1. Fishman RA. Brain edema. N Engl J Med. 1975; 293:706–11.

2. Nag S, Manias JL, Stewart DJ. Pathology and new players in the pathogenesis of brain edema. Acta Neuropathol. 2009; 118:197–217.

3. Adeva MM, Souto G, Donapetry C, Portals M, Rodriguez A, Lamas D. Brain edema in diseases of different etiology. Neurochem Int. 2012; 61:166–74.

4. Battey TW, Karki M, Singhal AB, Wu O, Sadaghiani S, Campbell BC, et al. Brain edema predicts outcome after nonlacunar ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014; 45:3643–8.

5. Kinoshita K. Traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology for neurocritical care. J Intensive Care. 2016; 4:29.

6. Blei AT. Pathophysiology of brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure, revisited. Metab Brain Dis. 2001; 16:85–94.
7. Glaser N, Barnett P, McCaslin I, Nelson D, Trainor J, Louie J, et al. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:264–9.
8. Brogan ME, Manno EM. Treatment of malignant brain edema and increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2015; 17:327.

9. Bershad EM, Humphreis WE 3rd, Suarez JI. Intracranial hypertension. Semin Neurol. 2008; 28:690–702.

10. Kellie G. Appearances observed in the dissection of two individuals; death from cold and congestion of the brain. Trans Med Chir Soc Edinb. 1824; 1:84–169.
11. Kim DJ, Czosnyka Z, Kasprowicz M, Smieleweski P, Baledent O, Guerguerian AM, et al. Continuous monitoring of the Monro-Kellie doctrine: is it possible? J Neurotrauma. 2012; 29:1354–63.

12. Freeman WD. Management of intracranial pressure. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015; 21:1299–323.

13. Klatzo I. Presidental address. Neuropathological aspects of brain edema. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1967; 26:1–14.
14. Iencean SM. Brain edema -- a new classification. Med Hypotheses. 2003; 61:106–9.

15. Simard JM, Kent TA, Chen M, Tarasov KV, Gerzanich V. Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6:258–68.

16. Xi G, Hua Y, Bhasin RR, Ennis SR, Keep RF, Hoff JT. Mechanisms of edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage: effects of extravasated red blood cells on blood flow and blood-brain barrier integrity. Stroke. 2001; 32:2932–8.
17. Rosenberg GA, Yang Y. Vasogenic edema due to tight junction disruption by matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral ischemia. Neurosurg Focus. 2007; 22:E4.

18. Stokum JA, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral edema. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016; 36:513–38.

19. Stummer W. Mechanisms of tumor-related brain edema. Neurosurg Focus. 2007; 22:E8.

20. Liang D, Bhatta S, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Cytotoxic edema: mechanisms of pathological cell swelling. Neurosurg Focus. 2007; 22:E2.

21. Menzies SA, Betz AL, Hoff JT. Contributions of ions and albumin to the formation and resolution of ischemic brain edema. J Neurosurg. 1993; 78:257–66.

22. Michinaga S, Koyama Y. Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16:9949–75.
