Abstract
Background:
Methods:
Results:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Table 1.
Author | Modality | Patient population | Main finding regarding ONSD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hansen et al [25] | US | Post mortem | Baseline range (2.1 to 4.8 mm), diameter enlarged after volume injection | |
Helmke et al [26] | US | Post mortem | 3 mm behind the papilla would be best target | |
Helmke et al [27] | US | Children in the NICU | Patients with IICP had higher value (up to 6.8 mm) compared to control (2.7-4.0 mm) | |
Mashima et al [9] | FSE coronal MR | 21 patients, 16 healthy control | MR evaluation is feasible | |
Hansen et al [28] | US | 12 patients | when ICP >30 mmHg, ONSD definitely enlarged (> 5 mm) | |
Ballantyne et al [29] | US | Normal 102 children | Mean ONSD 3.08±0.36 (range 2.1-4.3 mm), No difference in gender, laterality | |
Age related cut-off value: 4 mm in infants <1 yr, 4.5 mm in older children | ||||
Helmke et al [30] | US | 22 children with liver failure | High ONSD had poor prognosis | |
Newman et al [31] | US | Children with shunted hydrocephalus | Normal ICP: 2.9±0.5 mm (range 2.1–3.6 mm) | |
Age: 10 days-16 years | Increased ICP without shunt revision: 3.1±0.4 mm (range 2.6–3.8 mm) | |||
ICP increased with shunt revision required: 5.9±0.6 mm (range 4.5–7.0 mm) | ||||
Ballantyne et al [32] | US | 67 normal adult | Negligible inter-observer variability | |
Blaivas et al [33] | US | 35 patients with suspected ICP elevation | Normal CT: 4.42 mm (95% CI=4.15 to 4.72) | |
Patients with abnormal CT: 6.27 mm (95% CI=5.6 to 6.89) | ||||
Garcia et al [24] | 3D US | 32 healthy adults | Mean ONSD; 4.8±0.6 mm (range: 3.9-5.9), | |
4.9 mm (male), 4.5 mm (female), | ||||
5.0 mm (subjects younger than 50 years), and 4.6 mm (subjects 50 and older) | ||||
Körber et al [34] | US | 483 children with IICP (M:287) | Normal: 3.4 mm (mean)±0.7 mm | |
IICP, 5.6 mm (mean)±0.9 mm | ||||
More than 4.5 mm is definitely pathologic. | ||||
Garcia et al [35] | 3D US | 4.8 mm (standard deviation=0.6; range, 3.9 to 5.9 mm) | ||
5.4 mm (standard deviation=0.4; range, 4.4 to 6.0 mm) | ||||
Romagnuolo et al [36] | US | 10 healthy control | Mean 4.6 +/- 0.71 (SD) | |
No change in Trendelenburg’s or reverse Trendelenburg’s position | ||||
Weigel et al [15] | High resolution MR | 32 healthy control | High resolution MR is feasible | |
Tayal et al [12] | US | 59 patients with suspected IICP | ONSD >5.0 mm in IICP, SN 100%, (68% to 100%) | |
SP 63% (95% CI 50% to 76%) | ||||
Lagreze et al [16] | US and HASTE MR | 33 adults | MR had low coefficients of variation | |
Geeraerts et al [37] | US | 31 patients with IICP and 31 controls | High ICP 6.3±0.6 vs. normal ICP 5.1±0.7 mm vs. 4.9±0.3 mm in control patients ONSD was under 5.7 mm, SN and negative predictive values for high ICP: 100%. | |
Fagenholz et al [38] | US | 5 HAPE | 5.7±0.44 mm and for controls was 4.7±0.56 mm (P=0.003) | |
Sutherland et al [39] | US | 13 mountaineers | ONSD was well correlated with acute mountain sickness | |
Kimberly et al [40] | US | 38 adults patients with IICP | ONSD >5 mm was ICP >20 cm H2O with SN of 88% and SP of 93% | |
Watanabe et al [17] | MR | 3 patients with CSF HoV | Subarachnoid space is decreased in patients with CSF hypovolemia | |
Blehar et al [41] | US | 27 healthy volunteer | Coronal axis: 3.4 mm, visual axis 4.32 mm at 3 mm | |
Goel et al [42] | US | 100 patients with head injury | IICP: 5.8±0.57 mm, normal: (3.5±0.75 mm) | |
Criteria >5.0 mm, SN was 98.6%, SP 92.8%, PPV 97.26%, NPV 96.3% | ||||
Soldatos et al [43] | US | 76 patients in the ICU | Severe injury: 6.1±0.7 mm, moderate injury; 4.2±1.2 mm, control: 3.6±0.6 mm Cutoff for ICP was 5.7 mm (SN=74.1% and SP=100%). | |
Geeraerts et al [44] | US | 37 patients with ICP monitoring | ONSD was less than 5.86 mm, the negative likelihood for raised ICP was 0.06. | |
Watanabe et al [18] | Orbital thinslice MR | 20 patients with CSDH | 6.1±0.7 mm was significantly reduced after surgery (4.8±0.9 mm) | |
Geeraerts et al [19] | T2-weighted TSE MR | 38 Patients with ICP monitor and 36 healthy volunteer | High ICP: 6.31±0.50 mm, Moderate ICP: 5.29±0.48 mm, | |
healthy; 5.08±0.52 mm | ||||
McAuley et al [45] | US | 160 pediatric patients | Measuring is feasible | |
Beare et al [46] | US | 14 children | IICP: 5.4 mm (range 4.3-6.2 mm) | |
No ICP 3.6 mm (range 2.8-4.4 mm) | ||||
30 controls; 3.5 mm (range 2.5-4.1 mm) | ||||
4.2 mm is taken as the upper limit of normal, SN 100%, SP 86% | ||||
Moretti et al [6] | US | 53 adults with ICH/SAH | IICP: 6.2±0.6 mm, No IICP: 5.0±0.5 mm, | |
control group: 4.9±0.4 mm | ||||
5.2 mm as a predictor of ICP >20 mmHg, SN 94%, SP 76% | ||||
Fagenholz et al [47] | US | 287 patients with AMS | AMS; 5.34 mm (95% CI; 5.18-5.51 mm) | |
Normal; 4.46 mm (95% CI 4.39-4.54 mm) | ||||
Le et al [48] | US | 64 children with IICP | Abnormal threshold: ONSD >4.0 mm in <1 year, ONSD >4.5 mm in children | |
SN for IICP 83%, SP 38% | ||||
Moretti et al [49] | US | 63 patients with ICH/ | ONSD >5.2 mm: cut-off point to predict raised ICP (>20 mmHg) | |
SAH | SN 93.1%, SP 73.85% | |||
Skoloudík et al [50] | US | 31 patients with ICH | Relative ONSD enlargement of >0.66 mm (>21 %), with 90.3% accuracy | |
Major et al [51] | US | 26 patients with IICP | ONSD >5.0 mm for IICP: SN 86%, SP 100% | |
Bauerle et al [5] | US | 10 with IIH/ 25 controls | IICP: 6.4±0.6 mm, control: 5.4±0.5 mm, | |
Cut off 5.8 mm: SN 90%, SP 84% | ||||
Strumwasser et al [52] | US | 10 trauma patients | ONSD for IICP: SN 36%, SP 38% | |
Haratz et al [53] | US | 42 fetus | ONSD increased from 1.2 mm at 23 weeks to 2.6 mm at 36 weeks | |
Dubost et al [54] | US | 10 patients with lumbar puncture HA | ONSD increased from 4.8 mm to 5.2 mm at 10 min, 5.5 mm (5.1-6.0) at 2 hr 5.8 mm (5.2-6.3) at 20 hr | |
Rajajee et al [55] | US | 65 patients with ICP monitor | ICP >20 mmHg was >4.8 mm: SN 96%, SP 94% | |
Cammarata et al [56] | US | 11 patients with head trauma | IICP; 7.0 mm±0.58 mm, No IICP: 5.52 mm±0.36 mm | |
Control: 5.51 mm±0.32 mm | ||||
Shofty et al [10] | Axial T2 MR | 115 pediatric patient IIH vs controls | 12-18 years: 4.69 mm vs. 3.56 mm | |
6-12 years: 4.25 mm vs. 3.55 mm | ||||
Roque et al [57] | US | 150 patients with HT | ONSD measurement is feasible in patient with HT | |
Dubost et al [58] | US | 26 eclampsia vs. 25 controls | 5.4 mm (95% CI: 5.2, 5.7) vs. 4.5 mm (95% CI: 4.3, 4.8), | |
Qayyum et al [59] | US | 24 patients | ONSD > 5 mm: SN 100%, SP 75% | |
Amini et al [4] | US | 50 patients requiring LP | IICP: 6.66±0.58 mm vs. control 4.60±0.41 mm | |
Singhal et al [11] | T2-weighted axial MR | 16 children for ETV | 6.21 mm versus 5.71 mm postoperative | |
Keyes et al [60] | US | 57 patients with AMS | ONSD was correlated with AMS | |
Hall et al [61] | US | Pediatrics with shunt | Without Shunt failure: 4.5±0.9 mm, with shunt failure: 5.0±0.6 mm | |
Seo et al [62] | US | 20 patients with liver TPL | ONSD was correlated with PaCO2 | |
Kalantari et al [14] | MR and CT | 100 patients | CT/MR feasibility | |
Bauerle et al [20] | US and HASTE MR | 25 volunteer | Well correlated; r=0.72, P=0.00 | |
Maude et al [22] | US | 136 subjects (87.5% adults) | 4.41 mm with 95% of subjects in the range 4.25-4.75 mm | |
No gender, head circumference | ||||
Launey et al [63] | US | 13 patients with ICP crisis | Baseline: 6.3 mm, decreased after mannitol | |
Kim et al [64] | US | Patients with laparoscopic surgery | Increased 12.5% in ONSD during CO2 pneumoperitoneum | |
Ragauskas et al [65] | US/2 depth TCD | 108 patients | ONSD at 5-0 mm and found to be 37.0%, 58.5% | |
Vaiman et al [8] | US | 400 adults | ONSD: not correlated with age and gender | |
Correlated with eyeball transverse diameter | ||||
Kim et al [66] | US | Cardiac arrest | Good outcome group: 5.6 (±0.3) mm | |
Poor outcome group: 6.3 (±0.5) mm |
Values are presented as mean±SD unless otherwise indicated.
ONSD, optic nerve sheath diameter; US, ultrasound; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; IICP, increased intracranial pressure; FSE, fast spin echo; MR, magnetic resonance; SD, standard deviation; SN, sensitivity; SP, specificity; HASTE, half-fourier acquired single-shot turbo spin-echo; HAPE, high altitude pulmonary edema; HoV, hypovolemia; CSDH, chronic subdural hemorrhage; TSE, turbospin echo; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; AMS, acute mountain sickness; IIH, idiopathic intracranial hypertension; HA, headache; HT, hypertension; LP, lumbar puncture; ETV, endoscopic third ventriculostomy; TPL, transplantation; TCD, transcranial Doppler; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; ICU, intensive care unit; AMS, altered mental status; CI, confidence interval; HT, hypertension.