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체계적 문헌 검색의 전략과 선정
Table 1.
문헌 발견(Identification)
문헌 선별(Screening)
![]() | Fig. 1.Flowchart of the study identification, eligibility, and inclusion process based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. PICOS: Participants, Index test, Control, Outcomes, Study design, DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies, PDD: Parkinson's disease dementia, AD: Alzheimer's disease, ERP: event-related potential, CAPD: central auditory processing disorder, PTA: puretone audiometry, OCM: outcome, MMN: mismatch negativity, ABR: auditory brainstem response. |
선정 기준(Eligibility)의 검토 및 최종 선정(Inclusion)
AD 환자의 청각 기능에 관한 메타 분석
![]() | Fig. 2.Mean comparison between Alzheimer’s disease and age matched groups plotted by 74 articles included in the meta-analysis. Latency auditory evoked potential (A), amplitude auditory evoked potential (B), central auditory processing tests (C), ear side of panel C (D), digit span (E), auditory word recall (E). |
Table 2.
객관적 청성유발전위 검사
N100 latency
P200 latency
N200 latency
P300 latency
P300 amplitude
주관적 중추청각행동검사
중추청각장애검사 배터리
숫자 폭(Digit span) 검사
청각 단어 회상(Auditory word recall) 검사
DLB 환자의 청각 기능을 위한 체계적 연구 결과 분석
Table 3.
Study |
Participants |
Measurements |
Outcomes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number, age and sex | Control | Characteristics | Stimuli | Conditions | |||||
Bonanni, et al. [18] | Number of participants | DLB group: patients with DLB | Education (year) | P300 | P300 | Reliable P300 recording (% of the selected population) | |||
DLB=32 | DLB=9.0±4.0 | Intensity=75 dB | Electrode montage=Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, T6, Cz, Fz, Pz | DLB=72 / control=92 | |||||
Control=50 | Control group: age, gender, education, occupational matching control | Control=8.2±4.0 | Duration of stimuli=150 ms (rise-fall and the plateau times 5 and 140 ms, respectively) | Presentation rate=random with a minimum inter-stimulus interval of 1.1 seconds and a maximum interval of 4 seconds | Delayed P300 (% of the patient population with reliable P300 response) | ||||
Age (mean±SD) | MMSE | Fz: 92, Cz: 85, Pz: 42 | |||||||
DLB=69.9±4.7 | DLB=22.8±1.4 | Standard=500 Hz tones | Filter=set at 0.15 Hz and 100 Hz, and averaged with a dwell time of 0.5 ms, 2000 Hz sampling rate, 100 ms of pre-stimulus baseline recording | Reduced P300 amplitude (% of the patient population with reliable P300 response) | |||||
Control=72.0±4.1 | Control=29.0±0.8 | Deviant=1000 Hz tones | Reference=one earlobe was used as online reference, with offline averaging with the other earlobe | Fz: 0, Cz: 12, Pz: 19 | |||||
Sex [male gender (%)] | Presentation ratio=training 4/1-8/1 and during recording purposes 5/1 | Anterior to posterior amplitude distribution gradient (% of the patient population with reliable P300 response): 77 | |||||||
DLB=53.1 | Latency=considered delayed if the peak latency was at least 2SD longer than the controls mean value N100, N200, and P200=detected at the Fz, Cz and Pz electrode for each subject separately | Posterior to anterior amplitude distribution gradient (% of the patient population with reliable P300 response): 0 | |||||||
Control=65 | |||||||||
Kurita, et al. [19] | Number of participants | DLB group: patients with DLB | MMSE | N1, P2, N2, and P3 1000/2000 Hz tone stimuli | N1, P2, N2 and P3 Evoked potential were recorded from the Pz | DLB latency | |||
DLB=24 | DLB=20.1±6.3 | N1=104.7±16.0 / P2=189.2±26.5 / N2=284.2±52.2 / P3=429.5±87.7 | |||||||
Control=20 | Control group: aged matching control | Control=28.5±2.3 | |||||||
Age (mean±SD) | Disease duration (year) | Control | |||||||
DLB=72.7±8.8 | DLB=2.7±2.1 | N1=95.6±22.6 / P2=181.9±30.3 / N2=242.2±37.7 / P3=378.8±44.7 | |||||||
Control=71.4±10.2 | Control=N/A | ||||||||
Sex (M:F) | |||||||||
DLB=16:8 | |||||||||
Control=11:6 | |||||||||
Brønnick, et al. [17] | Number of participants | DLB group: patients with DLB | Education (year) | MMN | MMN | MMN | |||
DLB=17 | DLB=9.6±3.0 | Intensity=65 dB/inter-stimulus interval (350 ms) | Electrode montage: FP1, FP2, F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4, O1 of the standard 10-20 system | Latency: did not show significantly different latencies between the groups [F(4,77)=0.507, p=0.730] | |||||
HC=18 | HC group: aged matching control | HC=9.6±3.3 | |||||||
Age (mean±SD) | Disease duration (year) | Standard=spectrally compound tone (500, 1000, and 1500 Hz) / duration (75 ms with 5 ms rise and fall time)/90% sound occurred | Reference: linked ears were used as a common reference | ||||||
DLB=77.3±7.3 | DLB=2.9±1.4 | Gain: 50 k | Peak amplitude: DLB group did not differ from the healthy controls [t(29)=0.451, p=0.64], nor from the PD group [t(30)=0.72, p=0.475], or the AD group [t(28)=1.33, p=0.194] area: PDD group had a significantly less negative MMN area than the DLB group [t(26)=2.54, p=0.017) / DLB group did not differ from the healthy controls [t(32)=0.46, p=0.643], nor from the PD group [t(29)=0.03, p=0.976], or the AD group [t(28)=1.28, p=0.233] | ||||||
HC=73.1±4.5 | HC=N/A | Filter: low-pass filter at 40 Hz, and a high-pass filter at 0.3 Hz with a 12 dB attenuation | |||||||
Sex (M:F) | MMSE | Deviant=spectrally compound tone (500, 1000, and 1500 Hz) / duration (25 ms with 5 ms rise and fall time)/10% sound occurred | |||||||
DLB=10:7 | DLB=21.1±5.8 | Impedance: below 5 k ohm | |||||||
HC=4:14 | HC=29.1±1.4 | ||||||||
Maeshima, et al. [27] | Number of participants | DLB group: patients with DLB | Education (year) | Word fluency test (WFT), auditory-verbal learning test (AVLT), Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), self-rating depression scale (SDS), category-based (CWFT), letter-based (LWFT) | Subjective measurements | AVLT-immediate recall | |||
DLB=3 | DLB=9.7±2.1 | DLB: 15.3±7.1 healthy elderly control: 33.4±7.5 | |||||||
HC=32 | Healthy elderly control group: healthy elderly participants | Healthy elderly control=10.2±2.9 | |||||||
Age (mean±SD) | AVLT-delayed recall | ||||||||
DLB=75.0±8.7 | MMSE | DLB: 0±0 healthy elderly control: 4.91±3.34 | |||||||
Healthy elderly control=72.5±4.7 | DLB=14.7±5.7 | ||||||||
Sex (M:F) | Healthy elderly control=27.8±1.6 | ||||||||
N/A | |||||||||
Wesnes, et al. [20] | Number of participants | Placebo group: no therapeutic group (including 16 PDD, 8 DLB patients) | MMSE | Simple reaction time test, choice reaction time test, immediate word recognition test, delayed word recognition test | Subjective measurements | Immediate word recognition test [overall change, LS means (CI)] | |||
DLB=21 | Placebo group=20.8±3.7 | ||||||||
Age (mean±SD) | Memantine group=20.4±3.6 | Placebo: -5.48 (-14 to 3.1) | |||||||
Placebo group=76.2±4.8 | Memantine: 8.73 (0.9 to 16.6) | ||||||||
Memantine group=76.1±6.5 | Memantine group: therapeutic group (including 6 PDD, 6DLB patients) | Duration of PD before onset of dementia | Delayed word recognition test [overall change, LS means (CI)] | ||||||
Sex (M:F) | |||||||||
Placebo group=18:6 | Placebo group=5.2±3.7 | Placebo: 0.77 (-8.5 to 10) | |||||||
Memantine group=6:6 | Memantine group=4.6±3.7 | Memantine: 16.41 (8 to 24.8) |
객관적 청각유발전위 검사
주관적 중추청각행동검사
PDD 환자의 청각 기능을 위한 체계적 연구결과 분석
Table 4.
Study |
Participants |
Measurements |
Outcomes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number, age and sex | Control | Characteristics | Stimuli | Conditions | |||||
Kurita, et al. [19] | Number of participants | PDD-H group: PDD patients with symptoms of visual hallucinations | MMSE | N1, P2, N2, and P3 | N1, P2, N2, and P3 | PDD-H latency | |||
PDD-H=11 | PDD-H=20.5±3.2 | 1000/2000 Hz tone stimuli | Evoked potential were recorded from the Pz | N1=99.0±11.1 / P2=181.5±22.5 / | |||||
PDD-N=6 | PDD-N=20.3±1.9 | N2=283.2±52.3 / P3=436.4±89.3 | |||||||
Control=20 | Control=28.5±2.3 | PDD-N latency | |||||||
Age (mean±SD) | PDD-N group: PDD patients with no symptoms of visual hallucinations | Disease duration (year) | N1=91.3±10.3 / P2=194.7±22.8 / | ||||||
PDD-H=74.6±7.7 | PDD-H=9.1±5.2 | N2=269.0±49.5 / P3=445.3±66.1 | |||||||
PDD-N=72.7±3.6 | PDD-N=9.3±7.6 | Control | |||||||
Control=71.4±10.2 | Control=N/A | N1=95.6±22.6 / P2=181.9±30.3 / | |||||||
Sex (M:F) | Control group: aged matching control | N2=242.2±37.7 / P3=378.8±44.7 | |||||||
PDD-H=5:6 | |||||||||
PDD-N=4:2 | |||||||||
Control=11:6 | |||||||||
Brønnick, et al. [17] | Number of participants | PDD group: patients with PDD HC group: aged matching healthy control | Education (year) | MMN | MMN | MMN | |||
PDD=15 | PDD=9.8±3.4 | Intensity=65 dB / inter-stimulus interval (350 ms) | Electrode montage: FP1, FP2, F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4, O1 of the standard 10-20 system | Latency: did not show significantly different latencies between the groups [F(4,77)=0.507, p=0.730] | |||||
HC=18 | HC=9.6±3.3 | ||||||||
Age (mean±SD) | Disease duration (year) | Standard=spectrally compound tone (500, 1000, and 1500 Hz) / duration (75 ms with 5 ms rise and fall time)/90% sound occurred | Peak amplitude: DLB group did not differ from the healthy controls [t(29)=0.451, p=0.64], nor from the PD group [t(30)=0.72, p=0.475], or the AD group [t(28)=1.33, p=0.194] | ||||||
PDD=72.7±6.5 | PDD=2.2±1.1 | Reference: linked ears were used as a common reference | |||||||
HC=73.1±4.5 | HC=N/A | ||||||||
Sex (M:F) | MMSE | Deviant=spectrally compound tone (500, 1000, and 1500 Hz) / duration (25 ms with 5 ms rise and fall time)/10% sound occurred | Gain: 50 k / filter: low-pass filter at 40 Hz, and a highpass filter at 0.3 Hz with a 12 dB attenuation | Area: PDD group had a significantly less negative MMN area than the DLB group [t(26)=2.54, p=0.017]/DLB group did not differ from the healthy controls [t(32)=0.46, p=0.643], nor from the PD group [t(29)=0.03, p=0.976], or the AD group [t(28)=1.28, p=0.233] | |||||
PDD=12:3 | PDD=21.1±3.5 | ||||||||
HC=4:14 | HC=29.1±1.4 | Impedance: below 5 k ohm | |||||||
Schmitt, et al. [30] | Number of participants | Experimental group: therapeutic group (183 patients) Placebo group: no therapeutic group (179 patients) | No specific information | Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – cognitive subscale [word recall, object naming, orientation, word recognition, remembering test instructions, commands, language (clarity of speech), comprehension, word finding, constructional praxis, ideational praxis] | Subjective measurements | Domains (memory, language, and praxis), the standard effect sizes (Cohen d) ranged from 0.27 to 0.30 | |||
PDD=362 | |||||||||
Age | |||||||||
N/A | |||||||||
Sex | |||||||||
N/A | |||||||||
Yamamoto, et al. [28] | Number of participants | PDD group: patients with PDD | MMSE | P300 | P300 | P300 | |||
PDD=7 | Twenty-two patients were clinically demented according to MMSE (less than 24/30), three patients (more than 28/30) | Frequent-rare sequence = randomly presented binaurally at 75 dB SPL and 0.7 Hz with total of 30 rare events | Evoked potential were recorded from the vertex (Cz) | P300 latency showed a strong inverse correlation with the MMSE score in mildly demented patients with MMSE scores of more than 17 (r=-0.808; p<0.001) | |||||
Age | |||||||||
Mean=72.1 (range 44-86) | |||||||||
Sex (M:F) | Standard=1000 Hz (80% sound occurred) / deviant=2000 Hz (20% sound occurred) | ||||||||
15:10 | |||||||||
Wesnes, et al. [20] | Number of participants | Placebo group: no therapeutic group (including 16 PDD, 8 DLB patients) | MMSE | simple reaction time test, choice reaction time test, immediate word recognition test, delayed word recognition test | Subjective measurements | Immediate word recognition test [overall change, LS means (CI)] | |||
PDD=30 | Placebo group=20.8±3.7 | ||||||||
Age (mean±SD) | Memantine group=20.4±3.6 | Placebo: -5.48 (-14 to 3.1)/memantine: 8.73 (0.9 to 16.6) | |||||||
Placebo group=76.2±4.8 | Duration of PD before onset of dementia | ||||||||
Memantine group=76.1±6.5 | Memantine group: therapeutic group (including 6 PDD, 6 DLB patients) | Delayed word recognition test [overall change, LS means (CI)] | |||||||
Sex (M:F) | Placebo group=5.2±3.7 | ||||||||
Placebo group=18:6 | Memantine group=4.6±3.7 | Placebo: 0.77 (-8.5 to 10)/memantine: 16.41 (8 to 24.8) | |||||||
Memantine group=6:6 | |||||||||
Claus and Mohr [29] | Number of participants | PDD group: patients with PDD | Education (year) | Verbal dichotic listening task (free recall and selective allocation to the left or right ear) | Subjective measurements | Dichotic listening tasks revealed statistically significant differences between groups [F(4)=12.3; p<0.0001]/laterality indices revealed significant differences between groups [F(4)=4.73; p<0.01] and as a function of order of recall [F(2)=40.9; p<0.0001] | |||
PDD=10 | PDD=14.2±1.8 | ||||||||
Healthy control=22 | Healthy control group: healthy subjects | Healthy control=15.6±2.4 | |||||||
Age (mean±SD) | |||||||||
PDD=68.0±6.5 | Symptom duration (year) | ||||||||
Healthy control=59.8±6.7 | PDD=7.8±4.9 | ||||||||
Sex (M:F) | Healthy control=N/A | ||||||||
N/A |
객관적 청각유발전위 검사
주관적 중추청각행동검사

결 론
Table 5.
