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Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Fang, Huang, Shi, Wu, Wu, Wang, and Liao: The Lung Function Impairment in Non-Atopic Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Correlation Analysis
Original Article

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2016;9(4):339-345.

Published online: 8 September 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21053/ceo.2015.01641

The Lung Function Impairment in Non-Atopic Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Correlation Analysis

Linghao Zhang1, Lu Zhang1, Chun-Hong Zhang1, Xiao-Bi Fang1, Zhen-Xiao Huang2, Qing-Yuan Shi1, Li-Ping Wu1, Peng Wu1, Zhen-Zhen Wang1, Zhi-Su Liao1

1Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

2Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Zhi-Su Liao, Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou 325000, China Tel: +86-574-55579175, Fax: +86-577-85221608 E-mail: zlh268401@163.com

Received 24 October 2015       Revised 8 December 2015       Accepted 9 January 2016

Copyright © 2016 by Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is common disease in otorhinolaryngology and will lead to lower airway abnormality. However, the only lung function in CRS patients and associated factors have not been much studied.

Methods

One hundred patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP group), 40 patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP group), and 100 patients without CRS were enrolled. The difference in lung function was compared. Meanwhile, CRSwNP and CRSsNP group were required to undergo a bronchial provocation or dilation test. Additionally, subjective and objective outcomes were measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS), 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20), Lund-Mackay score, Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score. The correlation and regression methods were used to analyze the relationship between their lung function and the above parameters.

Results

The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) of CRSwNP group were significantly lower than other groups (P<0.05). On peak expiratory flow, there was no difference between three groups. In CRSwNP group, FEV1 was negatively correlated with peripheral blood eosinophil count (PBEC) and duration of disease (r=–0.348, P=0.013 and r=–0.344, P=0.014, respectively), FEF25-75 negatively with VAS, SNOT-20 (r=–0.490, P=0.028 and r=–0.478, P=0.033, respectively) in CRSsNP group. The incidence of positive bronchial provocation and dilation test was lower in CRSwNP group (10% and 0%, respectively), with both 0% in CRSsNP group. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test were correlated with PBEC in CRSwNP group (β=0.403, P=0.006).

Conclusion

CRS leading to impaired maximum ventilation and small airway is associated with the existence of nasal polyp. Lung function impairments can be reflected by PBEC, duration, VAS, and SNOT-20. In CRSwNP patients, PBEC is independent predictor of FEV1 change ratio.

Keywords: Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Lung Function, Bronchial Hyperreactivity, Bronchial Provocation Tests

INTRODUCTION

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a group of diseases with two or more symptoms persisting for more than 12 weeks. Symptoms include facial pain/pressure, purulent nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, and decreased sense of smell in the setting of chronic inflammation confirmed through endoscopy or radiographic studies [1]. The prevalence of CRS in the general population is quite high. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey revealed 14% to 16% of the US population suffered from CRS, which led to decreased productivity, delayed work time [2,3]. Since the guideline of “allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA)” [4] was presented in 2001, researches on correlation of upper and lower airway have been increasing more thorough.Studies reported a few CRS patients suffered from lower airway diseases at same time, such as asthma and small airway diseases [5]. Lots of researches demonstrated patients with upper airway diseases often had abnormal lung function of lower airway. Williamson et al. [6] found there was asymptomatic airway impairments in CRS patients with nasal polyps. Ciprandi et al. [7] reported 53.7% patients with persistent allergic rhinitis were subjected to decreased parameters of lung function. But, there were fewer researches concerning lung function in CRS patients and its correlation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the lung function in CRS patients and associated factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

This prospective study was performed on patients undergoing surgical therapy in Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China from March 2012 to 2015. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and informed consents were then received from all participants. The criteria excluded patients diagnosed with pregnant, severe heart, lung, liver, kidney, blood system disease, upper respiratory infections, pulmonary diseases like asthma and took regular medication such as hormone, antihistamine drug, and bronchodilator. Finally, those who did not complete lung function test as well as subjective and objective measurements were also excluded. Patients were classified into three groups: CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP group), CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP group), and control group.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of three groups

Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded, including the gender, age, smoking, atopy, peripheral blood eosinophil count (PBEC), X-ray of chest for three groups, and duration of disease, sinus surgery number for CRSwNP and CRSsNP group.

Skin prick test

Each patient underwent skin-prick test by intradermal prick-puncture of Dermatophagoides farinae, house-dust mites, cockroach, cat hair, dog hair, feathers, white birch, phoenix tree, cotton fibre and so on. The largest diameter of the wheal of each particular test is measured, a positive being a wheal of ≥3 mm [8]. Histamine was used as a positive control and 0.9% sodium chloride solution as negative control.

Lung function test

Conventional ventilation function test in three groups was performed using a computerized, pneumotachograph spirometer (MasterScreen Diff; Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany). Recorded parameters were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) of predicted value.
In control group, patients were given the above test and record. However, in CRSwNP and CRSsNP group, patients were given the above same test and record, and then bronchial provocation or dilation test based on final result of FEV1 of predicted value. They were given bronchial provocation test when FEV1 ≥80% of predicated value, bronchial dilation test when FEV1 <80% of predicated value. In bronchial provocation test, patients were required to inhale increasing methacholine by a quantitative pulverization machine (4 mg/mL, 0.06 mg; 4 mg/mL, 0.07 mg; 32 mg/mL, 0.42 mg; 32 mg/mL, 0.55 mg; 32 mg/mL, 0.65 mg; 32 mg/mL, 0.75 mg; respectively), with 0.9% sodium chloride solution as control. Ventilation function test was performed every 2 minutes. The total dose of methacholine was as high as 2.5 mg. PD20-FEV1 (provoking dose needed when FEV1 decreased by 20% of predicated value) ≤2.5 mg was considered an indication of positive bronchial provocation test. The increasing ratio of FEV1 ≥15% and absolute increasing value ≥200 mL after inhaling 400 μmol was considered an indication of positive bronchial dilation test. FEV1 of predicted value was again recorded when bronchial provocation or dilation test was completed. The change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test was calculated by the equation: difference of FEV1 of predicted value before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test/FEV1 of predicted value before bronchial provocation or dilation test.

Subjective and objective assessment of CRS

The visual analogue scale (VAS), 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20), Lund-Mackay score (LMS) and Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score (LKS) was used for subjective and objective assessment of CRS. The VAS and SNOT-20 were finished by patients with CRS, LMS, and LKS by professional otolaryngologist.
The VAS was performed by CRS patients to indicate severity of their symptoms by choosing a segment on one line according to the subjective feeling. The possible range for each symptom was 0 to 10. “Mild” was defined as being 0 to 3 inclusive, “moderate” as >3 to 7 inclusive and “severe” >7 to 10 inclusive [9]. The SNOT-20 was used to assess health-related quality of life of CRS patients, involving 20 items of experiences that bother them in life. The possible range for each item was 0 to 5, and the total score 0 to 100 [10].
The coronal computed tomography (CT) scans of paranasal sinus were all completed in First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The LMS was used to rank the subjective appearance of CT scan. The sinuses involved included the maxillary, anterior ethmoidal, posterior ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and frontal sinuses. The possible score for each side ranged from 0 to 12, and the total score from 0 to 24 [11]. The LKS was used to rank the subjective appearance of the sinus endoscopy. The items for measurement included polyp, edema, discharge, scarring, and crusting. The possible scores for each side were 0 to 10, and the total score 0 to 20 [11]. Two investigators who were blinded to the patient groups evaluated all the LKS scores.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive data was presented as mean and standard deviation for parametric data, median and range for nonparametric data. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, while comparisons among three groups were performed using F-test for normally distributed variables and Kruskal Wallis test for non-parametric variables, as required. A P<0.05 was considered to be significant for double-sided comparisons. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze relationship between both variables. Multiple linear regression was performed for assessing the predictor of change ratio of FEV1.

RESULTS

Patients’ characteristics

Two hundred and forty patients undergoing surgical therapy in First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University during the study period were included. There was no significant difference among the three groups in terms of gender, smoking, atopy, PBEC and PEF (Table 1). Neither was there obvious inflammation presentation in X-ray of chest among three groups. However, CT score were significantly higher in CRSwNP group compared to CRSsNP and control group. FEV1 and FEF25-75 were significantly lower in CRSwNP group compared to other groups (P<0.01) (Table 1, Fig. 1). None of patients with skin prick test was positive.

Correlation analysis of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 in CRSwNP group

As presented in Table 2 below, FEV1 was negatively correlated with PBEC and duration of disease (r=–0.348, P=0.013 and r=–0.344, P=0.014, respectively). However, PEF and FEF25-75 was not correlated with all the parameters.

Correlation analysis of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 in CRSsNP group

As presented in Table 3 below, FEF25-75 was negatively correlated with VAS, SNOT-20 (r=–0.490, P=0.028 and r=–0.478, P=0.033, respectively).

A multiple linear regression model for change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test in CRSwNP group

A multiple linear regression analysis was constructed of change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test, and it was found that PBEC was independent variable predicting change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test in CRSwNP group (β=0.403, P=0.006) (Table 4).

A multiple linear regression model for change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test in CRSsNP group

A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that none were independent variables predicting change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test in CRSsNP group (Table 5).

Comparison of lung function parameters and peripheral blood eosinophil count

We defined PBEC <0.3×109/L as low level, 0.3–0.7×109/L as moderate level and >0.7×109/L as high level. A total of 78 patients (78%) were classified into low level, 16 patients (16%) were moderate level and the other six patients (6%) were high level in CRSwNP group. FEV1 and FEF25-75 were significantly lower in high PBEC group compared to moderate and low level groups. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups in PEF (Table 6).
Meanwhile, FEV1, FEF25-75 and PEF showed no significant difference between moderate (six subjects) and low level groups (34 subjects) in CRSsNP patients. Nobody was classified into high level (Table 6).

DISCUSSION

Nowadays, there have been proposed mechanisms of association of upper and lower airway diseases as follows: (1) inflammatory secretion of nasal cavity or allergen that stimulate the lower airway; (2) nasobronchial and pharyngobronchial reflex; (3) similar histologic characteristics and mucosal susceptibility of the upper and lower airway; (4) the systemic amplification [12,13]. Normally, nasal mucosa has the function of air filtering and regulating on lower airway, and the stimulation and pathological changes of nasal mucosa affect lower airway. During CRS, swelling of nasal mucosa and retaining of secretion lead to nasal obstruction, with per nasal breathing becoming peroral breathing. Peroral breathing aggravates bronchial paralysis induced by motion [14]. Jani and Hamilos [13] have demonstrated that the upper and lower airway disease is only one portion of systemic inflammatory response of airway, they have the common mucosal susceptibility to exogenous irritant and can be mutually affected and amplified through systemic inflammatory mediators. When inflammation occurs, eosinophil, neutrophil, and mast cell infiltration are found in the mucosa of nasal cavity, paranasal sinus and bronchus. The inflammatory mediators and cytokine released by nasal mucosa go into blood circulation, leading to systemic reaction, subsequent activation of immune cell in circulation; inflammatory cells transverse blood vessel and infiltrate into the lung, thereby results in the inflammation of lung, and then impact on lung function. Vizzaccaro et al. [15] reported that there was nasobronchial reflex between the upper and lower airway. When the mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus was stimulated, it reflexively gave rise to contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, leading to augment of intrabronchial resistance and change of lung function. The stimulation of posterior sinonasal drainage to pharynx causes bronchial contraction and decrease of airflow rate. Even in CRS patients without asthma, increased airway responsiveness was found in the exacerbation of CRS [16]. Long-term inflammatory stimulation of the bronchus causes the formation of chronic inflammation and small airway abnormality, then leading to declined pulmonary ventilation and small airway obstruction. Kariya et al. [17] found the level of interleukin-5 in nasal secretions was significantly correlated with pulmonary function in patients with CRS. These studies indicate or suggest CRS patients will suffer from impairments of lung function.
In the present study, FEV1 and FEF25-75 were significantly lower in CRSwNP patients compared to CRSsNP and non-CRS patients. However, these two parameters were no significantly different between CRSsNP and control group. FEV1 was a key parameter that reflected the maximum ventilation function, and FEF25-75 could exactly reflected the situation of airway obstruction, especially small airway abnormality. This suggested CRS could cause impairments of maximum ventilation function and small airway, which was mainly related to the existence of nasal polyps. Williamson et al. [6] also found that CRS-wNP patients often suffered from decreased FEV1 and FEF25-75, consistent with our results. Meanwhile, the high LMS showed a low FEF25-75 and FEV1, meaning decreased lung function was correlated with CT scans that suggested chronic sinusitis and nasal polyp in patients without lower respiratory disease. Lee et al. [18] showed the similar result. They found CT scans suggesting chronic sinusitis and nasal polyp were associated with subclinical lower airway flow limitation even in the absence of underlying lung disease. We guessed the existence of nasal polyps would aggravate nasal obstruction and discharge of CRS patients. Serious nasal obstruction as well as postnasal drainage would enhance their stimulation of lower airway, and resulted in impaired lung function. However, its concrete mechanism remains unclear.
In CRSwNP group, FEV1 was negatively correlated with PBEC and duration of disease. It indicated that PBEC and duration of disease can reflect impairment degree of lung function of CRSwNP patients. Ciprandi et al. [19] found the disease duration was significantly associated with impairment of lung function in patients with allergic rhinitis. Patients with long duration had significantly lower FEV1 and FEF25-75 than those with short duration. In this study, PBEC and duration of CRSwNP patients aggravated impairment of lung function, which might be related with the fact that the eosinophil in filters into the lung leading to formation of inflammation and the long-term inflammatory stimulation of upper airway results in structural change of lower airway. Nevertheless, the mechanism of eosinophil in this process has not been quite clear. FEF25-75 was not correlated with all the parameters in CRSwNP group. Consistent with our results, Williamson et al.’s research [6] indicated the decrease of FEF25-75 in CRSwNP patients was not correlated with the duration and symptom score that reflects severity of CRS.
In CRSsNP group, FEF25-75 had negative correlation with VAS and SNOT-22. It showed that FEF25-75 maybe can respond to patients’ subjective sensation. However, FEV1 failed to correlated with PBEC and duration of disease, indicating PBEC just can be used to evaluate lung function in CRSwNP patients.
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is defined as a situation in which airway is in an abnormally sensitive condition after exposure to a variety of physical, chemical and biological stimulation. BHR mostly happened in asthma, allergic rhinitis and so on. Actually, BHR was also found in CRS. BHR was measured by the bronchial provocation test. In this study, the prevalence of positive bronchial provocation test in CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients was only 10% and 0%, respectively. Nevertheless, increased lower airway responsiveness could be driven by the following situations including the nasobronchial reflex in CRS, inflammatory reaction caused by smoking, per oral breathing caused by nasal obstruction, posterior sinonasal drainage of inflammatory mediator during sleep [20]. Thus, there should be quite high prevalence of positive bronchial provocation test in CRS patients. Okayama et al. [21] reported that 71% of CRS patients without allergic rhinitis and any pulmonary symptoms (30/42), had positive methacholine bronchial provocation test. Gu et al. [22] found there were 19 cases of positive bronchial provocation test in 56 CRSwNP patients, with the total positive ratio reaching 33.93%. The prevalence of positive bronchial provocation test was lower in this study compared to the above studies. It may be associated with the reasons below. Firstly, the inhalation dosage of methacholine and standard for positive bronchial provocation test in this study were different from those in Okayama et al.’s study [21]; Secondly, there were a lot of CRSsNP patients (40/140) in this study, and the situations of nasal polyps were not too severe even in CRSwNP patients; Finally, there were few patients with allergy in CRSwNP and CRSsNP group, but several studies [23,24] demonstrated that allergic factors had significant effects on prevalence of BHR.
In CRSwNP group, we found decreased FEV1 and FEF25-75 was more frequently observed in patients having CRSwNP with high level of PBEC than in those having CRSwNP with moderate and low level. This indicted PBEC of CRSwNP patients can reflected decreased lung function. It showed similar result according to Tanaka et al.’s research [25]. They reported that FEV1/FVC was significantly lower in subjects with CRSwNP than in subjects with CRSsNP, and was also lower in the group having CRSwNP with peripheral blood eosinophilia than in the group having CRSwNP without peripheral blood eosinophilia. Although the prevalence of positive bronchial provocation test in this study was lower, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test were linearly correlated with PBEC in CRSwNP group. It suggested PBEC was independent predictor of change ratio of FEV1 in CRSwNP group (R2=0.300). It revealed that PBEC of CRSwNP patients reflected change ratio of FEV1. In CRSwNP patients, it was found there existed histopathological changes of chronic inflammation similar to asthma, including infiltration of eosinophil. Inflammatory reaction mediated by the eosinophil was a key factor for continuous existence of disease in many types of CRS. Therefore, the eosinophil could play an important role in variation of change ratio of FEV1 in CRS patients. Williamson et al. [6] found that serum eosinophil count was independent predictor of FEF25-75 in CRSwNP patients. Huang et al. [26] reported serum eosinophils count and LMS were independent predictors of MCAR+L (bilateral minimum cross-sectional area, right and left) in CRS patients with nasal polyps and asthma. Fan et al. [27] found the prevalence of CRS had no obvious influence on change of FEV1 after inhalation of bronchial dilator in asthma patients.
This study has some limitations in the interpretation of the results. First, we excluded patients diagnosed with pulmonary diseases like Asthma, but we failed to find asthma component by provocation test in 240 candidates to exclude hidden asthmatic components. Second, differences in age between the groups can represent a bias for evaluation. Patients in CRSwNP group is higher than CRSsNP group, and differences in age may affect the differences in lung function.
In conclusion, our results showed that impaired maximum ventilation and small airway in patients with CRS were related with the existence of nasal polyp. PBEC, duration and subjective outcomes can reflect impaired lung function of CRS patients. Meanwhile, PBEC was independent predictor of change ratio of FEV1 in CRSwNP patients.

HIGHLIGHTS

▪ Impaired maximum ventilation and small airway in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were related with the existence of nasal polyp.
▪ Peripheral blood eosinophil count (PBEC), duration and subjective outcomes can reflect impaired lung function of CRS patients.
▪ PBEC was independent predictor of change ratio of FEV1 in CRS with nasal polyps patients.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Fig. 1.
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) in CRSwNP, CRSsNP and control group. (A, C) FEV1 and FEF25-75 were significantly lower. (B) PEF was no significantly different among three groups. CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; NS, no significance.
ceo-2015-01641f1.tif
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of three groups
Characteristic CRSwNP (n=100) CRSsNP (n=40) Non-CRS (n=100) P-value
Sex (male:female) 66:34 16:24 58:42 0.137
Age (yr) 55±10 51±13 58±9 0.034
Smokers 40 (40) 10 (25) 36 (36) 0.497
Atopy 10 (10) 2 (5) 6 (6) 0.673
PBEC (109/L) 0.28±0.43 0.18±0.16 0.21±0.17 0.681
LMS 15.70±5.50 7.45±4.06 1.42±1.39 <0.001
FEV1 (% of predicted) 89.72±13.07 93.98±12.66 100.07±14.12 0.001
PEF (% of predicted) 89.03±17.23 95.06±12.98 91.13±17.41 0.394
FEF25-75 (% of predicted) 69.85±24.54 87.59±21.49 90.52±21.44 <0.001

Values are presented as mean±SD or number (%).

CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; PBEC, peripheral blood eosinophil count; LMS, Lund-Mackay score; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow; FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity.

Table 2.
Correlation coefficients of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 in CRSwNP group
Variable PBEC DD SSN VAS SNOT-20 LMS LKS
FEV1 –0.348* –0.344* –0.078 –0.127 –0.033 –0.067 –0.130
PEF 0.042 –0.274 0.014 –0.143 –0.128 –0.154 –0.176
FEF25-75 –0.149 –0.237 –0.056 –0.128 –0.180 –0.070 –0.135

FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow; FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; PBEC, peripheral blood eosinophil count; DD, duration of disease; SSN, sinus surgery number; VAS, visual analogue scale; SONT-20, 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; LMS, Lund-Mackay score; LKS, Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score.

* P<0.05.

Table 3.
Correlation coefficients of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 in CRSsNP group
Variable PBEC DD SSN VAS SNOT-20 LMS LKS
FEV1 –0.068 0.388 0.352 –0.030 –0.150 –0.196 0.048
PEF –0.108 –0.108 –0.182 –0.034 –0.092 0.218 –0.095
FEF25-75 –0.156 –0.010 –0.134 –0.490* –0.478* –0.103 –0.062

FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow; FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; PBEC, peripheral blood eosinophil count; DD, duration of disease; SSN, sinus surgery number; VAS, visual analogue scale; SNOT-20, 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; LMS, Lund-Mackay score; LKS, Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score.

* P<0.05.

Table 4.
Linear regression model summary of CRSwNP group for change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test (R2=0.300)
Variable B SE β P-value
Constant –2.459 5.347
Age 0.093 0.069 0.195 0.184
PBEC 4.439 1.544 0.403 0.006*
DD 0.007 0.007 0.158 0.359
SSN –0.715 1.176 –0.109 0.546
VAS 0.065 0.147 0.100 0.662
SNOT-20 0.011 0.234 0.009 0.961
LMS 0.211 0.145 0.243 0.153
LKS –0.067 0.254 –0.047 0.795

CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; SE, standard error; PBEC, peripheral blood eosinophil count; DD, duration of disease; SSN, sinus surgery number; VAS, visual analogue scale; SNOT-20, 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; LMS, Lund-Mackay score; LKS, Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score.

* P<0.05 indicates significant correlation between the two parameters.

Table 5.
Linear regression model summary of CRSsNP group for change ratio of FEV1 before and after bronchial provocation or dilation test (R2=0.562)
Variable B SE β P-value
Constant –6.324 4.812
Age 0.083 0.047 0.384 0.106
PBEC –4.955 4.321 –0.287 0.276
DD –1.151 0.014 –0.302 0.319
SSN –4.366 1.553 –0.155 0.474
VAS 0.350 0.232 1.151 0.159
SNOT-20 –0.368 0.251 –0.949 0.170
LMS 0.116 0.307 0.173 0.712
LKS 0.689 0.579 0.381 0.259

CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; SE, standard error; PBEC, peripheral blood eosinophil count; DD, duration of disease; SSN, sinus surgery number; VAS, visual analogue scale; SNOT-20, 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; LMS, Lund-Mackay score; LKS, Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score.

P<0.05 indicates significant correlation between the two parameters.

Table 6.
Comparison of lung function parameters and PBEC
Group PBEC No. FEV1 PEF FEF25-75
CRSwNP Low 78 92.50±12.26 89.02±16.26 72.33±23.67
Moderate 16 83.41±8.25 96.38±16.88 71.30±23.43
High 6 70.47±15.00 69.53±21.66 33.73±10.40
P-value 0.004 0.068 0.028
CRSsNP Low 36 95.16±12.78 96.36±13.53 89.15±20.84
Moderate 6 87.23±11.71 87.67±6.20 78.73±27.83
P-value 0.330 0.297 0.454

PBEC, peripheral blood eosinophil count; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow; FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.

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