1. Arbyn M, Castle PE. Offering self-sampling kits for HPV testing to reach women who do not attend in the regular cervical cancer screening program. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015; 24:769–72.

2. Cuzick J, Cadman L, Mesher D, Austin J, Ashdown-Barr L, Ho L, et al. Comparing the performance of six human papillomavirus tests in a screening population. Br J Cancer. 2013; 108:908–13.

3. Szarewski A, Mesher D, Cadman L, Austin J, Ashdown-Barr L, Ho L, et al. Comparison of seven tests for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with abnormal smears: the Predictors 2 study. J Clin Microbiol. 2012; 50:1867–73.

4. Bos AB, Rebolj M, Habbema JD, van Ballegooijen M. Nonattendance is still the main limitation for the effectiveness of screening for cervical cancer in the Netherlands. Int J Cancer. 2006; 119:2372–5.

5. Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ, Soerjomataram I, Lortet-Tieulent J, Bruni L, et al. Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine. 2012; 30(Suppl 5):F12–23.

6. Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, Drolet M, Gingras G, Burger EA, et al. Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet. 2020; 395:575–90.

7. Cuzick J, Clavel C, Petry KU, Meijer CJ, Hoyer H, Ratnam S, et al. Overview of the European and North American studies on HPV testing in primary cervical cancer screening. Int J Cancer. 2006; 119:1095–101.

8. Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJ, Arbyn M, et al. Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2014; 383:524–32.

9. Arbyn M, Verdoodt F, Snijders PJ, Verhoef VM, Suonio E, Dillner L, et al. Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15:172–83.

10. Polman NJ, Ebisch RM, Heideman DA, Melchers WJ, Bekkers RL, Molijn AC, et al. Performance of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse: a randomised, paired screen-positive, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019; 20:229–38.

11. Pathak N, Dodds J, Zamora J, Khan K. Accuracy of urinary human papillomavirus testing for presence of cervical HPV: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014; 349:g5264.

12. Lynge E. Self-collected versus clinician-collected samples for HPV testing. Lancet Oncol. 2019; 20:170–1.

13. Cuzick J, Cadman L, Ahmad AS, Ho L, Terry G, Kleeman M, et al. Performance and diagnostic accuracy of a urine-based human papillomavirus assay in a referral population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017; 26:1053–9.

14. Nilyanimit P, Chansaenroj J, Karalak A, Laowahutanont P, Junyangdikul P, Poovorawan Y. Comparison of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in urine and cervical swab samples using the HPV GenoArray Diagnostic assay. PeerJ. 2017; 5:e3910.

15. Cho HW, Ouh YT, Hong JH, Min KJ, So KA, Kim TJ, et al. Comparison of urine, self-collected vaginal swab, and cervical swab samples for detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) with Roche Cobas HPV, Anyplex II HPV, and RealTime HR-S HPV assay. J Virol Methods. 2019; 269:77–82.

16. Bernal S, Palomares JC, Artura A, Parra M, Cabezas JL, Robles A, et al. Comparison of urine and cervical samples for detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) with the Cobas 4800 HPV test. J Clin Virol. 2014; 61:548–52.

17. Barcelos AC, Michelin MA, Adad SJ, Murta EF. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: Bethesda classification and association with human papillomavirus. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 2011:904674.

18. Spinillo A, Dal Bello B, Gardella B, Roccio M, Dacco MD, Silini EM. Multiple human papillomavirus infection and high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women with cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Gynecol Oncol. 2009; 113:115–9.

19. Stanczuk G, Baxter G, Currie H, Lawrence J, Cuschieri K, Wilson A, et al. Clinical validation of hrHPV testing on vaginal and urine self-samples in primary cervical screening (cross-sectional results from the Papillomavirus Dumfries and Galloway-PaVDaG study). BMJ Open. 2016; 6:e010660.

20. Arbyn M, Smith SB, Temin S, Sultana F, Castle P. Collaboration on Self-Sampling and HPV Testing. Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses. BMJ. 2018; 363:k4823.

21. Enerly E, Olofsson C, Nygard M. Monitoring human papillomavirus prevalence in urine samples: a review. Clin Epidemiol. 2013; 5:67–79.

22. Hagihara M, Yamagishi Y, Izumi K, Miyazaki N, Suzuki T, Kato H, et al. Comparison of initial stream urine samples and cervical samples for detection of human papillomavirus. J Infect Chemother. 2016; 22:559–62.

23. Van Keer S, Tjalma WA, Pattyn J, Biesmans S, Pieters Z, Van Ostade X, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype and viral load agreement between paired first-void urine and clinician-collected cervical samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 37:859–69.

24. Senkomago V, Des Marais AC, Rahangdale L, Vibat CR, Erlander MG, Smith JS. Comparison of urine specimen collection times and testing fractions for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus and high-grade cervical precancer. J Clin Virol. 2016; 74:26–31.

25. Asciutto KC, Henningsson AJ, Borgfeldt H, Darlin L, Borgfeldt C. Vaginal and urine self-sampling compared to cervical sampling for HPV-testing with the Cobas 4800 HPV test. Anticancer Res. 2017; 37:4183–7.

26. Vorsters A, Micalessi I, Bilcke J, Ieven M, Bogers J, Van Damme P. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in urine: a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31:627–40.

27. Vorsters A, Van den Bergh J, Micalessi I, Biesmans S, Bogers J, Hens A, et al. Optimization of HPV DNA detection in urine by improving collection, storage, and extraction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014; 33:2005–14.
