Abstract
Background and Objectives
Subjects and Method
Results
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appendix
Appendix
REFERENCES
Table 1.
Table 2.
F0: average fundamental frequency (Hz), mF0: mean fundamental frequency (Hz), STD: standard deviation of F0 (Hz), Tsam: length of analyzed sample (sec.), PER: total number detected pitch, Jita: absolute jitter (%), Jitt: jitter percent (%), RAP: relative average perturbation (%), PPQ: pitch perturbation quotient (%), sPPQ: smoothed pitch perturbation quotient (%), vF0: fundamental frequency variation (%), ShdB: shimmer in dB (dB), Shim: shimmer percent (%), APQ: amplitude perturbation quotient (%), sAPQ: smoothed amplitude perturbation quotient (%), vAm: peak-to-peak amplitude variation (%), DVB: degree of voice break (%), NUV: number of unvoiced segments, DSH: degree of sub-harmonics, NSH: number of sub-harmonic segments, DUV: degree of voiceless (%), NVB: number of voice breaks, NHR: noise to harmonic ratio, VTI: voice turbulence index, SPI: soft phonation index, FTRI: F0-tremor intensity index, ATRI: amplitude tremor intensity index, FVC: expiratory volume (liters), PHODB: mean sound pressure level during voicing (dB), MEAP: mean pitch (Hz), PHOT : phonation time (sec.), MEAF: mean expiratory airflow (lit/sec.), MPAP: mean peak air pressure (cmH20), TARF: target airflow (lit/sec.), ARES: aerodynamic resistance [cmH20/ (l/s)], AEFF: aerodynamic efficiency (ppm), VHI: voice handicap index, VFI: vocal fatigue index, MDVP: multi-dimensional voice program, PAS: Phonatory Aerodynamic System, GRBAS: Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain.
Table 3.
VFI | Pearson |
Perceptual judgment |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | R | B | A | S | ||
Male (n=145) | C.C. | 0.262 | 0.130 | 0.279 | 0.128 | 0.393 |
p | 0.001* | 0.121 | 0.001* | 0.126 | <0.000† | |
Female (n=112) | C.C. | 0.242 | 0.176 | 0.233 | 0.050 | 0.205 |
p | 0.010* | 0.064 | 0.014* | 0.603 | 0.031* | |
Total (n=257) | C.C. | 0.188 | 0.107 | 0.204 | 0.173 | 0.222 |
p | 0.003* | 0.08 | 0.001† | 0.006† | <0.000† |
Table 4.
Acoustic parameters |
Pearson analysis with VFI |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n=257) |
Male (n=145) |
Female (n=112) |
||||
C.C. | p | C.C. | p | C.C. | p | |
F0-related | ||||||
F0 | 0.237 | <0.000† | 0.066 | 0.429 | 0.077 | 0.420 |
mF0 | 0.222 | <0.000† | 0.029 | 0.728 | 0.062 | 0.518 |
STD | 0.232 | <0.000† | 0.296 | <0.000† | 0.143 | 0.132 |
Tsam | -0.186 | 0.003† | -0.342 | <0.000† | -0.017 | 0.862 |
PER | 0.102 | 0.104 | -0.239 | <0.000† | 0.056 | 0.559 |
Frequency perturbation | ||||||
Jita | 0.169 | 0.007† | 0.276 | 0.001† | 0.126 | 0.185 |
Jitt | 0.214 | 0.001† | 0.306 | <0.000† | 0.129 | 0.174 |
RAP | 0.225 | <0.000† | 0.320 | <0.000† | 0.130 | 0.171 |
PPQ | 0.205 | 0.001† | 0.293 | <0.000† | 0.122 | 0.199 |
sPPQ | 0.162 | 0.009† | 0.265 | 0.001† | 0.059 | 0.539 |
vF0 | 0.220 | <0.000† | 0.326 | <0.000† | 0.105 | 0.269 |
Amplitude perturbation | ||||||
ShdB | 0.124 | 0.047* | 0.204 | 0.014* | 0.071 | 0.460 |
Shim | 0.140 | 0.024* | 0.221 | 0.008† | 0.095 | 0.320 |
APQ | 0.121 | 0.054 | 0.197 | 0.017* | 0.095 | 0.321 |
sAPQ | 0.072 | 0.250 | 0.126 | 0.132 | 0.026 | 0.785 |
vAm | 0.043 | 0.495 | 0.112 | 0.180 | -0.038 | 0.694 |
Voice break, sub-harmonic & voice irregularity | ||||||
DVB | 0.037 | 0.552 | 0.093 | 0.265 | -0.013 | 0.895 |
DSH | 0.196 | 0.002† | 0.253 | 0.002† | 0.075 | 0.429 |
DUV | 0.121 | 0.053 | 0.214 | 0.010† | 0.060 | 0.527 |
NVB | -0.035 | 0.573 | -0.023 | 0.785 | -0.070 | 0.463 |
NSH | 0.169 | 0.007† | 0.199 | 0.016* | 0.067 | 0.482 |
NUV | 0.094 | 0.131 | 0.179 | 0.031* | 0.052 | 0.588 |
Noise & tremor | ||||||
NHR | 0.176 | 0.005† | 0.267 | 0.001† | 0.117 | 0.221 |
VTI | 0.198 | 0.001† | 0.282 | 0.001† | 0.126 | 0.185 |
SPI | -0.223 | <0.000† | -0.164 | 0.048* | -0.131 | 0.169 |
FTRI | 0.039 | 0.543 | 0.236 | 0.005† | -0.096 | 0.337 |
ATRI | 0.025 | 0.731 | 0.051 | 0.611 | -0.031 | 0.775 |
F0: average fundamental frequency (Hz), mF0: mean fundamental frequency (Hz), STD: standard deviation of F0 (Hz), Tsam: length of analyzed sample (sec.), PER: total number detected pitch, Jita: absolute jitter (%), Jitt: jitter percent (%), RAP: relative average perturbation (%), PPQ: pitch perturbation quotient (%), sPPQ: smoothed pitch perturbation quotient (%), vF0: fundamental frequency variation (%), ShdB: shimmer in dB (dB), Shim: shimmer percent (%), APQ: amplitude perturbation quotient (%), sAPQ: smoothed amplitude perturbation quotient (%), vAm: peak-to-peak amplitude variation (%), DVB: degree of voice break (%), NUV: number of unvoiced segments, DSH: degree of sub-harmonics, NSH: number of sub-harmonic segments, DUV: degree of voiceless (%), NVB: number of voice breaks, NHR: noise to harmonic ratio, VTI: voice turbulence index, SPI: soft phonation index, FTRI: F0-tremor intensity index, ATRI: amplitude tremor intensity index, C.C.: correlation coefficient, VFI: vocal fatigue index
Table 5.
Aerodynamic parameters |
Pearson analysis with VFI |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n=257) |
Male (n=145) |
Female (n=112) |
||||
C.C. | p | C.C. | p | C.C. | p | |
FVC | -0.041 | 0.510 | 0.211 | 0.011* | 0.045 | 0.638 |
PHODB | -0.215 | 0.001† | -0.122 | 0.143 | -0.248 | 0.008† |
MEAP | 0.181 | 0.004† | -0.031 | 0.713 | 0.024 | 0.801 |
PHOT | -0.137 | 0.028* | -0.122 | 0.145 | -0.024 | 0.798 |
MEAF | 0.049 | 0.430 | 0.226 | 0.006† | -0.036 | 0.703 |
MPAP | 0.073 | 0.241 | 0.152 | 0.051 | 0.066 | 0.487 |
TARF | 0.073 | 0.241 | 0.212 | 0.011* | 0.003 | 0.973 |
ARES | 0.038 | 0.548 | -0.061 | 0.461 | 0.016 | 0.865 |
AEFF | -0.055 | 0.378 | -0.068 | 0.417 | -0.101 | 0.291 |
FVC: expiratory volume (liters), PHODB: mean sound pressure level during voicing (dB), MEAP: mean pitch (Hz), PHOT: phonation time (sec.), MEAF: mean expiratory airflow (lit/sec.), MPAP: mean peak air pressure (cmH20), TARF: target airflow (lit/sec.), ARES: aerodynamic resistance [cmH20/ (l/s)], AEFF: aerodynamic efficiency (ppm), C.C.: correlation coefficient, VFI: vocal fatigue index