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Introduction
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the well-known symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and is experienced by 65% to 80% of CRS patients [1]. Reports of olfactory dysfunction indicate that two-thirds of the cases are caused by diseases related to an upper airway infection, head injury, or nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses [2]. Olfactory dysfunction caused by sino-nasal diseases involve conductive and sensorineural causes. Conductive olfactory dysfunction causes obstruction to the access of odor molecules to the olfactory cleft (OC) by the severe edema of the olfactory membrane or nasal polyp (NP) [3].
Olfactory dysfunction caused by CRS with NP (CRSwNP) has demonstrated satisfactory levels of improvement in olfactory function after receiving treatment [4]. The CRSwNP can be classified pathologically into eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) and non-ECRS depending on the infiltration degree of the eosinophil [5]. There have been several reports of olfactory recovery in CRSwNP cases after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS); however, the results are not consistent [6-9]. In recent literature, the changes and prognostic factors of the olfaction status after ESS have been reported [7-10]. A preoperative NP, olfactory function status, findings on the CT scans, and smoking history are some of the predictive factors for the improvement in olfactory function after surgery [11-15].
The purpose of this study was first, to evaluate the difference of olfactory dysfunction according to the pathological classification of CRSwNP; and second, to identify the degree of postoperative olfactory recovery depending on the pathological classification; and finally, to identify the predictive factors of olfactory change.
Subjects and Method
Subject
This study had a prospective design. The subjects were recruited and categorized into the ECRS and non-ECRS groups until each group had a minimum of 63 patients assigned. A total of 126 patients with a biopsy result of a NP during surgery, diagnosed with CRSwNP and had undergone endoscopic frontoethmoidectomy and polypectomy surgery at the Konkuk University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology between January 2012 and September 2014, were included in the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Konkuk University Hospital (KUH1110023). Informed consent forms were obtained from all patients prior to surgery and the olfactory function test. After the surgery, the enrolled patients were instructed to take the follow-up olfactory function tests (Korean Version of Sniffin’ Sticks Test II, KVSS II) at 1, 3, and 6 months. We excluded patients who did not attend follow-ups consistently according to the follow up schedule or poorly complied with their follow-up medication or management, which led to a considerable attrition during the follow-up phase. Finally, of the 126 patients, only 75 were selected to undergo ESS and received the necessary follow-up for the study. All patients received the same post-operative medical regimen consisting of macrolide antibiotics for an average of 3 weeks after ESS. The mean follow-up period was approximately 5 months and it ranged from one half of a month to 11 months.
Blood examination
The serum samples were taken from all patients before surgery to identify individual characteristics. We assessed the blood eosinophil percent, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP).
Evaluation of CT scans on rhinosinusitis
The Lund-Mackay CT scoring system was used to assess the degree of rhinosinusitis in the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses; and the ostiomeatal unit (OMU) and OC. The scores for each of the paranasal sinuses and the OC were assessed as normal (0), partially closed (1), and fully closed (2). The OMU region was evaluated as normal (0) or closed (1). All scores were summed to determine the overall scores for both regions [16]. The effect of the ethmoid sinus was evaluated based on the ethmoid/maxillary sinus score ratio (E/M ratio) which is the ratio of the CT scores for the ethmoid sinus and the maxillary sinus [17].
Categorization and assessment of CRSwNP
NPs were classified as either eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic based upon the biopsy results. The NP tissues were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and then 10 regions of the relatively evenly distributed cells were randomly selected using an optical microscopy. We measured the number of eosinophil under high magnification of 400 times. An eosinophilic NP was defined those with a mean that was greater than 100; whereas, non-eosinophilic NP consisted of those with a mean of less than 100 (Fig. 1) [18].
The assessment of the NPs was graded according to the CT results and intranasal endoscopic findings. A single polyp limited to the middle meatus was scored as 0. The presence of many polyps that were causing a partial obstruction of the nasal cavity was scored as 1. Extensive polyps that were causing full obstruction of the nasal cavity or the polyp was in contact with nasal floor was scored as 2 [19].
Assessment of olfactory function
Olfactory function was assessed using KVSS II (Burghart Company, Wedel, Germany). Of the 126 patients who had undergone ESS, the KVSS II was administered to 75 people whose follow-up was possible prior and subsequent to the surgery. According to the KVSS II scores, the olfactory status of patients were categorized as nomosmia when scores were 28 points or higher, hyposmia when scores ranged from 21 points to 27 points, and anosmia when scores were less than 20 points [20,21].
Statistical analysis
A t-test was used to compare the blood test results, CT findings, and olfactory function test scores across both groups that were differentiated according to the results of the NP biopsy. In addition, paired t-tests were used to compare the change in olfactory functioning in the subjects before and after surgery. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was conducted to compare the recovery of olfactory function between the categorized olfactory groups before and after surgery; and a Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to compare CT scores across the categorized olfactory groups. All statistical analyses were conducted with the SPSS version 20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and a 2-tailed p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Subjects’ characteristics
Among the 75 patients that were followed after ESS, 34 patients (45.3%) and 41 patients (54.6%) were assigned to the ECRS and non-ECRS groups, respectively. The average ages of the ECRS and non-ECRS groups were 44.50±12.46 and 44.17±18.06, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. The preoperative mean blood eosinophilic percentage was significantly higher in the ECRS group (p=0.00) (Table 1). The serum total IgE and ECP levels tended to be higher in the ECRS group than the non-ECRS group but the differences were not statistically significant (p=0.57, p=0.08). The OMU scores based upon the Lund-Mackay CT method were significantly different with scores of 3.35±1.17 in the ECRS group and 2.68±1.36 in the non-ECRS group (p=0.03). On the other hand, the OC scores were not significantly different between the two groups (2.14±1.63 and 2.09±1.70 in the ECRS and non-ECRS groups, respectively, p=0.80). In addition, the endoscopic NP grading was 1.79± 0.64 and 1.93±0.10 in the ECRS and non-ECRS groups, respectively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p=0.37) (Table 2).
Evaluation of preoperative olfactory function
The preoperative olfactory function in both groups as measured by the KVSS II was not significantly different (17.2±7.3 vs. 19.6±6.8 in the ECRS and non-ECRS groups, respectively, p=0.14). The Threshold (T) test score from the KVSS II was 2.76±2.38 in the ECRS group, which was significantly lower than the score of 4.49±3.31 in the non-ECRS group (p=0.01). However, the Discrimination (D) test scores (6.62±3.17 vs. 7.20±2.74 in the ECRS and non-ECRS groups, respectively) and Identification (I) test scores (8.24±3.87 vs. 7.93±3.27 in the ECRS and non-ECRS groups, respectively) were not affected by the eosinophil infiltration within the tissues (p=0.40, p=0.71) (Table 3). When comparing the olfaction status as measured by the total Lund-Mackay CT and KVSS II scores prior to surgery, a significantly higher total Lund-Mackay CT score was observed in cases of severe olfactory disorder (p=0.04) (Fig. 2).
Evaluation of postoperative olfactory function
The olfactory function test scores for CRSwNP patients were 18.49±7.09 and 19.79±5.88 prior and subsequent to surgery, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.09). The T.D.I score was also not statistically significant different before and after surgery. However, in the ECRS group, the T.D.I score of the ECRS group’s KVSS II significantly improved from 17.15±7.29 before surgery to 20.15±6.10 after the surgery (p=0.03). Each patient’s change in T.D.I score in the ECRS group did not result in a statistically significant improvement after the surgery. In the non-ECRS group, the T.D.I score did not significantly improve after surgery with mean scores of 19.61±6.81 and 19.49±5.74 before and after surgery, respectively (p=0.08). Further analyses at the individual level demonstrated that the T.D.I score was also not significantly different between before and after surgery (Table 4).
Amongst the categorized olfactory groups, the anosmia group showed significant improvement in the olfactory function test after surgery in both the ECRS group and non-ECRS group (p=0.01, 0.03, respectively) (Fig. 3). In the anosmia patient group, the T.D.I scores significantly improved in both groups. The T.D.I scores in the ECRS group also demonstrated significant improvement at the individual level (p＜0.05); whereas, the non-ECRS group did not (Fig. 4).
Therefore, ECRS group shows faster recovery of olfaction than non-ECRS group.
Discussion
Olfactory dysfunction is included as one of the diagnostic criteria of CRS. In addition, the reduction of smell appears at a relatively early stage in ECRS, as compared to non-ECRS [14] groups. When a NP occurred, it did so commonly in the middle meatus, middle turbinate, and OC in the ECRS group. Whereas, in the non-ECRS group, it was known to have commonly occurred in the middle meatus only. So ECRS has been known to have a greater impact on olfaction [14]. Ishitoya, et al. [14] reported that the maxillary sinus and OMU were the primary lesions in the non-ECRS group and the ethmoid sinus and OC regions were the main early lesions found in the ECRS group based upon the Lund-Mackay CT scores. This study exhibited similar results as those in previous studies; however, there were generally no statistically significant differences between the groups. As a result, we suggested that the disease severity of the olfactory outcomes according to CT scores are not significantly different between the ECRS and non-ECRS groups.
In a study conducted with Korean subjects in 2010, eosinophilic allergic polyps, defined as those with a tissue eosinophil proportion more than 11%, reportedly had an incidence rate of 62.7% [22]. Olfactory dysfunction was more serious in the ECRS group before surgery than that found in the non-ECRS group. The results of this study indicated that the preoperative olfactory function was lower in the ECRS group than in the non-ECRS group, and the threshold scores, especially, of the ECRS group were significantly lower than the non-ECRS group. The involvement of NPs in either the ethmoid sinus or OC was more frequent in the ECRS group which produced a greater effect on conductive olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, the E/M ratio of the ECRS group as measured by the CT findings was higher which is consistent with the high scores reported for the ethmoid sinus and OC. Ishitoya, et al. [14] reported that hyposmia was an early symptom in the ECRS group, unlike the non-ECRS group. Likewise, the CT findings revealed ethmoid predominance in the ECRS group only. In other study in China, Meng, et al. [23] reported that E/M ratio of ECRS group was significantly higher than that of non-ECRS group. However, in this study the ECRS group showed 2.45±1.00 and non-ECRS group showed 2.18±0.99, so that it was not statistically significant but the ECRS group had a tendency of higher figures than the non-ECRS group.
The olfactory recovery in CRS after surgery reportedly showed a range of improvement in olfactory function that varied from 23% to 85% [6-9]. Moreover, olfactory function improved at the short-term follow up, but there was no distinct difference in olfactory function at the long-term follow up [24]. Also, ESS had no effect on the olfactory improvement in CRS [8]. A study on CRSwNP, with a follow-up of 3-4 months after surgery showed that olfactory function was markedly improved as compared to CRS without NP. However, subsequently, there were hardly any changes in olfactory function [19]. In this study, olfactory function did not improve significantly after the surgery of overall CRSwNP. However, in the ECRS group, the post-surgical olfactory function improved significantly than that found in the non-ECRS group. According to Pade and Hummel [7], the improvement of olfactory function after the surgery was observed in 23% of the cases. While 68% of the cases experienced no change and 9% took a serious turn. Furthermore, the olfaction of CRS with NP and eosinophilia showed distinct improvement. In this study, the olfaction improvement was 53% but was worse in 36% of the cases. No change occurred in 11% of the cases. Yet, the improvement experienced in the ECRS group was remarkable. Oka, et al. [4] reported that until 6 months after ESS, the olfactory function improved in both groups, and those in the ECRS group especially showed more significant improvement than those in the non-ECRS group. However, it was reported that at long-term follow up, the non-ECRS group showed more improvement in olfactory function.
When we compared the olfactory function test scores of the categorized olfactory groups before and after surgery, the olfactory function of anosmia group showed a remarkable improvement than did those in the normosmia and hyposmia groups. However, despite the improved olfactory function of anosmia group, it did not recover to a normal olfaction range. Litvack, et al. [10] also reported that the anosmia group had remarkable improvement in olfactory function compared to the hyposmia group after the surgery and for a year of follow-up. After the removal of the NP, the nasal patency of the anosmia group improved rapidly, regardless of the presence of ECRS. CRS is a disease that includes both conductive and sensorineural type olfactory dysfunction, and in the preoperative anosmia group, the conductive type of olfactory dysfunction has a higher possibility of recovery after operation. Poor olfactory function before the surgery generally results in more remarkable early improvement in olfactory function. However, this result could be different if traced over a longer term follow up and the mucosal condition at the time of observation was noted. In the anosmia group, the T.D.I scores in the ECRS group significantly improved in each item, while this was not the case with the T.D.I scores in the non-ECRS group. Thus, in the case of olfactory dysfunction due to NP, ESS has an impact on nasal patency.
In this study, considering the influence of ESS on olfactory function, the pathological degree of eosinophil infiltration affected the patients’ preoperative olfactory status and postoperative olfactory recovery. Furthermore, olfaction improved markedly after the surgery in the anosmia group. Litvack, et al. [10] reported that a NP was a predictable factor for olfaction improvement after surgery, while Pade and Hummel [7] asserted that a NP and eosinophil infiltration were the predictable factors of olfactory recovery after the surgery. In contrast, Soler, et al. [25] reported that the infiltrative degree of eosinophil in the tissues was related to the olfactory dysfunction through its involvement with hypertrophy of the basement membrane of olfactory epithelium; but, there were no predictable factors related to olfaction improvement after the surgery.
In this study, 1) the olfactory function of the ECRS group was lower than that of the non-ECRS group in preoperative state; and, 2) the ECRS group showed more remarkable improvement in olfactory function after the surgery than that experienced by the non-ECRS group. The olfactory function in preoperative state in the anosmia group was especially distinct. Thus, as a result, the infiltrative degree of eosinophil in the tissues and preoperative olfactory function status (anosmia) could be predictable factors of preoperative olfactory function. Furthermore, it would be worth to compare the degree of improvement of olfactory function between ECRS and non-ECRS after ESS depending on OC score, so that we are also planning to study in the future.
There were some limitations to this study. Patients who underwent olfactory testing after surgery had a high attrition rate. There was also a considerable amount of attrition due to the exclusion criteria.
Out of the 126 patients, only 75 subjects consented to carry on the olfactory testing due to the time-consuming nature of the olfactory function test. Moreover, the patients’ subjective opinions that determining change in olfaction was of little necessity was not surprising since they had already experienced improvement in olfaction after the surgery. Additionally, we conducted the re-evaluation of the olfactory function after ESS only once, and since it usually takes 6 months for the olfactory epithelium to recover, the approximate 5-month follow-up period was relatively short. Hence, subsequent long-term follow-ups and serial observations are required.
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