Journal List > Cancer Res Treat > v.53(3) > 1154582

Ji, Jin, Ji, Zhang, Wu, Jia, Bu, and Ji: Double Tract Reconstruction Reduces Reflux Esophagitis and Improves Quality of Life after Radical Proximal Gastrectomy for Patients with Upper Gastric or Esophagogastric Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to compare the difference between double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy.

Materials and Methods

Patients who underwent radical proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy or double tract reconstruction were included in this study.

Results

Sixty-four patients were included in this study and divided into two groups according to reconstruction method. The two groups were well balanced in perioperative safety and 3-year overall survival (OS). The rates of postoperative reflux esophagitis in the double tract reconstruction group and esophagogastrostomy group were 8.0% and 30.8%, respectively (p=0.032). Patients in the double tract reconstruction group had a better global health status (p < 0.001) and emotional functioning (p < 0.001), and complained less about nausea and vomiting (p < 0.001), pain (p=0.039), insomnia (p=0.003), and appetite loss (p < 0.001) based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Regarding the EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire, patients in the double tract reconstruction group complained less about dysphagia (p=0.030), pain (p=0.008), reflux (p < 0.001), eating (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), dry mouth (p=0.007), and taste (p=0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that reconstruction method, postoperative complications, reflux esophagitis, and operation duration had a linear relationship with the global health status score.

Conclusion

Double tract reconstruction could better prevent reflux esophagitis and improve quality of life without scarifying perioperative safety or 3-year OS.

Introduction

Gastric cancer is a severe threat worldwide, especially in the eastern Asian area. It has been reported that gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally [1]. In China, gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, and its incidence ranks second among all malignancies. There are more than 410,000 new cases and 290,000 cancer-related deaths each year [2,3].
In recent years, the incidence of proximal gastric cancer has steadily increased [4]. With the advancements in diagnostic techniques, an increasing number of patients with early gastric cancer are being diagnosed. According to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines, proximal gastrectomy is suitable for patients with upper gastric adenocarcinoma at an early stage or those with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction with a tumor size less than 4 cm [5]. As a result, the number of patients needing proximal gastrectomy has increased. Moreover, perioperative safety and postoperative quality of life after proximal gastrectomy have gained increasing attention [6-8]. At present, a major problem of proximal gastrectomy is the high incidence of reflux esophagitis. Although partial function of the stomach is preserved, quality of life is impaired. Therefore, several reconstruction methods have been attempted to solve this problem. According to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines, double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy are two of the recommended reconstructions for proximal gastrectomy [5]. Esophagogastrostomy is the traditional and most widely performed reconstruction method after proximal gastrectomy [9]. The main deficiency of esophagogastrostomy might be the high incidence of reflux esophagitis. It has been reported that the incidence of reflux esophagitis after esophagogastrostomy ranges from 9.1% to 35.3% [10,11]. Conversely, some studies have reported that double tract reconstruction might reduce the incidence of reflux esophagitis after proximal gastrectomy [12,13]. However, double tract reconstruction is more complicated than esophagogastrostomy, and there is a lack of high-level evidence to support the advantages of double tract reconstruction [4].
Therefore, the best reconstruction method after proximal gastrectomy is still controversial. Moreover, postoperative quality of life after proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy or double tract reconstruction is rarely investigated or reported. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to compare the differences between double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy after proximal gastrectomy, and to identify the superiority of double tract reconstruction.

Materials and Methods

1. Patients

The patients’ clinical and pathological data were retrospectively collected from a prospectively maintained database at our hospital. Between December 2014 and May 2019, patients who underwent radical proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy, or double tract reconstruction were included in the present study. All patients were diagnosed with upper-third gastric adenocarcinoma at an early clinical stage or adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction with a tumor size less than 4 cm. The diagnosis and clinical stage were confirmed by endoscopic biopsy analysis, ultrasound endoscopy, chest X-ray, abdominopelvic computed tomography scans, and laparoscopic exploration. The terminology was defined based on the Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma [14]. The clinical and pathological stages were classified based on the 8th edition Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)/American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system [15].

2. Surgical procedure

The surgical procedure in our department was performed in accordance with the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines [16]. All patients underwent laparoscopic exploration and open proximal gastrectomy. Radical proximal gastrectomy included resection of the proximal stomach and part of the abdominal esophagus and preserved more than half of the stomach. The reconstruction method was discussed and determined by both the patients and surgeons before surgery. The degree of lymph node dissection (LND) was also performed in accordance with the Japanese treatment guidelines [16]. D1 or D1+ lymphadenectomy was chosen according to the disease stage. Esophagogastrostomy reconstruction was performed by an end-to-side anastomosis with a circular stapler between the esophagus and remnant stomach. The anastomosis was located on the anterior wall of the remnant stomach. For double tract reconstruction, the jejunum 25 cm distal to the Treitz ligament was transected, distal limb of the jejunum was lifted to prepare the esophagojejunostomy. An end-to-side esophagojejunostomy was performed with a circular stapler, and the jejunal stump was closed with a linear stapler. Next, a side-to-side gastrojejunostomy was performed 15 cm below the esophagojejunostomy. Finally, a side-to-side jejunojejunostomy was performed 15-20 cm below the gastrojejunostomy.

3. Clinical and pathological characteristics

The clinical and pathological characteristics of patients collected from the database included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), tumor location, proximal and distal margins, degree of differentiation, Lauren classification, tumor size, pT category, pN category, pTNM category, number of harvested lymph nodes (LNs), degree of LND, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), and adjuvant chemotherapy. The intraoperative and postoperative parameters included postoperative hospital stay, blood loss volume, operation duration, postoperative complications, 30-day reoperation rate, and 30-day mortality rate. Complications were defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system [17]. The indication of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with gastric cancer was pT2N0M0 with high-risk features. High-risk features included poorly differentiated or high-grade cancer, lymphovascular invasion, neural invasion, or < 50 years of age. Meanwhile, patients with pT3, pT4, or pN+ were also recommended to receive adjuvant chemotherapy.

4. Follow-up

All patients were recommended to go to the outpatient clinic to receive re-examinations every 3 months in the first 3 years after the operation, every 6 months in the next 2 years and every year thereafter. The re-examinations mainly included physical examination, laboratory blood tests, and computed tomography scans. Endoscopy was recommended once a year after the operation. Evaluation of reflux esophagitis was conducted using endoscopy at 12 months after the operation. The Los Angeles classification was applied to evaluate the degree of reflux esophagitis [18]. Patient quality of life was evaluated by the validated Chinese Mandarin edition of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 ver. 3.0 questionnaire and EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire. Permission to use these questionnaires in the present study was obtained from the EORTC Quality of Life Group. The patients were invited to complete these two questionnaires at 12 months after the operation. The last follow-up date was November 2020. The follow-up assessments were conducted mainly through telephone interviews, email communication, or outpatient examinations.

5. Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 26.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Continuous variables with normal or skewed distributions are expressed as the mean±standard deviation or median with interquartile range, respectively. Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare variables with normal or skewed distributions among groups, respectively. Categorical variables are represented by the number of cases with percentage and were compared by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test were used to compare overall survival (OS) between the two groups. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the risk factors for reflux esophagitis. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were applied to identify factors that might affect the global health status score in the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. A linear regression equation was established to describe the factors related to global health status. p < 0.05 (two-sided) was considered significant in the statistical analysis.

Results

1. Clinical and pathological characteristics

Altogether, 64 patients were included in this study. Thirtynine patients underwent esophagogastrostomy reconstruction and 25 patients underwent double tract reconstruction. Age, sex, BMI, tumor location, proximal and distal margins, differentiation, Lauren classification, number of harvested LNs, and LVI were comparable between the two groups (Table 1). The proportion of patients with early-stage disease was higher in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (p=0.031). The tumor size was smaller in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (1.5 cm vs. 3.0 cm, p=0.010). The proportion of D1+ lymphadenectomy was lower in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (56.0% vs. 79.5%, p=0.045). The rate of PNI was lower in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (12.0% vs. 38.5%, p=0.044). Fewer patients received adjuvant chemotherapy in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (32.0% vs. 59.0%, p=0.035).

2. Perioperative parameters and survival

The two groups were well balanced in terms of length of postoperative hospital stay, blood loss volume, and postoperative complications (Table 2). The operation duration in the double tract reconstruction group was longer than that in the esophagogastrostomy group (240 minutes vs. 195 minutes, p=0.001). The 30-day reoperation rate and 30-day mortality rate were comparable between the two groups.
As of November 2020, the median follow-up time was 39.8 months (range, 11.4 to 67.2 months). The 3-year OS rates in the esophagogastrostomy group and double tract reconstruction group were 79.9% and 90.9%, respectively (p=0.066) (Fig. 1).

3. Reflux esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis occurred in 12 patients (30.8%) in the esophagogastrostomy group and two patients (8.0%) in the double tract reconstruction group (p=0.032) (Table 2). Of the twelve patients who were diagnosed with reflux esophagitis in the esophagogastrostomy group, nine patients were classified as level A and three patients were classified as level B according to the Los Angeles classification. In the double tract reconstruction group, both patients were classified as level A according to the Los Angeles classification.
To identify the risk factors for postoperative reflux esophagitis, a univariate analysis was performed (Table 3). Then, all factors with a p-value less than 0.1 were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, the reconstruction method was found to be the only independent risk factor for reflux esophagitis (p=0.004) (Table 3).

4. Quality of life

The scores of the EORTC QLQ-C30 ver. 3.0 questionnaire were compared between the esophagogastrostomy and double tract reconstruction groups (Table 4, Figs. 2 and 3). The global health status score was higher in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (83.3 vs. 50.0, p < 0.001). Compared with patients in the esophagogastrostomy group, patients in the double tract reconstruction group had better emotional functioning (p < 0.001), and complained less about nausea and vomiting (p < 0.001), pain (p=0.039), insomnia (p=0.003), and appetite loss (p < 0.001). The results of the EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire were also compared between groups (Table 4, Fig. 4). Patients in the double tract reconstruction group complained less about dysphagia (p=0.030), pain (p=0.008), reflux (p < z0.001), eating (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), dry mouth (p=0.007), and taste (p=0.001) than those in the esophagogastrostomy group.
In the simple linear regression analysis of global health status, the results showed that pT category (p=0.035), pN category (p=0.016), pTNM category (p=0.015), PNI (p=0.022), operation duration (p=0.008), reflux esophagitis (p=0.001), and reconstruction method (p=0.001) were all correlated with global health status (Table 5). All variables with a p-value less than 0.1 were included in the multiple linear regression analysis. A linear regression equation was established, and the results showed a linear relationship between the global health status score and reconstruction method, postoperative complications, reflux esophagitis, and operation duration (Tables 5 and 6).

Discussion

Esophagogastrostomy reconstruction is a traditional reconstruction method after proximal gastrectomy. However, esophagogastrostomy is associated with a high incidence of postoperative reflux esophagitis. To address this disadvantage, several modified reconstruction methods, including double tract reconstruction, have been attempted.
The safety and feasibility of double tract reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy have been of great concern in recent years. In the present study, the results showed that there was no significant difference in blood loss volume, length of postoperative hospital stay or postoperative complications between esophagogastrostomy and double tract reconstruction. The operation duration was longer in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group in this study. Considering that the double tract reconstruction procedure is more complex than the esophagogastrostomy procedure, it is reasonable that the operation duration of double tract reconstruction was longer than that of esophagogastrostomy. On the other hand, whether double tract reconstruction causes a high rate of complications because of the technical complexity and increased number of anastomoses has been questioned [10,11]. In the present study, postoperative complications, blood loss volume and length of postoperative hospital stay were all comparable between the two reconstruction methods. These results suggest that the complexity of the surgical procedure dose not increase the risk of the operation.
The anti-reflux function of double tract reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy has been investigated in previous studies [12,13]. However, most of the results are based on studies with exceedingly small samples. In the present study, the rates of reflux esophagitis in the esophagogastrostomy group and double tract reconstruction group were 30.8% and 8.0%, respectively (p=0.032). Moreover, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the reconstruction method was the only independent risk factor for reflux esophagitis (p=0.004). Double tract reconstruction is a protective factor against postoperative reflux esophagitis after proximal gastrectomy. Considering the reconstruction procedure, it is possible that the mechanism of anti-reflux function is mainly attributed to the lifted jejunum between esophagojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy [19,20].
Many studies have reported nutritional status after proximal gastrectomy [13,21]. However, postoperative quality of life after proximal gastrectomy has rarely been reported before. Thus, the present study compared quality of life after proximal gastrectomy with the EORTC QLQ-C30 ver. 3.0 and QLQ-STO22 questionnaires between esophagogastrostomy and double tract reconstruction. According to the EORTC scoring manual, a higher score represented a better level of functioning, or a worse level of symptoms [22]. In the present study, double tract reconstruction had obvious advantages over esophagogastrostomy based on the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire, including in global health status, emotional functioning, nausea and vomiting, pain, insomnia, and appetite loss (Table 4). For the EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire, symptoms including dysphagia, pain, reflux, eating, anxiety, dry mouth, and taste were much milder in the double tract reconstruction group than in the esophagogastrostomy group (Table 4). The mechanism of the anti-reflux function of double tract reconstruction has been discussed in the previous paragraph of this section. Furthermore, previous studies reported that the prevention of reflux esophagitis might improve the psychological, physical, and social functioning of patients [23]. Moreover, the prevention of reflux esophagitis could also relieve symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, pain, insomnia, appetite loss, dysphagia, eating, anxiety, and dry mouth [24-26]. Therefore, the better scores in the double tract reconstruction group might be due to the superiority of the surgical procedure itself in preventing reflux esophagitis after proximal gastrectomy.
Considering that the global health status score in the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire can reflect overall quality of life, a linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the related factors [22]. The results showed that reconstruction method (p < 0.001), postoperative complications (p < 0.001), reflux esophagitis (p=0.003), and operation duration (p=0.001) had a linear relationship with the global health status score (Table 6). The mechanism of double tract reconstruction in preventing reflux esophagitis and improving quality of life has been discussed in the previous paragraph. Furthermore, some studies have reported that postoperative complications could induce physical and mental discomfort and impair quality of life [27]. Interestingly, operation duration was also identified in the equation. The operation duration could reflect how elaborate the operation was. Theoretically, an elaborate operation could protect the nerves better, and better preserve organ function [28,29]. Therefore, a longer operation duration might improve quality of life after the operation.
The present study also has some limitations. First, selection bias was difficult to avoid because this was a retrospective study. The pathological stage was not comparable between the two groups, resulting in differences in tumor size, degree of LND, PNI, and adjuvant chemotherapy. This phenomenon was mainly caused by the different choices of the patients. In our hospital, the reconstruction method was discussed and determined by both the patients and surgeons. Patients with early-stage disease were more likely to choose double tract reconstruction after learning about its superiority because these patients might pay more attention to quality of life after the operation. Thus, the shared decision-making method might be the cause of the bias. However, multivariable logistic regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis could neutralize the confounding effects of these factors. Second, the sample size of the present study was not large enough, which might make the results of this study less convincing. Further large-scale, prospective, randomized controlled trial is needed to validate the results of the study.
In conclusion, double tract reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy was comparable with esophagogastrostomy in terms of perioperative safety and 3-year OS. Double tract reconstruction could better prevent reflux esophagitis and improve quality of life. The reconstruction method was the only independent risk factor for reflux esophagitis. There was a linear relationship between global health status score and reconstruction method, reflux esophagitis, postoperative complications, and operation duration.

Notes

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and had been authorized by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Cancer Hospital (Reference No. 2018KT97) before beginning the study. Each patient in this study provided signed informed consent.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the analysis: Ji J.

Collected the data: Ji X, Jin C, Ji K, Zhang J, Wu X, Jia Z, Bu Z.

Contributed data or analysis tools: Ji X, Jin C, Ji K, Zhang J, Wu X, Jia Z, Bu Z.

Performed the analysis: Ji X, Jin C, Ji K, Zhang J, Wu X, Jia Z, Bu Z.

Wrote the paper: Ji X, Jin C, Ji K.

Conflicts of Interest

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by the Research Incubation Project, Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals (PX2019039). The funder was not involved in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

References

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68:394–424.
crossref
2. Wang A, Li Z, Wang Q, Bai Y, Ji X, Fu T, et al. Diagnostic value of negative enrichment and immune fluorescence in situ hybridization for intraperitoneal free cancer cells of gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer Res. 2019; 31:945–54.
crossref
3. Sun W, Deng J, Zhang N, Liu H, Liu J, Gu P, et al. Prognostic impact of D2-plus lymphadenectomy and optimal extent of lymphadenectomy in advanced gastric antral carcinoma: Propensity score matching analysis. Chin J Cancer Res. 2020; 32:51–61.
crossref
4. Haruta S, Shinohara H, Hosogi H, Ohkura Y, Kobayashi N, Mizuno A, et al. Proximal gastrectomy with exclusion of no. 3b lesser curvature lymph node dissection could be indicated for patients with advanced upper-third gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2017; 20:528–35.
crossref
5. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer. 2021; 24:1–21.
6. Hiki N, Nunobe S, Kubota T, Jiang X. Function-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013; 20:2683–92.
crossref
7. Takayama T, Matsumoto S, Wakatsuki K, Tanaka T, Migita K, Ito M, et al. Novel laparoscopic procedure for treating proximal early gastric cancer: laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving nearly total gastrectomy. Surg Today. 2014; 44:2332–8.
8. Yoo CH, Sohn BH, Han WK, Pae WK. Long-term results of proximal and total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the upper third of the stomach. Cancer Res Treat. 2004; 36:50–5.
crossref
9. Kumagai K, Shimizu K, Yokoyama N, Aida S, Arima S, Aikou T, et al. Questionnaire survey regarding the current status and controversial issues concerning reconstruction after gastrectomy in Japan. Surg Today. 2012; 42:411–8.
crossref
10. Ichikawa D, Ueshima Y, Shirono K, Kan K, Shioaki Y, Lee CJ, et al. Esophagogastrostomy reconstruction after limited proximal gastrectomy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001; 48:1797–801.
11. Nakamura M, Nakamori M, Ojima T, Katsuda M, Iida T, Hayata K, et al. Reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach: an analysis of our 13-year experience. Surgery. 2014; 156:57–63.
crossref
12. Wang S, Lin S, Wang H, Yang J, Yu P, Zhao Q, et al. Reconstruction methods after radical proximal gastrectomy: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97:e0121.
13. Ahn SH, Jung DH, Son SY, Lee CM, Park DJ, Kim HH. Laparoscopic double-tract proximal gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2014; 17:562–70.
crossref
14. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd English edition. Gastric Cancer. 2011; 14:101–12.
15. Ji X, Bu ZD, Yan Y, Li ZY, Wu AW, Zhang LH, et al. The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumornode-metastasis staging system for gastric cancer is superior to the 7th edition: results from a Chinese mono-institutional study of 1663 patients. Gastric Cancer. 2018; 21:643–52.
crossref
16. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4). Gastric Cancer. 2017; 20:1–19.
17. Li Z, Bai B, Ji G, Li J, Zhao Q. Relationship between ClavienDindo classification and long-term survival outcomes after curative resection for gastric cancer: a propensity scorematched analysis. Int J Surg. 2018; 60:67–73.
crossref
18. Sugiura T, Iwakiri K, Kotoyori M, Kobayashi M. Relationship between severity of reflux esophagitis according to the Los Angeles classification and esophageal motility. J Gastroenterol. 2001; 36:226–30.
crossref
19. Jung DH, Lee Y, Kim DW, Park YS, Ahn SH, Park DJ, et al. Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double tract reconstruction is superior to laparoscopic total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc. 2017; 31:3961–9.
crossref
20. Wang L, Xia Y, Jiang T, Li F, Wang W, Zhang D, et al. Shortterm surgical outcomes of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction versus laparoscopic total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction: a matched-cohort study. J Surg Res. 2020; 246:292–9.
crossref
21. Nakamura M, Yamaue H. Reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach: a review of the literature published from 2000 to 2014. Surg Today. 2016; 46:517–27.
crossref
22. Fayers P, Aaronson N, Bjordal K, Groenvold M, Curran D, Bottomley A. The EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual. 3rd ed. Brussels: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer;2001.
23. Hongo M, Kinoshita Y, Miwa H, Ashida K. The demographic characteristics and health-related quality of life in a large cohort of reflux esophagitis patients in Japan with reference to the effect of lansoprazole: the REQUEST study. J Gastroenterol. 2008; 43:920–7.
crossref
24. Javadi S, Shafikhani AA. Anxiety and depression in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disorder. Electron Physician. 2017; 9:5107–12.
crossref
25. Yoshikawa H, Furuta K, Ueno M, Egawa M, Yoshino A, Kondo S, et al. Oral symptoms including dental erosion in gastroesophageal reflux disease are associated with decreased salivary flow volume and swallowing function. J Gastroenterol. 2012; 47:412–20.
crossref
26. Shibata T, Nakamura M, Omori T, Tahara T, Ichikawa Y, Okubo M, et al. Association between individual response to food taste and gastroesophageal symptoms. J Dig Dis. 2015; 16:337–41.
crossref
27. Kauppila JH, Ringborg C, Johar A, Lagergren J, Lagergren P. Health-related quality of life after gastrectomy, esophagectomy, and combined esophagogastrectomy for gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Gastric Cancer. 2018; 21:533–41.
crossref
28. Kim SM, Cho J, Kang D, Oh SJ, Kim AR, Sohn TS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vagus nerve-preserving distal gastrectomy versus conventional distal gastrectomy for postoperative quality of life in early stage gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg. 2016; 263:1079–84.
crossref
29. Inokuchi M, Sugita H, Otsuki S, Sato Y, Nakagawa M, Kojima K. Long-term effectiveness of preserved celiac branch of vagal nerve after Roux-en-Y reconstruction in laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy. Dig Surg. 2014; 31:341–6.
crossref

Fig. 1.
Three-year overall survival curves of patients in the esophagogastrostomy and double tract reconstruction groups. The 3-year overall survival rates of the esophagogastrostomy and double tract reconstruction groups were 79.9% and 90.9%, respectively (p=0.066).
crt-2020-1064f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Violin plots of global health status and functional scales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Solid lines represent medians and dotted lines represent quartiles. A high score for global health status represented a high quality of life. A high score for a functional scale represented a healthy level of functioning. The patients in the DT group had better global health status (p < 0.001) and emotional functioning (p < 0.001) than those in the EG group. CF, cognitive functioning; DT, double tract reconstruction; EF, emotional functioning; EG, esophagogastrostomy; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; PF, physical functioning; QL, global health status; RF, role functioning; SF, social functioning.
crt-2020-1064f2.tif
Fig. 3.
Violin plots of the symptom scales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Solid lines represent medians and dotted lines represent quartiles. A higher score represented worse symptoms. Patients in the DT group complained less about nausea and vomiting (p < 0.001), pain (p=0.039), insomnia (p=0.003), and appetite loss (p < 0.001) than those in the EG group. AP, appetite loss; CO, constipation; DI, diarrhea; DT, double tract reconstruction; DY, dyspnea; EG, esophagogastrostomy; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; FA, fatigue; FI, financial difficulties; NV, nausea and vomiting; PA, pain; SL, insomnia.
crt-2020-1064f3.tif
Fig. 4.
Violin plots of the symptom scales of the EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire. Solid lines represent medians and dotted lines represent quartiles. A higher score represented worse symptoms. Patients in the DT group complained less about dysphagia (p=0.030), pain (p=0.008), reflux (p < 0.001), eating (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), dry mouth (p=0.007), and taste (p=0.001) than those in the EG group. ANX, anxiety; BI, body image; DM, dry mouth; DT, double tract; DYS, dysphagia; EAT, eating; EG, esophagogastrostomy; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; HAIR, hair loss; PAIN, pain; RFX, reflux; TA, taste.
crt-2020-1064f4.tif
Table 1.
Clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients
Clinicopathological characteristic EG (n=39) DT (n=25) p-value
Age (yr) 62.1±9.1 64.5±8.9 0.314
Sex
 Male 31 (79.5) 24 (96.0) 0.137
 Female 8 (20.5) 1 (4.0)
BMI (kg/m2) 24.5±3.7 24.5±2.6 0.983
Tumor location
 AEG 22 (56.3) 15 (60.0) 0.860
 Upper third of the stomach 17 (43.6) 10 (40.0)
Proximal margin (cm) 2.0 (1.5-2.0) 2.0 (1.2-3.0) 0.408
Distal margin (cm) 5.0 (2.5-6.0) 5.0 (3.0-7.5) 0.293
Differentiation
 Well 6 (15.4) 5 (20.0) 0.887
 Moderate 17 (43.6) 10 (40.0)
 Poor 16 (41.0) 10 (40.0)
Lauren classification
 Intestinal 24 (61.5) 14 (56.0) 0.788
 Diffuse 7 (18.0) 4 (16.0)
 Mixed 8 (20.5) 7 (28.0)
Tumor size (cm) 3.0 (2.0-4.0) 1.5 (1.2-3.0) 0.010a)
pT categoryb)
 T1a 8 (20.5) 5 (20.0) 0.033a)
 T1b 9 (23.1) 13 (52.0)
 T2 8 (20.5) 6 (24.0)
 T3 10 (25.6) 1 (4.0)
 T4a 4 (10.3) 0
 T4b 0 0
pN categoryb)
 N0 24 (61.5) 23 (92.0) 0.034a)
 N1 5 (12.8) 2 (8.0)
 N2 8 (20.5) 0
 N3a 2 (5.2) 0
 N3b 0 0
pTNM categoryb)
 IA 16 (41.0) 17 (68.0) 0.031a)
 IB 5 (12.8) 6 (24.0)
 IIA 4 (10.3) 2 (8.0)
 IIB 8 (20.5) 0
 IIIA 4 (10.3) 0
 IIIB 2 (5.1) 0
 IIIC 0 0
No. of harvested LNs 22.5 (17.0-31.0) 19.0 (16.3-23.0) 0.055
Degree of LND
 D1 8 (20.5) 11 (44.0) 0.045a)
 D1+ 31 (79.5) 14 (56.0)
LVI
 No 23 (59.0) 20 (80.0) 0.080
 Yes 16 (41.0) 5 (20.0)
PNI
 No 24 (61.5) 22 (88.0) 0.044a)
 Yes 15 (38.5) 3 (12.0)
Adjuvant chemotherapy
 No 16 (41.0) 17 (68.0) 0.035a)
 Yes 23 (59.0) 8 (32.0)

Values are presented as mean±SD, number (%), or median (IQR). AEG, adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; BMI, body mass index; DT, double tract reconstruction; EG, esophagogastrostomy; IQR, interquartile range; LN, lymph node; LND, lymph node dissection; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; PNI, perineural invasion; SD, standard deviation; UICC, Union for International Cancer Control.

a) Statistically significant values,

b) 8th UICC/AJCC TNM staging system for gastric cancer.

Table 2.
Intraoperative and postoperative parameters of the patients
Perioperative parameter EG (n=39) DT (n=25) p-value
Postoperative hospital stay (day) 11 (10-14) 13 (11-18) 0.220
Operation duration (min) 195 (170-240) 240 (210-270) 0.001a)
Blood loss volume (mL) 100 (50-100) 50 (50-100) 0.189
Postoperative complicationb)
 No 32 (82.1) 21 (84.0) > 0.99
 Yes 7 (17.9) 4 (16.0)
Clavien-Dindo classification
 Grade I
  Pulmonary infection 0 1 (4.0)
  Gastrointestinal dysfunction 2 (5.1) 0 (5.1)
 Grade II
  Anastomotic leakage 3 (7.7) 2 (8.0)
  Peritoneal effusion or abscess 3 (7.7) 2 (8.0)
  Pulmonary infection 0 1 (4.0)
  Anemia 1 (2.6) 0
 Grade III
  Anastomotic leakage 1 (2.6) 0
  30-Day reoperation rate 0 0 > 0.99
  30-Day mortality rate 0 0 > 0.99
Reflux esophagitis
 No 27 (69.2) 23 (92.0) 0.032a)
 Yes 12 (30.8) 2 (8.0)
Los Angeles classification
 A 9 (23.1) 2 (8.0)
 B 3 (7.7) 0

Values are presented as median (IQR) or number (%). DT, double tract reconstruction; EG, esophagogastrostomy; IQR, interquartile range.

a) Statistically significant values,

b) Complications were defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system.

Table 3.
Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis of reflux esophagitis
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Variable p-value Variable p-value Variable OR (95% CI) p-value
Age 0.696 pTNM stage 0.405 Reconstruction method
Sex 0.644 No. of harvested LNs 0.179  EG 1 0.004a)
BMI 0.408 Degree of LND 0.526  DT 0.078 (0.009-0.674)
Tumor location > 0.99 LVI > 0.99
Proximal margin 0.568 PNI 0.085
Distal margin 0.418 Adjuvant chemotherapy 0.232
Differentiation > 0.99 Operation duration 0.128
Lauren classification 0.143 Blood loss volume 0.113
Tumor size 0.689 Postoperative hospital stay 0.318
pT category 0.153 Postoperative complication > 0.99
pN category 0.518 Reconstruction method 0.032a)

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DT, double tract reconstruction; EG, esophagogastrostomy; LN, lymph node; LND, lymph node dissection; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; OR, odds ratio; PNI, perineural invasion.

a) Statistically significant values.

Table 4.
The scores of the EORTC QLQ-C30 ver. 3.0 questionnaire and EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaire
Scale EG DT p-value
EORTC QLQ-C30
 Global health status 50.0 (33.3-50.0) 83.3 (66.7-83.3) < 0.001a)
 Functional scales
  Physical functioning 80.0 (66.7-86.7) 80 (66.7-86.7) 0.600
  Role functioning 66.7 (66.7-66.7) 66.7 (66.7-83.3) 0.108
  Emotional functioning 50.0 (41.7-66.7) 66.7 (66.7-79.2) < 0.001a)
  Cognitive functioning 100.0 (66.7-100.0) 100.0 (75.0-100.0) 0.142
  Social functioning 66.7 (66.7-66.7) 66.7 (66.7-83.3) 0.073
 Symptom scales
  Fatigue 33.3 (33.3-33.3) 33.3 (0.0-33.3) 0.473
  Nausea and vomiting 50.0 (50.0-83.3) 16.7 (16.7-16.7) < 0.001a)
  Pain 16.7 (16.7-33.3) 16.7 (0.0-33.3) 0.039a)
  Dyspnea 0.0 (0.0-33.3) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 0.072
  Insomnia 33.3 (0.0-33.3) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 0.003a)
  Appetite loss 33.3 (33.3-33.3) 0.0 (0.0-33.3) < 0.001a)
  Constipation 0.0 (0.0-33.3) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 0.082
  Diarrhea 0.0 (0.0-33.3) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 0.129
 Financial difficulties 33.3 (0.0-33.3) 33.3 (0.0-33.3) 0.638
EORTC QLQ-STO22
 Dysphagia 22.2 (11.1-33.3) 11.1 (11.1-22.2) 0.030a)
 Pain 33.3 (16.7-41.7) 25.0 (12.5-25.0) 0.008a)
 Reflux 88.9 (66.7-100.0) 33.3 (0.0-44.4) < 0.001a)
 Eating 41.7 (33.3-66.7) 25.0 (20.8-33.3) < 0.001a)
 Anxiety 77.8 (66.7-100.0) 55.6 (44.4-66.7) < 0.001a)
 Dry mouth 33.3 (33.3-66.7) 33.3 (0.0-33.3) 0.007a)
 Taste 66.7 (33.3-66.7) 33.3 (0.0-33.3) 0.001a)
 Body image 66.7 (66.7-100.0) 66.7 (66.7-100.0) 0.807
 Hair loss 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 0.0 (0.0-33.3) 0.494

Values are presented as median (IQR). DT, double tract reconstruction; EG, esophagogastrostomy; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; IQR, interquartile range.

a) Statistically significant values.

Table 5.
Simple and multiple linear regression analyses of global health status
Simple analysis
Multiple analysis
Variable p-value Variable p-value Variable p-value
Age 0.339 Number of harvested LNs 0.130 Reconstruction method < 0.001a)
Sex 0.057 Degree of LND 0.180 Postoperative complication < 0.001a)
BMI 0.828 LVI 0.284 Reflux esophagitis 0.003a)
Tumor location 0.601 PNI 0.022a) Operation duration 0.001a)
Proximal margin 0.436 Adjuvant chemotherapy 0.052
Distal margin 0.128 Operation duration 0.008a)
Differentiation 0.703 Blood loss volume 0.219
Lauren classification 0.416 Postoperative hospital stay 0.215
Tumor size 0.085 Postoperative complication 0.060
pT category 0.035a) Reflux esophagitis 0.001a)
pN category 0.016a) Reconstruction method 0.001a)
pTNM category 0.015a)

BMI, body mass index; LNs, lymph nodes; LND, lymph node dissection; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; PNI, perineural invasion.

a) Statistically significant values.

Table 6.
Multiple linear regression equation of global health status
Linear regression equation Adjusted R-squared F-value p-value
0.791 22.961 < 0.001a)
GHS score=23.8×RM+0.1×OD−14.3×PC−9.6×RE+44.2
RM: double tract reconstruction=1, esophagogastrostomy=0
OD: operation duration, expressed in minutes
PC: without complication=0, with complication=1
RE: without reflux esophagitis=0, with reflux esophagitis=1

GHS, global health status; OD, operation duration; PC, postoperative complication; RE, reflux esophagitis; RM, reconstruction method.

a) Statistically significant values.

TOOLS
Similar articles