PDF
Citation
Print
Introduction
Perioperative autotransfusion includes preoperative blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution, postoperative blood salvage and reinfusion of the salvaged blood using an autotransfusion apparatus [1]. Most of autotransfusion can only be used in a limited number of patients. Preoperative blood donation requires sufficient hematopoiesis and a patient with a status that can tolerate anemia [2]. Acute normovolemic hemodilution can be used in patients with a hematocrit level of ≥ 28% [1]. Although some investigators have reported that postoperative blood salvage is safe and effective [3], others have been concerned about blood clotting disorders due to the unwashed salvaged blood [4,5]. Reinfusion of the salvaged blood using an autotransfusion apparatus has a wider range of applications than other methods. It is frequently used in children [6] and in patients who refuse transfusion [7], and the cost of this is low [8]. However, postoperative complications have sometimes been reported [9]. The free hemoglobin (Hb) is removed after combining it with haptoglobin or hemopexin [10]. However, if the quantity of the free Hb is excessive, it can cause nephrotoxicity and abnormalities of vascular constriction [11]. Therefore, numerous studies on the complications involved with salvaged blood have been carried out.
To suppress the production of free Hb, many investigators have recommended reducing the negative suction pressure [12] and using a suction tip with a relatively great diameter [1]. It is well known that large quantities of free Hb are produced under strong shearing forces, and so more free hemoglobin is produced with the increasing contact with air [13]. Although many factors are involved in the production of free Hb, there have been few comparative studies of these factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine which factors significantly affect the production of free Hb by comparing the suction conditions, including the negative suction pressure, the shape of a suction tip and the extent of the blood's contact with air.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our hospital (No. 0908-009-060). In addition, the study was performed with the protocol approved and the blood supplied by the Blood Center, the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. The blood was collected from blood donators, and it was identified to be infected with hepatitis virus or human immunodeficiency virus, and this infected blood does not meet the criteria for human use. The blood was stored for 30 days with citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1, which is an anticoagulant.
All the experiments were performed in the operating room that was maintained at 22-23℃. In total, 10 units of packed red blood cells and 10 units of fresh frozen plasma were used.
One unit of packed red blood cells and 1 unit of fresh frozen plasma of the same blood cell type were mixed in a 500-ml beaker. The baseline levels of Hb and free Hb and the hematocrit were measured using 5 ml of the mixture in an EDTA tube. A 7-ml EDTA tube was connected to 2 tubes using a 3-way stop-cock, with one tip being connected to a suction tip and the other being connected to a pressure gauge on the wall (Fig. 1).
In this experiment, the negative pressure ranged between 150 and 300 mmHg, which was controlled by using a negative pressure gauge (Vacutron®, Allied Healthcare Products, Inc, St. Louis, MO, USA) [12]. Negative pressure was applied for 1.2 seconds at 150 mmHg and for 1.1 seconds at 300 mmHg. We used 3 kinds of suction tips. Suction tip 1 was a 23-cm straight tip with a 2-mm-diameter end hole and two 2-mm-diameter side holes. Suction tip 2 was a 25-cm, 70-degree curved tip with a 2-mm-diameter end hole. Suction tip 3 was a 33-cm, 20-degree curved tip with a 4-mm-diameter end hole and five 2-mm-diameter side holes (Fig. 2). All the experiments were performed under one of 2 conditions: (1) all the suction holes were soaked in the blood and (2) half of each suction hole was soaked in the blood and the remaining half was exposed to air.
In each setting, 5-ml of blood was suctioned. After each suction, the suction tip was cleansed by irrigation with 50-100 ml of normal saline. Using the same mixture of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma, the experiments were performed in combined sessions with 2 different negative pressures, 3 different kinds of suction tips and 2 immersion conditions for exposure to air (for a total of 132 experiment sessions). The free Hb, the total Hb, the hematocrit and the hemolysis rate were measured in each mixture. After the mixture collected in an EDTA tube was centrifuged at 3,500 rpm for 5 minutes, 10 µl of supernatant was taken and diluted in 1 ml of plasma Hb buffer. The free Hb of this sample was analyzed using a spectrophotometer (U-2000®, Hitachi-Hitech, Tokyo, Japan).
The free Hb, the total Hb and the hematocrit were measured, and then the hemolysis rate was calculated for each experiment session. The hemolysis rate was calculated using the following formula [12]: hemolysis ratio = (fHbA - fHbB) × (100-hematocritB) / (HbB) where Hb = hemoglobin, fHb = free hemoglobin, A=postsuction and B= presuction.
The hemolysis rate is expressed without a unit, the free Hb as mg/dl, the total Hb as g/dl and the hematocrit as a percentage.
Comparisons of the mean values between the 2 groups were done using the t test, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test was applied when the data was not normally distributed. Comparisons of the means among the 3 groups were done using ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were done using the Turkey test, and the Friedman test was also applied when this was not appropriate. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A repetition frequency of 11 was determined at a detectability rate of 80% based on the baseline values measured before the start of this experiment.
Results
The baseline values of the free Hb, the total Hb and the hematocrit were 27.3 ± 10.5 mg/ml, 13.4 ± 0.7 g/dl and 39.2 ± 1.9%, respectively. The free Hb, the hemolysis rate, the total Hb and the hematocrit were independently analyzed for the 3 suction conditions. The free hemoglobin level was significantly higher for the surfaced suction tip than for the soaked suction tip. (86.9 ± 26.3 versus 32.418.0 mg/dl, respectively; P < 0.001), and the hemolysis rate was also significantly higher for the surfaced suction tip than for the soaked suction tip (2.7 ± 1.2 versus 0.2 ± 0.8, respectively; P < 0.001) (Fig. 3). The free Hb level was constant, regardless of the different negative suction pressures (150 and 300 mmHg) and the different kinds of suction tips (suction tips 1, 2 and 3) (P > 0.05).
After 1 or 2 suction conditions was fixed, the data of the remaining suction conditions was averaged. These averages were designated with the names of the remaining suction condition. For instance, the "150 mmHg" condition indicated that measurements with 3 different suction tips and 2 immersion conditions (completely and partially immersed suction tips) were averaged in the 150 mmHg suction pressure. The 150 mmHg + a completely immersed tip suction condition indicated that the measurements taken with 3 different suction tips were averaged in the "150 mmHg suction pressure + completely immersed tip." The free Hb and hemolysis rates were significantly different between the completely and partially immersed tips (P < 0.001, Table 1). The free Hb and hemolysis rates were not significantly different between the 150 and 300 mmHg conditions and between the 3 different suction tips (P > 0.05, Table 1). The free Hb and hemolysis rate were significantly different between the completely and partially immersed tips in all the combinations of other suction conditions (P < 0.001, Table 2). The free Hb and hemolysis rates were not significantly different between the 3 different suction tips and between the 150 and 300 mmHg conditions in all the combinations of other suction conditions (P > 0.05).
The total Hb and hematocrit were not significantly different in the all suction conditions, and the measurements were similar in the pre- and postsuction conditions.
Discussion
In this study, during blood salvage using an autotransfusion apparatus, contact of the suction tip with air had a significant effect on the production of free Hb. Previous studies on the independent factors have demonstrated that all 3 factors independently influence the production of free Hb [1,12,13]. However, analysis of the combined suction conditions revealed that the negative suction pressure and the suction tip design did not exert any significant effect on the production of free Hb, but that contact of a suction tip with air exerted a significant effect on the production of free Hb (the free Hb and hemolysis rate were increased by more than 2-fold when approximately half of the suction tip was exposed to air).
Unlike the previous studies, our study analyzed the effects of combined suction conditions on the production of free Hb. Previous studies have reported that each of the 3 suction conditions independently influences the production of free Hb and that there are slight increases of the free Hb depending on the experimental conditions. However, the results of those studies are subject to some limitations in that they compared measurements under certain varying suction conditions while the remaining suction conditions were set at constant levels. We also studied the effects of the 3 suction conditions on the production of free Hb with a similar design as that of the previous studies. In the experiment with suction tip-3 and the completely immersed suction tip, more free Hb was produced in the 300 mmHg condition than in the 150 mmHg condition (Table 1 and 2). In the partially immersed tip condition, the free Hb was 94.5 ± 20.5 mg/dl with the suction tip-1 and 78.3 ± 33.6 mg/dl with the suction tip-3, which were higher than in the other suction conditions, but the differences were not significant (Table 2). Such differences were small compared to those between the completely and partially immersed suction tips (Fig. 3). Our results are consistent with those of a previous study that demonstrated that the free Hb was not increased even at a negative pressure of 400 mmHg [14].
Our study has some limitations due to the use of stored blood rather than fresh blood. Stored blood usually causes more hemolysis than fresh blood. Hausen et al. [14] have suggested that the results of experiments using stored blood appear to be different from those using fresh blood. Further studies with a similar study design using fresh blood in a surgical setting are needed to confirm our results.
Although numerous studies on the production and side effects of free Hb have been widely conducted, there are no definite criteria for the appropriate level of free Hb in reinfused salvaged blood [11,12,15]. Therefore, the acceptable level of free Hb in blood collected using an autotransfusion apparatus should be determined by investigating the severity of side effects according to the free Hb levels.
Based on our results, different methods for collecting blood from the operative field can be used, depending on the quantity of the blood. When there are large quantities of blood, the blood can be safely collected by using immersed suction tips with an autotransfusion apparatus, which produces relatively little free Hb. When there are small quantities of blood in the operative field, the blood can be safely collected by using another type of suction apparatus, or it can be collected by using surgical sponges. In clinical settings with small quantities of blood, a negative pressure of 150 mmHg and a large suction tip are currently recommended for collecting the blood. However, based on our results, it is conceivable that this method appears to reduce the free Hb insufficiently.
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that among the 3 suction conditions, including negative pressure, the kind of suction tip and contact of the suction tip with air, the last suction condition may have the most significantly influence on the production of free Hb. Therefore, to minimize the production of free Hb, it is better that an autotransfusion apparatus should be applied only when the operative field with large quantities of blood than that it is used with controlling the negative suction pressure or the use of large suction tip.
XML Download