1. Aantaa R, Kanto J, Scheinin M, Kallio A, Scheinin H. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, reduces anesthetic requirements for patients undergoing minor gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology. 1990; 73:230–235. PMID:
1974394.
2. Ngwenyama NE, Anderson J, Hoernschemeyer DG, Tobias JD. Effects of dexmedetomidine on propofol and remifentanil infusion rates during total intravenous anesthesia for spine surgery in adolescents. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008; 18:1190–1195. PMID:
19076573.
3. Dutta S, Karol MD, Cohen T, Jones RM, Mant T. Effect of dexmedetomidine on propofol requirements in healthy subjects. J Pharm Sci. 2001; 90:172–181. PMID:
11169534.
4. Khan ZP, Munday IT, Jones RM, Thornton C, Mant TG, Amin D. Effects of dexmedetomidine on isoflurane requirements in healthy volunteers. 1: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Br J Anaesth. 1999; 83:372–380. PMID:
10655905.
5. Bulow NM, Barbosa NV, Rocha JB. Opioid consumption in total intravenous anesthesia is reduced with dexmedetomidine: a comparative study with remifentanil in gynecologic videolaparoscopic surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2007; 19:280–285. PMID:
17572323.
6. Vuyk J, Mertens MJ, Olofsen E, Burm AG, Bovill JG. Propofol anesthesia and rational opioid selection: determination of optimal EC50-EC95 propofol-opioid concentrations that assure adequate anesthesia and a rapid return of consciousness. Anesthesiology. 1997; 87:1549–1562. PMID:
9416739.
7. Glass PS, Hardman D, Kamiyama Y, Quill TJ, Marton G, Donn KH, et al. Preliminary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an ultra-short-acting opioid: remifentanil (GI87084B). Anesth Analg. 1993; 77:1031–1040. PMID:
8105723.
8. Westmoreland CL, Hoke JF, Sebel PS, Hug CC Jr, Muir KT. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery. Anesthesiology. 1993; 79:893–903. PMID:
7902033.
9. Ebert TJ, Hall JE, Barney JA, Uhrich TD, Colinco MD. The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans. Anesthesiology. 2000; 93:382–394. PMID:
10910487.
10. Bloor BC, Ward DS, Belleville JP, Maze M. Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine in humans: II. hemodynamic changes. Anesthesiology. 1992; 77:1134–1142. PMID:
1361311.
11. Tufanogullari B, White PF, Peixoto MP, Kianpour D, Lacour T, Griffin J, et al. Dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: the effect on recovery outcome variables. Anesth Analg. 2008; 106:1741–1748. PMID:
18499604.
12. Kamibayashi T, Maze M. Clinical uses of alpha2-adrenergic agonists. Anesthesiology. 2000; 93:1345–1349. PMID:
11046225.
13. Virtanen R, Savola JM, Saano V, Nyman L. Characterization of the selectivity, specificity and potency of medetomidine as an [alpha]2-adrenoceptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988; 150:9–14. PMID:
2900154.
14. Arcangeli A, D'Alò C, Gaspari R. Dexmedetomidine use in general anaesthesia. Curr Drug Targets. 2009; 10:687–695. PMID:
19702517.
15. Ohtani N, Kida K, Shoji K, Yasui Y, Masaki E. Recovery profiles from dexmedetomidine as a general anesthetic adjuvant in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008; 107:1871–1874. PMID:
19020132.
16. Iwakiri H, Nagata O, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Sessler DI. Effect-site concentration of propofol for recovery of consciousness is virtually independent of fentanyl effect-site concentration. Anesth Analg. 2003; 96:1651–1655. PMID:
12760990.
17. Kam PC, Cardone D. Propofol infusion syndrome. Anaesthesia. 2007; 62:690–701. PMID:
17567345.
18. Fourcade O, Simon MF, Litt L, Samii K, Chap H. Propofol inhibits human platelet aggregation induced by proinflammatory lipid mediators. Anesth Analg. 2004; 99:393–398. PMID:
15271713.
19. Aoki H, Mizobe T, Nozuchi S, Hiramatsu N. In vivo and in vitro studies of the inhibitory effect of propofol on human platelet aggregation. Anesthesiology. 1998; 88:362–370. PMID:
9477057.
20. De La Cruz JP, Carmona JA, Paez MV, Blanco E, Sanchez De La Cuesta F. Propofol inhibits in vitro platelet aggregation in human whole blood. Anesth Analg. 1997; 84:919–921. PMID:
9085982.
21. Burow BK, Johnson ME, Packer DL. Metabolic acidosis associated with propofol in the absence of other causative factors. Anesthesiology. 2004; 101:239–241. PMID:
15220796.
22. Liolios A, Guerit JM, Scholtes JL, Raftopoulos C, Hantson P. Propofol infusion syndrome associated with short-term large-dose infusion during surgical anesthesia in an adult. Anesth Analg. 2005; 100:1804–1806. PMID:
15920217.
23. Merz TM, Regli B, Rothen HU, Felleiter P. Propofol infusion syndrome--a fatal case at a low infusion rate. Anesth Analg. 2006; 103:1050. PMID:
17000843.
24. Salengros JC, Velghe-Lenelle CE, Bollens R, Engelman E, Barvais L. Lactic acidosis during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in an adult. Anesthesiology. 2004; 101:241–243. PMID:
15220797.
25. Link RE, Desai K, Hein L, Stevens ME, Chruscinski A, Bernstein D, et al. Cardiovascular regulation in mice lacking alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes b and c. Science. 1996; 273:803–805. PMID:
8670422.
26. Kobilka BK, Matsui H, Kobilka TS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, et al. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. Science. 1987; 238:650–656. PMID:
2823383.
27. Regan JW, Kobilka TS, Yang-Feng TL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK. Cloning and expression of a human kidney cDNA for an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988; 85:6301–6305. PMID:
2842764.
28. Snapir A, Posti J, Kentala E, Koskenvuo J, Sundell J, Tuunanen H, et al. Effects of low and high plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine on myocardial perfusion and cardiac function in healthy male subjects. Anesthesiology. 2006; 105:902–910. quiz 1069-70. PMID:
17065883.
29. Lakhlani PP, MacMillan LB, Guo TZ, McCool BA, Lovinger DM, Maze M, et al. Substitution of a mutant alpha2a-adrenergic receptor via "hit and run" gene targeting reveals the role of this subtype in sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic-sparing responses in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94:9950–9955. PMID:
9275232.