healthy volunteers, in our study. Besides, the induction culture condition is different. We speculate that different cell types may have different effects in response to different culture conditions. The trilineage differentiation of MSCs is regulated by unique pathways and, obviously, P38 MAPK pathway plays an significant part in adipogenesis differentiation. It is reported that disruption of actin polymerization inhibited osteogeneic differentiation of MSCs through P38 MAPK pathway and actin alteration is a precondition to MSCs differentiation (25), which may be the aim of future studies how IL6/IL6R regulate P38 MAPK during adipogenesis differentiation.
Nevertheless, this study has several limitations. The mechanisms how IL6/IL6R are regulated during adipogenic differentiation of MSCs are still unknown. The mechanisms how different culture conditions might give rise to the different effect of IL6/IL6R to MSCs. These issues require further study.
Fatty tissue constitutes a large amount of biologically active tissue in human body (26, 27). Adipocytes, mainly derived from MSCs, are the essential components of fatty tissue. Metabolic syndrome is considered to be related to the chronic inflammation involved IL6/IL6R pathway (5) and adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs (28). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that IL6R facilitates adipogenic differentiation of MSCs via activating P38 MAPK pathway. It provides a new sight to figure out the underlying mechanism how MSCs differentiate into adipocytes, which might help to prevent and treat the obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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